Trends of nanotechnology in type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment (original) (raw)
Related papers
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) stands as a prominent metabolic disorder characterized by impaired insulin activity and/or secretion, leading to various pathological complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular issues. This review delves into the intricacies of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), exploring its sub-types, conventional treatment modalities, and the emerging role of nanotechnology in revolutionizing drug delivery for improved therapeutic outcomes. Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus manifests through aberrations in insulin dynamics, leading to hyperglycemia and subsequent tissue damage. Understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms is crucial for devising effective therapeutic strategies. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus is broadly categorized into Type 1 and Type 2, each with distinct etiological factors and treatment approaches. Type 1 DM necessitates insulin replacement therapy, whereas Type 2 DM is primarily managed through oral hypoglycemic agents. Insulin replacement therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for Type 1 DM. It involves administering exogenous insulin to mimic the physiological insulin secretion that is deficient in individuals with T1DM. This aims to maintain blood glucose levels within a normal range to prevent acute as well as long-term complications. Drug therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus : The pharmacological armamentarium for Type 2 DM includes Insulin Secretagogues, Biguanides, Insulin Sensitizers, α-Glucosidase Inhibitors, Incretin Mimetics, Amylin Antagonists, and SGLT2 Inhibitors. The Complex pathophysiology of DM demands innovatives therapeutic approaches to enhance drug efficacy and patient adherence. Nanotechology offers promising solutions by enabling targeted drug delivery, improved bioavailability, and reduced dosing frequency. Clinical Implications and Future Perspectives Nanotechnology holds immense potential in revolutionizing diabetes management by addressing the limitations of conventional therapies and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Future research endeavors should focus on translational studies to validate the clinical utility of nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. In Conclusion, the integration of nanotechnology into Diabetes management offers a paradigm shift in therapeutic approaches, promising targeted drug delivery, improved bioavailability, and enhanced patient outcomes. Continued research and development in this field are imperative to realize the full potential of nanotechnology in combating the global burden of Diabetes Mellitus. In this article, we endeavor to delve into the pathophysiolgy of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), traditional treatment methods for both Type 1 (T1DM) and Type 2 (T2DM) diabetes, alongside innovative drug delivery strategies for managing Diabetes Mellitus.
The role of nanotechnology in diabetes treatment: current and future perspectives
International Journal of Nanotechnology, 2011
Diabetes is a chronic disease that currently affects approximately 8% of the US population, and that number is expected to increase significantly by the year 2030. It is imperative that effective monitoring and treatment options be available to patients. Nanotechnology is a focal point in diabetes research, where nanoparticles in particular are showing great promise in improving the treatment and management of the disease. Due to their ability to potentially enhance drug delivery to areas where there are barriers or unfavourable environments for macromolecules, nanoparticles are being explored as vehicles for improved oral insulin formulations. The use of nanotechnology in the development of glucose sensors is also a prominent focus in non-invasive glucose monitoring systems. Finally, compelling but relatively unexplored applications of nanotechnology, such as the development of an artificial pancreas, are discussed. Overall, nanotechnology has the potential to significantly impact several areas of current and future diabetes research.
Challenge of diabetes mellitus and researchers’ contributions to its control
Open Chemistry
The aim of this review study was to assess the past significant events on diabetes mellitus, transformations that took place over the years in the medical records of treatment, countries involved, and the researchers who brought about the revolutions. This study used the content analysis to report the existence of diabetes mellitus and the treatments provided by researchers to control it. The focus was mainly on three main types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, and type 3 diabetes). Ethical consideration has also helped to boost diabetic studies globally. The research has a history path from pharmaceuticals of organic-based drugs to metal-based drugs with their nanoparticles in addition to the impacts of nanomedicine, biosensors, and telemedicine. Ongoing and future studies in alternative medicine such as vanadium nanoparticles (metal nanoparticles) are promising.
Emerging Treatment Strategies for Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Complications: An Update
Pharmaceutics, 2021
The occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing rapidly at an accelerating rate worldwide. The status of diabetes has changed over the last three generations; whereas before it was deemed a minor disease of older people but currently it is now one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among middle-aged and young people. High blood glucose-mediated functional loss, insulin sensitivity, and insulin deficiency lead to chronic disorders such as Type 1 and Type 2 DM. Traditional treatments of DM, such as insulin sensitization and insulin secretion cause undesirable side effects, leading to patient incompliance and lack of treatment. Nanotechnology in diabetes studies has encouraged the development of new modalities for measuring glucose and supplying insulin that hold the potential to improve the quality of life of diabetics. Other therapies, such as β-cells regeneration and gene therapy, in addition to insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs, are currently used to control ...
Recent Advances in The Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Journal of the Obafemi Awolowo University Medical Students’ Association, 2023
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder whose prevalence has increased over the past few decades. The high prevalence and substantial associated morbidity and mortality have spurred remarkable progress in its management in recent years. These advances include the current management guideline that has shifted from a glucocentric approach to a more patient-centered and personalized approach. Novel medications targeting various pathways of glucose regulation, referred to as the "ominous octet," have also been developed. Notably, the advent of incretin-based medicines, such as glucagon-like peptide one receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, has provided the opportunity for enhanced glycemic control and reduced hypoglycemic episodes by lowering glucose levels through diverse mechanisms. Additionally, insulin delivery, a longstanding pillar in diabetes management, has advanced by incorporating continuous glucose monitoring technology into insulin pumps. This integration has ushered in the era of automated insulin delivery, often called the "artificial pancreas," offering improved precision in glycemic control. Furthermore, recent reports from sizeable cardiovascular outcome trials have shown cardiovascular risk reduction and glycemic control benefits in diabetes management. These findings have led to the recommendation of antidiabetic drugs like sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and GLP-1RAs in diabetic patients with high cardiovascular risk. Some SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1RAs have also been approved in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease who are on the peak tolerated ACEi/ARB therapy doses. This review will explore the recent noteworthy trends in diabetes management, encompassing lifestyle modifications, drugs currently in development, prospects, and evolving therapeutic strategies.
Nanotechnology for Diabetes: A Review
This review article discusses the potential applications of nanoparticles and BioMEMS as drug delivery systems for diabetes treatment. This manuscript discusses polymeric nanoparticles, oral insulin administration using polysaccharides and polymeric nanoparticles, inhalable insulin nanoparticles formulations, and insulin delivery using BioMEMS. In addition polymeric nanoparticles and treatment of diabetes –associated symptoms are discussed. There are a few limitations in the use of conventionally available drug delivery systems for diabetes treatment. This article reviews the subject in brief with suitable references to original research articles and review articles on earlier and current research findings about various types of nanoparticles and BioMEMS in diabetes treatment and their limitations.
Emerging Drug Delivery System: An Enormous Trust for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy, 2022
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its coupled comorbidities are a metabolic disorder that is highly prevalent and occurs in the body with high complexity of optimizing increase in glycaemic control because of decreased insulin activity or its low secretion. However, healthcare professionals have been going through the challenge of the mounting plethora of accessible healing options for minimizing hyperglycaemia. This has brought up a challenge responsible for creating difficulties in treating patients with therapeutic inertia. DM has basically been categorized into three sub-types, TYPE I DM, TYPE 2 DM and Gestational diabetes (GD). As TYPE I DM is usually treated through insulin replacement therapy, TYPE 2 DM is treated with various drugs. The highly effective drug therapy for TYPE 2 DM comprises many drugs such as Biguanides, Sulfonylureas, Thiazolidinedione, DDP-4, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Combination therapy and GD treated with oral drugs. The combination therapy has been developed for those patients who cannot achieve routine therapeutic goals. In spite of the significant therapeutic profit, the conventional method has portrayed differential bioavailability and a short half-life period of the desired drug. The uses of such methods have greater side effects persisting with therapy ineffectiveness and patient non-compliance. Given the pathological complexity of the said DM, alternative approaches such as natural polyphenols and nanotechnology-based therapies are getting noticed, which certainly adds certain benefits for site-specific drug delivery with elevated bioavailability and reduced dosage regimen.
New Frontier in the Treatment of Diabetes
Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases recognized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in secretion in insulin, insulin action or both. There are different types of diabetes like Type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, secondary diabetes, wolfram syndrome and autoimmune polyglandular syndrome. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are most common type of diabetes. Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss slow wound healing, etc. are common symptoms of Diabetes. Diabetes can be genetic; autoimmune, medical related or even diet related. In this article causes and treatment of diabetes is discussed in detail. It includes glimpse of novel technologies like patches, pump and pens, etc. It also includes momentary of other treatment like oral and Injectable hypoglycemic drug and surgical treatments. A glance of latest innovation for measuring glucose level in body with help of sweat, breath and saliva are explained. Keywords: Diabetes; Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (TY2DM), Polyd...
A Review Report on Nanomedicine and Diabetes
International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2021
Nanomedicine is a branch of science that combines medicine and nanotechnology for diagnosing, sensing, delivery, and treatment purposes. It improves the ability to target specific cells and tissues. Their features such as biocompatibility, increased retention and reactivity, and low cytotoxicity make them find their application in the field of Diabetic therapy. A methodology on treating diabetes using medical nanotechnology is proposed in this paper and the methodology is yet to be tested.