Postharvest dipping of kiwifruit in iprodione to control stem‐end rot caused byBotrytis cinerea (original) (raw)
Related papers
Australasian Plant Pathology, 2018
Kiwifruit is a very important crop for the Greek agricultural industry. Postharvest diseases are the cause of the most important problems of the kiwifruit. This paper considers some general aspects of the various postharvest diseases of kiwifruit in Greece. One of the main aims of this study was the investigation of the pathogens causing postharvest fruit rots in kiwifruit in Greece. The results showed that the fungus Botrytis cinerea was responsible for 100% of the postharvest fruit rots in the regions of Skydra Pella and Vrodou Katerini. This fungus was also responsible for the postharvest fruit rots at a level of 85% in the region of Chrysoupoli Kavala. The fungus Penicillium expansum was also responsible for about 12% in the region of Chrysoupoli Kavala, while the fungi Alternaria sp. and Diaporthe sp. were responsible for about 1-3% of infections. Overripe and softened kiwifruits incubated in room temperatures (about 20-23°C) for 3 days, after 5 months cold storage, were infected with the fungus Rhizopus stolonifer. In addition, the effectiveness of the fungicides fludioxonil, fludioxonil+cyprodinil and boscalid+ pyraclostrobin, applied as postharvest fruit dipping, was evaluated. None of the above fungicides has been registered for use on harvested kiwifruit in Greece although fludioxonil has been registered for postharvest applications in peach and nectarines. The results showed that all fungicides were effective against B. cinerea and P. expansum. Finally, the levels of residues of the fungicides tested in the kiwifruit were investigated about five months after their application. The results showed that only the level of residues of fludioxonil and boscalid were below of the Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). In contrast, the residues of the cyprodinil, and pyraclostrobin were above of MRLs.
Pest Management Science, 2010
BACKGROUND:Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. is a high-risk pathogen for fungicide resistance development that has caused resistance problems on many crops throughout the world. This study investigated the fungicide sensitivity profile of isolates from kiwifruits originating from three Greek locations with different fungicide use histories. Sensitivity was measured by in vitro fungitoxicity tests on artificial nutrient media.RESULTS: Seventy-six single-spore isolates were tested for sensitivity to the SDHI fungicide boscalid, the QoI pyraclostrobin, the anilinopyrimidine cyprodinil, the hydroxyanilide fenhexamid, the phenylpyrrole fludioxonil, the dicarboxamide iprodione and the benzimidazole carbendazim. All isolates from Thessaloniki showed resistance to both boscalid and pyraclostrobin, while in the other two locations the fungal population was sensitive to these two fungicides. Sensitive isolates showed EC50 values to boscalid and pyraclostrobin ranging from 0.9 to 5.2 and from 0.04 to 0.14 mg L−1 respectively, while the resistant isolates showed EC50 values higher than 50 mg L−1 for boscalid and from 16 to > 50 mg L−1 for pyraclostrobin. All QoI-resistant isolates carried the G143A mutation in cytb. Sensitivity determinations to the remaining fungicides revealed in total eight resistance phenotypes. No isolates were resistant to the fungicides fenhexamid and fludioxonil.CONCLUSION: This is the first report of B. cinerea field isolates with resistance to both boscalid and pyraclostrobin, and it strongly suggests that there may be a major problem in controlling this important pathogen on kiwifruit. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Picking wound curing to reduce botrytis storage rot of kiwifruit
New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science
Incidence of stem-end rot in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) inoculated with Botrytis conidia just before entering coolstorage was reduced progressively with increasing duration of a holding period at ambient temperature between harvesting and grading/packing, from 49% with a nil holding
Citric acid dipping of kiwifruits promotes Botrytis storage rot
New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1986
Post-harvest immersion for 5 min in 0.2% citric acid solution, to remove 'water staining', enhanced the appearance of kiwifruits (Actinidia deliciosa (Chevalier) Liang & Ferguson), but significantly increased the incidence of Botrytis cinerea Pers. : Fr. storage rot. Rot incidence after 12 weeks of cold storage was 3.9% in undipped fruits and 7.4% in fruits immersed in previously unused solution; this increase is attributed to redistribution of Botrytis inoculum on to the picking wound infection sites. Rot incidence rose significantly with each successive re-use of the same batch of solution, reaching 30.6% in fruits immersed at the fifteenth re-use; this demonstrates that accumulation of Botrytis inoculum in the dipping solution is a major hazard of the treatment. The use of a postharvest citric acid dip for kiwifruits cannot be recommended except in specific situations where the treatment benefits clearly outweigh the risks of increased Botrytis infection, e.g., where a crop is so severely water stained as to be unmarketable without treatment.
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 1999
Application of biocontrol agents (BCAs) and use of induced host resistance for the inhibition of pathogen infection have often been examined separately. The present study focused on application of yeast BCAs alone and the interaction between kiwifruit curing and BCA application for inhibition of infection by the pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Kiwifruit pedicels were removed at the natural abscission layer and the pedicel wound was used to evaluate efficacy of up to five yeast candidates, applied at increasing delay intervals after B. cinerea challenge. Other fruit were treated with combinations and various sequences of fruit curing (incubation at 10°C) and topical yeast application. All yeast candidates conferred a significant level of biocontrol following applications made simultaneously with, or up to 96 h after B. cinerea inoculation. Biocontrol activity was further increased with an additive effect of BCA and fruit curing combined but only when BCA application was made after 96 h of fruit curing. These results suggest that a degree of protection of the kiwifruit could be achieved with the application of the yeast to the pedicel wound. If kiwifruit curing is initiated, host resistance mechanisms may not be specific to the pathogen, B. cinerea, since the effect of epiphytic microbes used for biocontrol appear to be similarly reduced by factors induced in the first 24-48 h of curing.
Host factors related to fruit rot of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) caused by Botrytis cinerea
Australasian Plant Pathology, 2014
Fungal rot of sweet cherry fruit leads to reduced yield and quality at harvest. This study investigated a range of host factors related to cherry rot and also identified the main species present in latently infected-fruit and fruit with visible rot at harvest in a Tasmanian orchard. There was a significant effect of tree cultivar on total rot found at harvest, with the cultivar "Sweetheart" associated with almost double (approx. 25 % infection) the amount of rotten fruit compared to "Regina" and "Simone" (approx. 13 %). Harvest date may have had some influence on this result, as Sweetheart fruit were harvested 2 weeks later than the other cultivars, and there was a large rainfall event just before Sweetheart harvest (rainfall can increase disease spread and infection). Crop load did not influence the amount of rotten fruit found at harvest for any cultivar, although crop load was low in this season at this site. Removing fungicide application from the point of 50 % full bloom onwards did not significantly alter disease incidence. The study found that Botrytis cinerea was the dominant rot pathogen in cherry fruit at this site and season. No evidence of Monilinia species was found in this study with the methods used, despite it being typically associated with rot of stone fruit. Fruit quality characteristics were not indicators of disease susceptibility, as very few characteristics observed to correlate with disease at harvest.
Ciencia e investigación agraria, 2007
R.A. Serey, R. Torres, and B.A. Latorre. 2007. Pre-and post-infection activity of new fungicides against Botrytis cinerea and other fungi causing decay of table grapes. Cien. Inv. Agr. 34(3):215-224. Pre-and post-harvest diseases restrict table grape production and exports (Vitis vinifera L.) in Chile, with the most important disease being grey mold (Botrytis cinerea). In addition, rot due to Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium herbarum, Penicillium expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer frequently occurs. The pre-and post-infection activity of fungicides against r these pathogens was studied on Thompson Seedless table grapes. Detached, mature, berries were used, and inoculations were performed with 20 μL of a 10 6 spores•mL-1 suspension placed on three punctures aseptically made at the calyx end of each berry. Fungicides used (per liter) were boscalid (600 mg), boscalid (200 mg) + pyraclostrobin (100 mg), boscalid (200 mg) + kresoxim methyl (100 mg), cyprodinil (60 mg) + fl udioxonil (40 mg), BAS 600 KBF (100 mg) + metrafenone (150 mg), BAS 600 KBF (200 mg) + boscalid (300 mg), BAS 600 KBF (100 mg) + pyraclostrobin (100 mg), and captan (400 mg). Each fungicide was applied either by drop (12 μL•berry-1) placed on three punctures made with a sterile hypodermic needle or by 60 s immersion. Berries were then incubated in humid chambers at 20ºC. The pre-infection (protection) activity of the fungicides varied considerably among the pathogens tested and was found to be signifi cant (p < 0.001) and, with one exception (A. niger), it was signifi cantly (p < 0.002) affected by the application method. The interaction between fungicide and application method was only signifi cant (p < 0.001) for R. stolonifer at 48 h post treatment. In general, pre-infection activity gave 0 to 4 days protection after drop applications and 0 to 21 days after immersion treatments. The post-infection (curative) activity varied among pathogens and fungicide treatments. However, it was always below 24 h.
Fungicides for control of flower and berry infections of Botrytis cinerea in boysenberry
Crop Protection, 2005
in New Zealand, fungicides were evaluated on boysenberry (Rubus spp. hybrid) for control of Botrytis cinerea in the laboratory (detached flowering lateral assay), and in the field (two small scale field evaluations and one large scale grower trial). Fungicides used were thiram (standard grower control), pyrimethanil, cyprodinil+fludioxonil, fenhexamid and three undisclosed plant extracts. Laboratory studies showed that fungicides, except for two plant extracts, reduced flower infections. Disease incidence was also affected by the timing of fungicide applications in response to artificial flower inoculations with B. cinerea conidia. In the field, all fungicides reduced B. cinerea berry infections, however some products (pyrimethanil, cyprodinil+ fludioxonil, plant extract) affected plant growth and/or berry quality and their use was discontinued. Further grower trials of fenhexamid in comparison to standard fungicide applications (grower control) and an unsprayed control on four commercial properties showed that fenhexamid achieved similar reductions in disease levels as the grower control. The fenhexamid residue decay curve followed a first order kinetics with less than 0.05 mg/kg fenhexamid detected in fruit at harvest. The research contributed to the registration of fenhexamid for use in New Zealand boysenberry. r
Fungal fruit rots ofActinidia deliciosa(kiwifruit)
New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture
Current knowledge of the symptoms, etiology, and control of the three main fungal fruit rots of kiwifruit in New Zealand is reviewed. Field rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, affects immature fruits on the vines. Storage rot, caused by Botrytis cinerea, affects harvested fruits during cold storage. Ripe rot, caused by Botryosphaeria doth idea, affects harvested fruits during post-storage ripening.
Nova Scientia, 2019
As an alternative control method, to improve control and to reduce synthetic fungicide use, three Candida oleophila strains and/or four commercial synthetic fungicides were used to control Botrytis cinerea damage on postharvest apple fruit. Synthetic commercial fungicides; Cyprodinil+Fludioxonil, Thiabendazole and Benomyl, allowed Candida oleophila strains colony growth when challenged to the pressure of these fungicides. Synthetic commercial fungicide Captan did not allow any Candida oleophila strains colony growth. Control of Botrytis cinerea expressed in % of damage and damage reduction, gave an average control of; 100% for Cyprodinil+Fludioxonil; Captan, 97.5%; Thiabendazole, 94.1% and Benomyl, 93.7% All Candida oleophila strains, individually, gave a 100% control. Thiabendazole and Benomyl improved their efficiency to control Botrytis cinerea when combined with Candida oleophila. Control of Botrytis cinerea damage on postharvest Golden Delicious apple fruit can be achieved up t...