Determination of bisphenol a migration from food packaging by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (original) (raw)
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Bisphenol A is a synthetic chemical found in plastics and listed as an endocrine disruptor. BPA is a propensity to migrate into foods stored in materials containing it. In this study, the concentration of BPA was determined in nine different food products packaged with polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics. For each food product, four samples were bought from the local markets. Samples were extracted by liquid/liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction and analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector. BPA concentrations were 4.28±1.79 µg/kg in yoghurt, 12.51±3.87µg/L in strawberry-flavoured drink, 13.33±5.75µg/kg in cheese,14.93±6.55µg/kg in margarine, 20.91±8.60µg/L in grape molasses,24.72±7.61µg/kg in sunflower oil, 33.48±17.4 µg/L in apple vinegar, 33.89±7.65 µg/kg in pasteurized milk and, 72.77± 20.6 µg/L in the bottled water sample. Only the water samples had more BPA than the European Commission limit for BPA in food. We concluded that BPA contamination is common in many market products.
Analytical methods for the determination of bisphenol A in food
Journal of Chromatography A, 2009
Food constitutes the primary route for human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), one of the highest volume chemicals produced worldwide. The estrogenic properties of BPA, its wide dispersive use and the recent extensive literature describing low-dose BPA effects in animals, have raised concerns about its possible adverse effects on human health. A reliable health risk assessment of BPA relies basically on its unambiguous identification and accurate quantification in food, and the aim of the present review is to give an overview of the analytical methods reported so far for the determination of BPA in these matrices. Emphasis is placed on the main strategies developed for sample treatment, which usually consists of several laborious and time-consuming steps in order to achieve the required sensitivity and selectivity. Separation, identification and quantitation of BPA is today reliably made with mass spectrometric methods, namely liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and thus main attention is devoted to these techniques, but other methods using LC coupled to fluorescence or electrochemical detection, as well as immunochemical methods are also covered. Recent and expected future developments are discussed.
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2010
An environmentally friendly sample pretreatment system based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the sensitive determination of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS) and biphenol (BP) is described. Two derivatisation reactions to obtain volatile derivatives are compared. Derivatisation with acetic anhydride (AA) was performed in situ in a 5-mM Na 2 CO 3 /NaHCO 3 buffer solution and analytes were extracted by direct immersion (DI) using a PA fibre (85 µm) at 90°C for 40 min with stirring at 1,500 rpm. For derivatisation with bis-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA), the analytes were first extracted by DI using the PA fibre at 70°C for 40 min with stirring at 500 rpm. The fibre was then removed, dried in a nitrogen stream for 2 min and introduced into the headspace of BSTFA at 50°C for 30 s. After derivatisation, the analytes were desorbed in the injection port of the GC in the splitless mode at 280°C for 4 min. The separation was carried out by coupling gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode, GC-MS(SIM). The method allowed the determination of the migrating levels of bisphenols found in food cans, and it was validated for linearity, detection and quantitation limits, selectivity, accuracy and precision. Detection limits ranged from 3 to 16 pg mL −1 , depending on the compound, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. Recoveries obtained for spiked samples were satisfactory for all compounds. Levels of BPA were higher than those of BPS and the lowest contents were found for BP.
Journal of Chromatography A, 1999
A new method has been developed to simultaneously analyse bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) in aqueous based food simulants. The method consists on direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of the analytes from the liquid matrix and subsequent chromatographic analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Using the proposed method, a whole analysis (including chromatographic step) can be completed in less than 40 min, with minimum sample handling. The SPME method shows good analytical performance for simultaneous BPA and BADGE analysis, except for BADGE determination in the aqueous alcohol (simulant C) solution. Detection limits ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 ng / g for BPA and from 13 to 15 ng / g from BADGE were obtained, with a linear range from the low-ng / g to several-mg / g range for BPA and from 0.1 mg/g to 40 mg / g for BADGE. A possible optimisation method has been also developed and introduced.
Determination of Bisphenol a in Beverages by RP-HPLC
The Journal "Agriculture and Forestry"
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer widely used in the production of polycarbonate, epoxy resins, diacrylates and phenolic resins. A small quantity of BPA can migrate into the food and thus it can be potential hazard for human health and environment. Therefore, quantitative determination of BPA is of a great importance. A fast, simple, precise and economic RP-HPLC method with UV-DAD detection for quantitative determination of BPA in beverages was developed. Three different analytical columns were tested: Hypersil ODS (250 mm x 4.6 mm; 5 µm), LiChrospher 60 RP-Select B (125 mm x 4 mm; 5 µm) and Purospher ® STAR RP-18 endcapped (30 mm x 4 mm; 3 µm). Analyzed beverages were packed in plastic bottles and small glass bottles closed with a cops coated with epoxy resin on inside. For quantitative determination of BPA following experimental conditions were established: mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/water 50/50 (v/v), flow rate of 1 mL/min, column temperature of 25 o С, injection volume of 5 µL and UV detection at 200 nm. The method was developed in an isocratic manner and with a reversed phase column. Prior the analyses the samples were filtrated through syringe filters Spartan-T with pore size 0.45 µm. The following parameters were determined: retention time, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, selectivity and sensitivity. The RP-HPLC method with UV-DAD detection can be successfully used for quantitative determination of BPA in nonalcoholic beverages without pre-treatment. The BPA was not detected in the analyzed beverages.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2011
A simple technique based on ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction in situ derivatization (USAEME-ISD) is proposed for the one-step derivatization, extraction, and preconcentration of bisphenol A (BPA) in beverage samples prior to gas chromatographyÀmass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. BPA was in situ derivatized with acetic anhydride and simultaneously extracted and preconcentrated by using USAEME. Variables affecting the extraction efficiency of BPA were evaluated. Under optimal experimental conditions, the detection limit (LOD) was 38 ng L À1 with a relative standard deviation (RSD) value of 11.6%. The linear working range was 100À1250 ng L À1 , and the coefficient of estimation (r 2) of the calibration curve was g0.9971. The robustness of the proposed methodology was probed by developing a recovery study at two concentrations (125 and 500 ng L À1) over different beverage samples. This study led to a satisfactory result achieving recoveries of g82%, which showed acceptable robustness for determination of nanograms per liter of BPA in samples of food safety interest.
Food Analytical Methods, 2016
Bisphenol A (BPA) contamination in foods and beverages usually occurs as a result of migration from the packages that contain it. In this context, a simple, easy-to-use, and efficient method was developed for the spectrophotometric determination of BPA in food, milk, and water samples in contact with plastic products after preconcentration by ultrasonic-thermostaticassisted cloud point extraction (UTA-CPE). The method is based on the charge transfer-sensitive complexation of BPA with 3methylamino-7-dimethylaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride (AzB) in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) at pH 8.5 and then extraction of the formed complex into the micellar phase of polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether (Brij 35). The effects of the analytical variables affecting complex formation and extraction efficiency were systematically studied and optimized. Under optimized conditions, a good linear relationship was obtained in the range of 1.2-160 μg L −1 with a detection limit of 0.35 μg L −1. After preconcentration of a sample of 20 mL, a sensitivity enhancement factor was found to be 180. The accuracy and reliability of the method were evaluated by recovery studies from the spiked quality control samples and intraday and interday precision studies. From the studies conducted, the extraction efficiency (E%) was in the range of 94-103% with a relative standard deviation lower than 5.2% (as RSD%, n = 5). The method was successfully applied to the preconcentration and determination of BPA from the selected sample matrices.
Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2012
A procedure has been developed for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in foods by gas chro matography/mass spectrometry as 2,2 bis (4 (isopropoxycarbonyloxy)phenyl)propane formed in the reac tion with isopropyl chloroformate. Optimal conditions have been found for BPA derivatization, providing its quantitative conversion into diether derivative in aqueous media. The concentration of BPA has been deter mined in some samples of canned foods and beverages (from 2.15 to 42.91 ng/g). The detection limit is 0.05-0.1 ng/g.
Application of Microgel as a Sorbent for Bisphenol Analysis in Liquid Food Samples
Applied Sciences
Bisphenols are well-known endocrine disruptors that can easily migrate from plastic and can containers to food. Due to the complicated matrix and ultra-low concentrations of bisphenols in food, samples require extensive preparation before instrumental analysis. In this paper, an environmental sensitive microgel was employed as a sorbent for the preconcentration of four bisphenols, bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol E (BPE) and bisphenol F (BPF), from liquid food samples. Liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD) was used for the quantification of bisphenols. By applying microgel solid-phase extraction procedure, the limits of detections achieved in liquid food samples can be lowered to 0.9 µg·L−1 for BPF and BPA, 2.3 µg·L−1 for BPE and 2.9 µg·L−1 for BPB. Only 5 mg of microgel was sufficient to achieve good recoveries (70.5–109%) with precision (RSD 0.21–5.01%, n = 3) for different analyzed liquid food samples spiked at concentration levels of 50 µg·L−1...
Coatings, 2020
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the chemicals used to produce both polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resin coatings. Research has shown that small amounts of BPA can migrate into the foods and beverages enclosed in these types of containers. In this research, an analytical method based on high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) was developed and validated for the determination of BPA in canned vegetables. The results were confirmed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was performed, to identify the coating material of each tin can. Nineteen cans of vegetables were taken as study samples (eleven samples from the Spanish market, and eight samples from the Portuguese market). Excellent linear correlation (r2 = 0.9999) was observed over the range of 0.01 to 0.25 mg/L. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values were ca...