Protective role of Juniperus phoenicea and Cupressus sempervirens against CCl 4 (original) (raw)
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Journal of Biology and Medicine, 2019
Background: Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd) Schumach et. Thonn. (Family: Verbenaceae) and Phyllanthus fraternus Schum. and Thonn. (Euphorbiaceae) are used as food grains protectants among resource poor farmers, nevertheless there is dearth of experimental data on the possible toxicity of such stored food grains if consumed. The toxic effects were considered by quantifying liver and kidney enzymes such as aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, creatinine and urea respectively. Purpose of the study: This study evaluates the infl uence of C. capitatum hexane extract and P. fraternus ethyl acetate extract on likely alterations of renal and hepatic functions using some biochemical parameters. Results: The results show that, there was no signifi cant difference in the body weight of both treated and untreated animals at any of the doses administered throughout the experimental duration. No mortality or morbidity and behavioural changes was documented, also biochemical indices of AST, ALT, ALP, TP, urea and creatinine decreased signifi cantly (P ≤ 0.05) in the treated animals in comparison to the untreated ones as the concentrations of extracts increase. However, 500 and 1000mg/kg oral administration of C. capitatum and P. fraternus leaf extracts resulted in no noticeable changes in the liver biochemical indices of treated rats compared to untreated. While, there was progressive increase in AST, ALT and ALP activities in the serum of the animal administered with C. capitatum and P. fraternus extracts, which is directly proportional to increase in the dosage rates, the serum AST, ALT and ALP activities of the animal group administered with 1500 and 2000mg/kg of C. capitatum and P. fraternus extracts were signifi cantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher than those administered with 500, 1000mg/kg and untreated animals. The kidney serum activities of urea and creatinine in animals administered with both extracts exhibited dosedependent response, as animal administered with 2000mg/kg of C. capitatum and P. fraternus extracts produced the highest serum activities of urea (61.50 and 64.50 mmol/l) and creatinine (116.0 and 118.0 mmol/l) respectively and was signifi cantly higher (p<0.05) than the animals administered with other lower dosages and untreated. Main fi ndings: Oral administration of both plant extracts does not cause signifi cant alteration in the kidney and liver function indicators in the experimental rats, suggesting that the plants were neither nephrotoxic nor hepatotoxic. Conclusions: C. capitatum hexane extract and P. fraternus ethyl acetate extract possessed high safety index and their constant usage in suppressing insect pest infestation in stored food grains is supported among resource poor farmers as a component of integrated pest management. Further investigation is required to unravel the mechanism responsible for it's the nephroprotective and hepatoprotective actions.
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science
The present study was undertaken to investigate the possible protective effect of two edible parts (leaves and stems) of Rumex dentatus L. on inflammatory factors and oxidant/antioxidative status of rat. Determination of total phenolic content of the two parts and isolation of bioactive secondary metabolites from the promising leaves extract were carried out. The hepatic antioxidant parameters; glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde were measured. Liver marker enzymes and hepatic function enzymes; aspartate and alanine aminotransferases as well as cholestatic markers; alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltransferase, serum total protein content, urea, creatinine were evaluated. In addition, inflammatory markers; interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor were estimated. Histopathological investigation was also examined. The ethanolic extract of leaves and stems showed antioxidant properties and anti-inflammatory properties. An improvement of liver and kidney functions was also observed. Extract of leaves showed relatively higher biological activity than that of stems, a fact which may be related to their higher total phenolic content. This extract was subjected to chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis. Phytochemical investigation has afforded emodin (1), chrysophanic acid (2), 1,5-dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10anthraquinone (3), quercetin-3-rhamnoside (4), quercetin-3-rhamnosyl-(1→6)-galactoside (5), Isorhamnetin-3rhamnoside (6), catechin (7) and daucosterol (8). Compounds 3-7 were isolated for the first time from this species. In conclusion, the plant parts extract represents a promising candidate for the treatment of liver fibrosis and renal injury. The isolated bioactive phytochemicals was suggested to be responsible for the pronounced pharmacological activity.
In the present study, the capacity of the aqueous extracts of Senna singueana (SS), Nymphaea lotus (NL), Cochlospermum planchoni (CP) and Acacia nilotica (AN) as antitoxicants to protect against aspirin and carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) induced hepatotoxicity in rats was investigated. Ten groups containing three replicates each were used. Biochemical parameters including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin (DB), total bilirubin (TB), total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) were assayed. SS, NL, CP and AN extracts (250 mg/kg) were given daily by gavage to the animals in the groups V to X for fourteen consecutive days to explore the protective effects against aspirin and CCl 4-induced hepatotoxicity. Animals of negative and standard controls (group I and II) respectively received vehicle and vehicle with 2 mL/kg olive oil by subcutaneous injections twice a week for a period of two weeks. Animals of the CCl 4-treated group (group III) and the aspirin-treated group (group IV) respectively received vehicle with 2 mL/kg CCl 4 in olive oil by subcutaneous injections and vehicle with 1 mL/kg aspirin orally twice a week for a period of two weeks. The results obtained were statistically evaluated using One-Way ANOVA followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) for the parameters found to be statistically significant at α = 0.05. Mean serum AST, ALT and ALP, DB and TB levels/activities of the groups III and IV were statistically (p < 0.05) higher than those of the controls. DB and TB levels were slightly (p > 0.05) higher when compared with the controls, in contrast with the mean serum TP and ALB levels of the groups III and IV that were found to differ statistically (p < 0.05) being lower than those of controls. Conversely, mean serum AST, ALT and ALP, DB and TB levels/activities of the groups V to X differ statistically (p < 0.05) being lower than those of the groups III and IV except for DB and TB levels that were slightly lower (p > 0.05) when compared with the groups III and IV. Mean serum TP and ALB levels of the groups V to X and the controls were found to differ statistically (p < 0.05) being higher than those of the groups III and IV. Taken together, the results of this study showed that the SS or NL extracts were found effective as hepatoprotective agents, and the mixture of SS and CP or the mixture of NL and AN extracts significantly antagonized aspirin and CCl 4-induced liver damage in rats in comparison with control values, as evidenced by the biochemical parameters.
Comparative Clinical Pathology
Medicinal plants play a vital role in the healthcare of many people in Africa and other developing countries. Of these, Hura crepitans L. is used in some parts of Nigeria and Ghana in the management of liver diseases. This study evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of the aqueous (AE) and ethanolic extracts (EE) of H. crepitans stem bark in CCl 4 -induced liver injury in Sprague-Dawley rats. Liver injury was induced by single oral administration of 1 mL/kg b.wt CCl 4 (1:1 v/v olive oil). The effect of AE and EE was assessed at 250 mg/kg p.o. Serum and liver biochemical markers were measured, and liver was assessed for oxidative stress, morphological changes, and expression of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. EE, AE, and silymarin displayed significant hepatoprotective activities by ameliorating the activities of transaminase (ALT and AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and decreased the levels of total bilirubin (TBIL) following increases induced by CCl 4 . It further enhanced the antioxidant defence enzymes and reduced glutathione (GSH) activities, while preventing lipid peroxidation. Extract further attenuated liver damage and inflammation by offering some inhibitory effect on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression, leading to downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and interleukin-23 . This study demonstrated AE and EE to be hepatoprotective, and the mechanism of hepatoprotection was through the enhancement of the antioxidant defence system with resultant mitigation of lipid peroxidation. They also showed hepatoprotective effect through the inhibition of NF-κB, thus leading to the reduction in inflammation.
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05) protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatoxocity and nephrotoxicity by decreasing the levels of serum markers, specially AST and creatinine , respectively.On the other hand, the serum lipid profiles were slightly improved ; HDL-cholesterol significantly (P<0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022
Traditional healers combine four medicinal plants (Cochlospermum tinctorium, Terminalia macroptera, Leptadenia hastata and Commiphora Africana to treat hepatitis in Burkina Faso. The aimed was to evaluate the hepato-curative activity of lyophilized aqueous decoction (LAD) and hydroethanolic macerate (LHM) of plant extracts on CCl4-induced hepatitis in rats. We assessed the acute toxicity and scavenging activity of the 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Hepato-curative activity study included nine groups with five rats each. We used rats as followed: group 1 as neutral controls, group 2 as negative controls, and the other groups were experimental groups. Rats in groups 2-9 received a single dose (1 mL/kg) of CCl4 in intraperitoneal injection to induce hepatitis. We fed orally the rats for seven consecutive days with sylimarin in group 3, LAD and LHM respectively in groups 4-6 and groups 7-9 by 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg/day. This study revealed LAD and LHM had a LD50> 2000 mg/kg a...
Protective Effect of Conocarpus erectus Extracts on CCl-Induced Chronic Liver Injury in Mice
2013
Plants still an excellent source of new therapeutic agents owing to their versatile applications. As a folk medicine Conocarpus erectus L. (family Combretaceae) was reported to be used for healing from many diseases. The four defatted methanol extracts of C. erectus different parts (leaves, stems, fruits and flowers) showed high antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity monitored by two in vitro antioxidant methods; phosphomolybdenum and reducing power activity and in vivo test. The antioxidant activity of the four extracts are attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds as major components in these extracts. CCl increased 4 significantly the levels of ALT (P<0.001), blood urea (P <0.01) and without any differences in total proteins, albumins, globulins and A/G ratio compared to normal mice. Treatment of toxicated mice with different parts of defatted methanol extracts of Conocarpus erectus in a dose of 500 mg/kg for two weeks decreased significantly (P <0.5 and P <...
EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF FLOWERS OF VITEX TRIFOLIA LINN. ON CCl4 INDUCED HEPATIC INJURY IN RATS
Hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of flowers of Vitex trifolia (Verbenaceae) was studied against CCl 4 induced hepatic injury in albino rats. The plant extract (EVT) at the dose of 200 mg/kg, p.o. showed a remarkable hepatoprotective activity. CCl 4 induced a significant rise in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and gamma glutamate transpeptidase (GGTP). Treatment of rats with EVT significantly (P<0.001) altered serum biomarker enzyme levels to near normal against CCl 4 treated rats. The activity of the extract was comparable to the standard drug, silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.). Histopathological observations also revealed that treatment with EVT protected the animals from CCl 4 induced liver damage. The results indicate that the flowers of V. trifolia possess hepatoprotective activity on CCl 4 induced hepatic injury in rats.
Effect of Selected Plant Parts Extracts on Liver Injuries Induced by CCl4 in vitro
The objective of this study is to highlight the potential effects of selected plant parts extracts [Sweet violet blossoms (SVB), marjoram leaves (ML), red onion skin (ROS) and orange peel (OP)] individually or to work together to improve the liver injuries induced by CCl4 in vitro. Fish liver homogenate and human lymphocytes cultures were used as in vitro biological model systems. The data indicated that CCl4 induced many adverse cytotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic effects including lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunctions, cell membrane integrity and decreasing in protease activity in fish liver homogenate and DNA damage in human lymphocytes cultures. Co-treatment of liver homogenate with CCl4 and the tested selected plant parts extracts as well as their mixture by concentration 0.75% exhibited many therapeutic effects through decreasing the rates of all those adverse effects. That decreasing rates in different toxic effects was depending on the type of the plant parts applied. The highest therapeutic effect was recorded for the mixture of the selected plant parts extracts (OP+SVB+ROS+ML by equal parts) followed by ROS, ML, OP and SVB, respectively. Such data indicated that there has been considerable interest in the role of complementary and alternative medicines for the prevention/treatment of liver injury induced in humans by many environmental toxins.