A New Ultrasonic Thermostatic-Assisted Cloud Point Extraction/Spectrophotometric Method for the Preconcentration and Determination of Bisphenol A in Food, Milk, and Water Samples in Contact with Plastic Products (original) (raw)
Related papers
Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society, Section A: Chemistry, 2017
In this work, a simple and versatile ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) procedure, which provides high separation efficiency for bisphenol A (BPA), was developed for its indirect determination in beverages in contact with plastic containers by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The method is based on charge transfer reaction, in which BPA reacts with Cu(II) in alkaline tartrate solutions of pH 8.0 to produce Cu(I), which reacts with ion-pairing reagent, Promethazine, being a phenothiazine derivative (PMZ), in the presence of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). For the indirect determination of BPA using FAAS, the change in signal of Cu(II) depending on BPA concentration was investigated in detail. At optimal conditions, the analytical features of the method were obtained as follows; linearity ranges of 1.5-100 µg L-1 for direct aqueous calibration solutions and 3-125 µg L-1 for matrix matched calibration solutions; the limits of detection and quantification of 0.47 and 1.56 µg L-1 ; sensitivity enhancement and pre-concentration factors of 135 and 150, respectively. The method accuracy was validated by repeatability/reproducibility precision studies using standard addition method. As the last, the method was successfully applied for determination of BPA in selected samples. BPA as a food stimulant was detected in ranges of 2.70-3.80 µg L-1 in waters and 3.10-5.40 µg L-1 in milk products while its levels changed in ranges of 6.40-7.70 and 4.30-19.2 µg L-1 in beverages with and without alcohol. These levels were highly lower than the specific migration limit set by European Union.
Simultaneous Determination of BPA and BPS Using UV/Vis Spectrophotometry and HPLC
2016
Bisphenol A (BPA) has been one ofthe most used plasticizers with more than 4.8 million tons produced in 2012. BPA is also an endocrine disruptor that has been linked to adverse health effects such as cancer, obesity, behavioral and mood changes, lowered fertility, developmental changes and more in humans and other animals. The evidence of the toxicity of BPA, even at very low levels, has caused many countries to limit its use, especially in baby bottles and other baby-related hard plastic items. In these items, BPA has been replaced with other bisphenols, such as Bisphenol S (BPS). BPS is more stable and heat resistant than BPA. However, BPS is also an endocrine disruptor and can behave like BPA in cellular activities. Also, studies have shown more dermal penetration ofBPS than BPA, and it has been linked to similar adverse health effects. In this research, methods were developed to simultaneously determine concentrations of BPA and BPS using UV-VIS Absorption Spectrophotometry and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). These methods were applied to water:methanol (1: 1) samples exposed to different kinds of plastics, food cans and thermal receipt paper to test for leaching of BPA and/or BPS. The concentrations determined ranged from w-x for BPA and y-z from BPS. The latter concentrations were above the Total Daily Intake approved by the Food and Drug Administration or the European Food Safety Authority. The methods used suggested that other chemicals leached out in addition to BPA and BPS. Time (0-2 weeks) and temperature (22-70°C) were varied to simulate everyday use of these products.
Determination of Bisphenol a in Beverages by RP-HPLC
The Journal "Agriculture and Forestry"
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer widely used in the production of polycarbonate, epoxy resins, diacrylates and phenolic resins. A small quantity of BPA can migrate into the food and thus it can be potential hazard for human health and environment. Therefore, quantitative determination of BPA is of a great importance. A fast, simple, precise and economic RP-HPLC method with UV-DAD detection for quantitative determination of BPA in beverages was developed. Three different analytical columns were tested: Hypersil ODS (250 mm x 4.6 mm; 5 µm), LiChrospher 60 RP-Select B (125 mm x 4 mm; 5 µm) and Purospher ® STAR RP-18 endcapped (30 mm x 4 mm; 3 µm). Analyzed beverages were packed in plastic bottles and small glass bottles closed with a cops coated with epoxy resin on inside. For quantitative determination of BPA following experimental conditions were established: mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/water 50/50 (v/v), flow rate of 1 mL/min, column temperature of 25 o С, injection volume of 5 µL and UV detection at 200 nm. The method was developed in an isocratic manner and with a reversed phase column. Prior the analyses the samples were filtrated through syringe filters Spartan-T with pore size 0.45 µm. The following parameters were determined: retention time, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, selectivity and sensitivity. The RP-HPLC method with UV-DAD detection can be successfully used for quantitative determination of BPA in nonalcoholic beverages without pre-treatment. The BPA was not detected in the analyzed beverages.
Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2020
This study shows the development and application of an analytical method for the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous samples such as tap, river and mineral water and plastic leachates, based on an extensive literature search to understand the gaps for the determination of BPA in aqueous samples. We found that most of the methods in the literature employ some chromatographic strategy, and, to a much lesser extent, non-chromatographic instrumentation. In this scenario, we show an ultraviolet spectrophotometric-based method that can be used for routine analysis. Sample preparation was conducted by means of solvent extraction followed by back-extraction into an alkaline aqueous solution (liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction) and the detection was performed by UV spectrophotometry at 294 nm. Optimization of variables affecting both extraction and back-extraction was conducted, and the optimal extraction conditions were obtained: 85 mL aqueous sample buffered at pH 10, ionic strength adjusted with NaCl to a 2 mol L −1 final concentration, extraction with 6 mL of ethyl ether for 10 min and back-extraction into 0.5 mL of 2 mol L −1 aqueous NaOH. The following quality parameters were obtained: determination coefficient (R 2) > 0.999, intra and inter-day repeatability better than 7.8% and 300 enhancement factor. The method was applied in different aqueous samples with excellent recovery and precision results, and no BPA was detected in natural water, even with the excellent limit of detection (3.5 μg L −1) and limit of quantification obtained. Limitations of this method involve analysis of samples with humic acid concentrations higher than 2 mg L −1 or high concentration of phenols and/or phthalate esters.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2011
A simple technique based on ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction in situ derivatization (USAEME-ISD) is proposed for the one-step derivatization, extraction, and preconcentration of bisphenol A (BPA) in beverage samples prior to gas chromatographyÀmass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. BPA was in situ derivatized with acetic anhydride and simultaneously extracted and preconcentrated by using USAEME. Variables affecting the extraction efficiency of BPA were evaluated. Under optimal experimental conditions, the detection limit (LOD) was 38 ng L À1 with a relative standard deviation (RSD) value of 11.6%. The linear working range was 100À1250 ng L À1 , and the coefficient of estimation (r 2) of the calibration curve was g0.9971. The robustness of the proposed methodology was probed by developing a recovery study at two concentrations (125 and 500 ng L À1) over different beverage samples. This study led to a satisfactory result achieving recoveries of g82%, which showed acceptable robustness for determination of nanograms per liter of BPA in samples of food safety interest.
Method Based on Solid Phase Extraction, LC and GC for Analysis of Bisphenol A in Drinking Water
2004
A new procedure is described to determine the bisphenol A (BPA) in drinking water that was in contact with polycarbonate (PC) plastic. To evaluate the amount of BPA migrating from the plastic into the water high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) were used. HPLC and GC enable detection of the BPA concentration as low as 0.2 μg dm−3 and 0.5 μg dm−3, respectively. Recovery of dissolved bisphenol A and other endocrine disruptors from water was also performed, locating recovery yield in the range of 82.1—93.3 % as determined by HPLC and 82.3—92.6 % by GC. The results confirmed that BPA is migrating from the PC package to the drinking water contained in it. BPA concentration in two samples of bottled drinking water of 0.49 μg dm−3 and 0.54 μg dm−3 was determined by HPLC, and 0.55 μg dm−3 and 0.61 μg dm−3 by GC analysis.
MethodsX, 2021
In the current work, a rapid and simple dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method (DLLME) was used to determine Bisphenol A (BPA). High performance liquid chromatography with the photodiode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) coupled DLLME method was employed to analyze BPA in food samples packaged including cans, paper boxes, and glass jars. The calibration curve was obtained to be in the linear range 0.009-25 ngg −1 with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.9981. The mean relative standard deviations (RSDs) was of 5.2% (n = 3). The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method were obtained to be 0.001 ngg −1 and 0.08 ng.g −1 , respectively. In sum, this method presents: • A rapid, simple and efficient modified DLLME method was used to measure BPA in packaged foods. • The advantages of this method were low detection limit, fast preparation, and high BPA recovery. • The DLLME-HPLC method consists of low detection limit and high recoveries to determine BPA in samples. • The results indicated that DLLME-HPLC-DAD was an applied method to measure BPA in food samples.
ISRN Analytical Chemistry, 2013
A simple and high sensitive preconcentration method based on micelle-mediated extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography (LC-UV) was developed for preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous samples. The BPA was quantitatively extracted from aqueous samples in the presence of Triton X-114 as a nonionic surfactant and preconcentrated into the small volume (about 30 μL) of the surfactant-rich phase. Taguchi method, an orthogonal array design (OA16 (45)), was utilized to optimize the various factors affecting the micellar extraction of BPA. The maximum extraction efficiency of BPA was obtained at pH 3, 0.2% (w/v) Triton X-114, and 0.25 mol L−1 sodium acetate. For the preconcentration, the solutions were incubated in a thermostatic water bath at 50°C for 7 min. After centrifuge and separation of aqueous phase, the surfactant-rich phase was diluted with 100 μL acetone and injected in the chromatographic system. Under the optimum ...
Bisphenol A is a synthetic chemical found in plastics and listed as an endocrine disruptor. BPA is a propensity to migrate into foods stored in materials containing it. In this study, the concentration of BPA was determined in nine different food products packaged with polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics. For each food product, four samples were bought from the local markets. Samples were extracted by liquid/liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction and analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector. BPA concentrations were 4.28±1.79 µg/kg in yoghurt, 12.51±3.87µg/L in strawberry-flavoured drink, 13.33±5.75µg/kg in cheese,14.93±6.55µg/kg in margarine, 20.91±8.60µg/L in grape molasses,24.72±7.61µg/kg in sunflower oil, 33.48±17.4 µg/L in apple vinegar, 33.89±7.65 µg/kg in pasteurized milk and, 72.77± 20.6 µg/L in the bottled water sample. Only the water samples had more BPA than the European Commission limit for BPA in food. We concluded that BPA contamination is common in many market products.
Analytical methods for the determination of bisphenol A in food
Journal of Chromatography A, 2009
Food constitutes the primary route for human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), one of the highest volume chemicals produced worldwide. The estrogenic properties of BPA, its wide dispersive use and the recent extensive literature describing low-dose BPA effects in animals, have raised concerns about its possible adverse effects on human health. A reliable health risk assessment of BPA relies basically on its unambiguous identification and accurate quantification in food, and the aim of the present review is to give an overview of the analytical methods reported so far for the determination of BPA in these matrices. Emphasis is placed on the main strategies developed for sample treatment, which usually consists of several laborious and time-consuming steps in order to achieve the required sensitivity and selectivity. Separation, identification and quantitation of BPA is today reliably made with mass spectrometric methods, namely liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and thus main attention is devoted to these techniques, but other methods using LC coupled to fluorescence or electrochemical detection, as well as immunochemical methods are also covered. Recent and expected future developments are discussed.