Levamisole on the biochemical and hematological responses to parasitism by monogenoids in dog snapper (original) (raw)
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The Effect of Levamisole on the Immune Response of Fingerling Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
Immunostimulants are the most valuable elements for the control of fish diseases in fish culture. Also, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is one of the most contributors to warm water fish culture and hatcheries throughout the world.So , this study was conducted to determine the effects of levamisole hydrochlorideas as an immunostimulator agent on daily bath at the doses 3, 5 and 10 mg/l for 15 minutes in fingerlings differential blood cell counts were examined in fingerlings on days 18 and 35.Statistical analyses of the parameters in blood showed significant differences in neutrophils at the doses of 5 and 10 mg/l on days 18, although this response peaked at the dose of 3 mg/l by the end of project. Similarly the numbers of monocyte at the dose of 3 mg/l was higher than the other experimental groups and control group at both time. The present results suggest that the introduction of levamisole of lower doses in longer time and the higher doses in short time could stimulate fish immune response.
The Effect of Levamisole on the Immune Response Fingerling Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
Immunostimulants are the most valuable elements for the control of fish diseases in fish culture. Also, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is one of the most contributors to warm water fish culture and hatcheries throughout the world.So , this study was conducted to determine the effects of levamisole hydrochlorideas as an immunostimulator agent on daily bath at the doses 3, 5 and 10 mg/l for 15 minutes in fingerlings differential blood cell counts were examined in fingerlings on days 18 and 35.Statistical analyses of the parameters in blood showed significant differences in neutrophils at the doses of 5 and 10 mg/l on days 18, although this response peaked at the dose of 3 mg/l by the end of project. Similarly the numbers of monocyte at the dose of 3 mg/l was higher than the other experimental groups and control group at both time. The present results suggest that the introduction of levamisole of lower doses in longer time and the higher doses in short time could stimulate fish ...
Aquaculture, 2007
Ancyrocephaline monogeneans such as Haliotrema sp. and Euryhaliotrema sp. are common parasites infecting gills on the red snapper, Lutjanus guttatus, an important potential fish species for aquaculture in Mexico. The effectiveness of different treatments against these monogeneans using in vitro and in vivo assessments on the viability of eggs and adults was evaluated. Eggs from both monogenean species were in vitro exposed to sodium hypochlorite, drying, formalin, and freshwater for 3 h, and returned to seawater to determine post-treatment hatching. Adults of both parasites were also in vitro exposed to formalin, freshwater, and caprylic acid for periods ranging from 10 to 60 min using seawater as control. In vivo tests were carried out with freshwater, formalin, and praziquantel (active ingredient of Drontal™ Plus and Vermiplex™ Plus) on snappers infected with both parasites. After 3 h exposure, egg hatching was completely suppressed at 120 mg l − 1 of available chlorine, while drying, formalin (83 mg l − 1 ) and freshwater showed eggs viabilities of 10, 23, and 10% respectively. In vitro freshwater exposure significantly reduced the mean intensity of ancyrocephaline adults (99% at 30 min), followed by formalin at 51 mg l − 1 (72% at 60 min) and caprylic acid at 334 mg l − 1 (5% at 30 min). In vivo freshwater baths for 30 min removed 100% of ancyrocephalines, although this method was stressful for the fish, while formalin (60 min at 51 mg l − 1 ), Drontal™ Plus (12-h at 4.5 mg l − 1 ) and Vermiplex™ Plus (24-h at 3.5-4.5 mg l − 1 ) removed 72, 100 and 100% respectively. This study indicates that praziquantel, freshwater, and formalin baths were effective against ancyrocephaline adults from red snapper, and sodium hypochlorite would be useful to prevent horizontal infection with eggs on fish-rearing facilities.
The effect of levamisole hydrochloride on survival of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) fry
Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2006
Immunostimulants are the most valuable elements for the control of fish diseases in fish culture. Also, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is one of the most contributors to warm water fish culture and hatcheries throughout the world.So , this study was conducted to determine the effects of levamisole hydrochlorideas as an immunostimulator agent on daily bath at the doses 3, 5 and 10 for 15 minutes in grass carp sac fry for 10 days. The results showed that the critical period and peak of mortality rate in ctenopharyngodon idella is between day 9 to 13 post hatching. In the present study the survival rate was 97.4 % in the control, 81.7% at the dose of 5 mg/l and 93.4% at the dos of 3. The results of this study demonstrate that levamisole was not capable of significantly (P< 0.05) reducing the mortality of grass carp larvae in rearing water.
I s p i r U . , M . E . Yo n a r : Effects of Levamisole on Phagocytic Activity of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.). Acta Vet. Brno 2007, 76: 493-497. In this study, activation of phagocytic cells was examined in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W.) exposed to 1, 5 and 10 µg·ml -1 concentrations of levamisole solution. For this purpose, blood samples were taken from fish on days 1, 7 and 14 of exposure. Potential killing activity was determined by measuring oxidative radical production and phagocytic activity of neutrophils and superoxide anion production of phagocytic cells against Y. ruckeri. The activity of phagocytic cells in fish exposed to each of three concentrations was found higher than that in controls and the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Although no activation in oxidative radical production, phagocytes and bactericidal killing activity in fish exposed to 5 and 10 µg·ml -1 concentrations of levamisole solution was determined on day 7, it was observed that all indicators increased on day 14 of exposure. The present results suggest that the application of levamisole in fish farms could increase non-specific immunity and resistance to infection of fish and offer economics benefits.
Journal of The World Aquaculture Society, 2010
Diseases outbreaks are a major concern in intensive fish farming because fish are exposed to stressors which may negatively affect their physiology. This study set out to determine effects of dietary levamisole (Levamisole HCl; SIGMA®) on performance and hematology of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, juveniles. Fish (55.94 g) were stocked into 24 plastic aquaria (500 L; 15 fish per aquarium) and fed for 30 d with a commercial diet with 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg levamisole, and for an extra 15 d, with a control diet in a totally randomized design trial (n = 4). Biometrical and hematological data were collected. No significant differences in growth parameters were recorded for either control or supplemented diets. Hematological parameters, such as hemoglobin, plasma glucose, white blood count (WBC), and differential leukocyte count were influenced (P < 0.05) levamisole. WBC, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and special granulocytic cell numbers decreased significantly after 15 d. Dietary levamisole at 100 mg/kg diet for 15 d increased leukocyte production in juvenile pacu. However, levamisole administration for more than 15 d presented toxicity to lymphopoietic tissues. Information about long-period administration, mode of action in weight gain, effects on hematology of levamisole in freshwater fish nutrition are scarce and necessary for its safe use in aquaculture.
vetdergi.kafkas.edu.tr
An in vitro cultivation method for spleen and head kidney organ section were used to investigate the eff ects of levamisole on the immune response. After 10 days of culture with 10 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml or no levamisole in the culture media, the non specific defense reaction were measured by glass-adherent NBT (nitroblue tetrazolium) positive cells activation and phagocytic activity. Elevation in phagocytic activity was found for 10 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml levels of levamisole (P<0.001), but no diff erences were found at levels of phagocytic activity in between 100 μg/ml levamisole groups and control groups (P>0.05). In the spleen and head kidney leucocytes, increased response to levamisole was shawn for all doses in the glass-adherent NBT positive cells activation.
Aquaculture Research, 2006
In order to determine the immunomodulatory e¡ect of dietary levamisole in Asian cat¢sh (Clarias batrachus), ¢sh were fed four di¡erent diets for 10 days: a formulated diet as control and the same diet supplemented with 50, 150 or 450 mg levamisole kg À1 feed. The serum bacterial agglutination titre against Aeromonas hydrophila as a measure of speci¢c immunity, serum haemagglutination titre, natural haemolytic complement activity (ACH 50 ), myeloperoxidase and lysozyme activities, total protein level and oxidative radical production by neutrophils as a measure of non-speci¢c immunity as well as disease resistance against A. hydrophila challenge to separate vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups were evaluated at 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks after last administration of levamisole. Levamisole supplement at the lowest level (50 mg kg À1 ) signi¢cantly enhanced oxidative radical production and serum myeloperoxidase (MPO) content immediately after 10 days of feeding, which reached peak values after 3 and 2 weeks of feeding respectively. Haemolytic complement and haemagglutination titre were signi¢cantly enhanced after 3 and 1 weeks respectively. Haemolytic complement activity and MPO activities were signi¢cantly raised to 150 mg kg À1 after 3 and 2 weeks, respectively. At the highest level of levamisole feeding (450 mg kg À1 ) signi¢cant decreases in superoxide production and complement activity were measured immediately after levamisole feeding, which returned to the normal level after 1 week post-feeding. Fish were challenged with a virulent strain of A. hydrophila at 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks after levamisole feeding, and the cumulative per cent survival was recorded over 10 days. Feeding levamisole at 50, 150 or 450 mg kg À1 increased per cent survival in vaccinated ¢sh immediately after levamisole feeding, and survival was signi¢cantly higher at 450 mg kg À1 . There was no di¡erence in mortality patterns in non-vaccinated ¢sh. The results support the use of levamisole at 50 mg kg À1 feed for 10 days as an immunostimulant in Asian cat¢sh farming.