Doses Received by Patients during Thorax X-Ray Examinations (original) (raw)
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Shehu, Mohammed Ahmed, 2020
ABSTRACT In radiography, a dose to patients primarily depends on the Entrance surface Dose (ESD) and the sensitivity of organs which are irradiated during treatment plan. The main goal of this study is to assess and compare adult patient doses to digital and conventional radiographic X-ray examinations chest (PA/AP) in Adama city special zone of oromiya region. Assessment of ESD for patients in conventional and digital diagnostic radiology examinations should be made as a means for the optimization of the radiation protection of the patients. This estimated the entrance skin dose received by patients undergoing diagnostic X-ray examinations, including the entrance skin doses for 400 patients in chest PA/AP of X-ray examinations. The entrance surface dose was determined indirectly via measurements and from knowledge of X-ray output factors and in this study entered the measurements parameters such as X-ray dose output, back scatter factor, and focus to skin distance and used physical parameters such as mAs and kV in mathematical model. The mean ESD (mGy) value calculated in to four hospitals. The mean ESD (mGy) estimated range from 0.113 -1.92 for chest PA, 0.107-1.935 for chest PA. The results obtained were compared with the diagnostic reference levels of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 1996, European Commission (EC) 1999 and national radiological protection board (NRPB) 2000. Further studies are required for minimization of radiation doses to sensitive organs. ESDs were estimated in the present study for patients undergoing selected chest X-ray examinations in major hospitals in Adama city special zone of Oromiya region. It was observed that in some of the cases specially Adama hospital medical college the ESD values higher than the recommended value from IAEA, NRPB and EC. Similarly the S.Aklisiya hospital and Medin Beza hospitals shows ESD (mGy) value for all types of projection examinations are similarity with that reported by IAEA [42] and European Committee (EC, 1999) [41] as well as NRPB -2000 [43]. But Rift valley hospital has the minimum value of ESD (mGy) because of the low dose output of the machine combined with high tube filtration. This could be attributed to the relatively low tube output dose and exposure parameters used in these hospitals. And also potential advantage of digital x ray from conventional is minimizes unnecessary patient dose and keeps the dose “as low as reasonably achievable” (ALARA) principle. Keywords: Ionizing Radiation; X-Ray; Conventional, digital, Radiography; Entrance Surface Dose
Radiation Dose Measurements in Routine X ray Examinations
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The aim of current study was to evaluate patient's radiation dose in routine X-ray examinations in Omdurman teaching hospital Sudan. 110 patients was examined (134) radiographs in two X-ray rooms. Entrance surface doses (ESDs) were calculated from ...
The amount of radiation received by the patient who is undergoing X-ray examination needs to be quantified to estimate the possibility of harm. Patient doses in radiography primarily depend on the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) and the sensitivity of the organs and tissues that are irradiated during the radiographic examination. This study aimed to assess the ESDs to the patients of age over 18years, who are undergoing Postero-Anterior (PA) erect chest X-ray examinations at the Kurunegala Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka and to determine whether the estimated mean ESD value is higher than the recommended value of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) or not. A quantitative study was done on a convenience sample of fifty (50) patients selected separately for two (2) X-ray machines using an indirect method to estimate the ESD. Mean ESD value was calculated for each machine and finally this calculated value was compared with the recommended mean value given by IAEA using the Z-test. The results have shown that the estimated mean ESDs of 0.018 mGy and 0.023 mGy were less than the recommended value of 0.4 mGy. It is concluded that, the variations in the ESD were due to the patient thickness, the different technical characteristics of radiographic equipment and exposure parameters employed by the radiographers. This emphasizes the need for introducing a standard protocol among the radiographic staff and using the quality radiographic equipment.
British Journal of Radiology, 2007
The objective of the study was to derive a mathematical method for calculating the entrance surface dose (ESD) from exposure factors for all tube potentials used in clinical practice and to compare the calculated ESDs (ESD C ) with those measured (ESD TLD ) using thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLDs). The exposure parameters of 43 patients who underwent (a) posteroanterior (PA) and lateral (LAT) chest examination (13 patients), (b) supine abdomen (10 patients), (c) erectus abdomen (10 patients), or (d) urinary tract examination (10 patients) were recorded. Patient ESD was directly measured by TLDs and calculated from exposure factors. The differences between ESD C and ESD TLD were quite small and could be explained by the uncertainties involved in both methods, in all but the PA chest examination where the ESD C was about 50% larger than ESD TLD . However, in PA chest the ESD TLD was close to the minimum detectable dose of TLDs, questioning the accuracy of ESD TLD . Further investigation showed that using the high tube potential technique (130 kV) in the PA chest examination resulted in very short exposure times, in the region of 4 ms. In such short exposure times, the X-ray generator operation presented stability problems that led to loss of output linearity and consequently to false calculation of ESD. The calculation method offers a reliable and cheap alternative to the measurement of ESD by TLD, provided that the exposure times are not as short as in the PA chest examinations recorded in this study, so that the output linearity with tube current-time product (mAs) is maintained.
Effective Dose Evaluation for Chest and Abdomen X-ray Examinations
Background: The aim of this study was to estimate effective dose (ED) via the indirect measurement of the entrance surface dose (ESD) to patients undergoing chest and abdomen examinations in Hera General Hospital (HGH). Material and Methods: The ESD per examination was calculated from X-ray dose output measurements at 80 KV, 10 mAs and tube output parameters for a patient sample size of thirty eight cases conducted X-ray units at HGH. Effective doses (ED) were then estimated using ED/ESD conversion factors based on ICRP-103. Results: Hospital mean ESD for chest posterior anterior was 0.126 ± 0.027 mGy and for abdomen anterior posterior was 1.89±1.14mGy. Themean effective doses for chest posterior anterior and abdomen anterior posterior were 0.02mSv and0.25mSvrespectively. Indirect measurement of ESD is easier than measuring ESD directly for reasons related to patient collaboration. Conclusions: Hospital mean ESD for chest posterior anterior was 0.126 ± 0.027 mGy and for abdomen anterior posterior was 1.89 ± 1.14 mGy. The mean effective doses for chest posterior anterior and abdomen anterior posterior were 0.02 mSv and 0.25 mSv respectively. Indirect measurement of ESD is easier than measuring ESD directly for reasons related to patient collaboration.
Global Journal of Health Science, 2015
The knowledge of the radiation dose received by the patient during the radiological examination is essential to prevent risks of exposures. The aim of this work is to study patient doses for common diagnostic radiographic examinations in hospitals affiliated to Kashan University of Medical sciences, Iran. The results of this survey are compared with those published by some national and international values. Entrance surface dose (ESD) was measured based on the exposure parameters used for the actual examination and effective dose (ED) was calculated by use of conversion coefficients calculated by Monte Carlo methods. The mean entrance surface dose and effective dose for examinations of the chest (
2019
Digital radiography is an easy method of radiological examination, so many radiology technicians often use high exposure factors because they are considered to speed up when processing images, this can increase the risk of excessive radiation doses in patients, currently the exposure index (IE) is feedback to radiology technicians for optimal images and low doses for patients. Objective: evaluating Fujifilm (S-Value) exposure index and entrance surface dose (ESD) thorax posterior-anterior as an effort to increase patient radiation protection using the ALARA principle, Method: Data taken from samples with parameters 64 kVp 16 mAs to 94 kVp 2 mAs, ESD is measured using the thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chip and exposure index (S-Value) from Fujifilm's direct radiography device. Result: The relationship between S-Value and ESD has an exponential trend graph. The rise of S-Value will be followed by the ESD sequence. With the BAPETEN reference value of surface radiation dose 0.40 mGy, the minimum S-value must be achieved so that the patient's ESD does not exceed S-532 at ESD 0.39. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that Fujifilm's S-Value allows it to be used as an evaluation of the ESD values received by patients as an effort to increase patient radiation protection.
Radiology Research and Practice
Background. The purpose of this study was to estimate the doses delivered to adult patients during chest examination for comparison with those elsewhere and to establish a local diagnostic reference level for the chest. The doses delivered in the standard X-ray examinations are not sufficiently optimized and controlled. The working protocols for the same exam given differ for similar morphotypes within the same hospital structure. Materials and Methods. The entrance skin dose (mGy) of the chest was evaluated on 105 adult patients with a mass of 70 ± 10 kg in accordance with the 75th percentile of the irradiation parameters. The analysis and processing of the data was carried out by Excel 2010. The entrance skin dose of the chest obtained in mGy was 0.18 ± 0.21 for the PA incidence. Conclusion. The present study allowed us to observe large variations at the entrance skin doses of the chest. These variations have made it possible to understand that the entrance skin doses to the chest...