The Potential of Soil Solarization and Chemical Nematicides in Controlling Meloidogyne Incognita Infected Grapevine Seedlings (original) (raw)
Related papers
Influence of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita r. 1 on growth of grapevine
Helminthologia, 2006
ABSTRACT The effect of Meloidogyne incognita race 1 at different population densities (0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25,... 256 eggs and juveniles/cm3 soil) on the growth of a rootstock (1103 Paulsen) and a cv. Italia of grapevine was studied in glasshouse experiment. One-year-old, self-rooted plants were transplanted into 1,200 cm3 plastic pots containing soil infested by M. incognita race 1 at different inoculum levels. Reproduction of M. incognita race 1 was significantly higher on cv. Italia than on the rootstock 1103 Paulsen. Tolerance limits (T) of 1.28 and 0.78 eggs and juveniles/cm3 soil were estimated respectively for 1103 Paulsen and Italia. Minimum relative plant growth of 0.55, 0.80 and 0.85, respectively for shoot length and node number increase and fresh top weight, were estimated for 1103 Paulsen; whereas values of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.60 were assessed for the cv. Italia. Nematode equilibrium density was 33.6 and 137.8 eggs and juveniles/cm3 soil, on 1103 Paulsen and Italia, respectively.
Plant Archives, 2020
Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp cause several losses in agriculture worldwide. However, these losses have not been clearly estimated for grapevines in Egypt. The risk to humans and environments presented by using chemical nematicides emphasizes the need for alternative tools. Rhizosphere bacteria have been reported as eco-friendly approach biological control to be effective in improving plant growth and affect nematodes reproduction. Protoplast fusion technique has been utilized as helpful tools for developing more powerful bacterial strains that combine all desired properties in one organism. The present study was conducted to increasing efficiency of biological control of root-knot nematode; M. incognita infecting grapevines as nematicidal by using protoplast fusion technique. An attempt has been made to combine between two bio-agent Bacillus thuringienesis I977 as a biocontrol and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as inducer plant growth. Under laboratory condition, 10 fusants evaluated against M. incognita J 2 appearing their efficiency as nematicidal compared to parents and control. The percentages of mortality J 2 after 48 h of exposure were 83% and 84 by B. thuringienesis and P. aeruginosa suspensions, respectively, whereas the percentages of mortality caused by four fusants were achieved 100% compared with parental and control. Also, three fusants F36, F45 and F 46 and its parental were evaluated to control root-knot nematodes on grapevine seedling under greenhouse conditions. F45 was more effective on M. incognita nematode-related parameters in Superior and Thompson seedling as compared to the parents and untreated control. While F46 achieved the best reduction in Flame seedling. All fusant recorded significant (P 0.05) increase in length, fresh and dry weight of shoot, also, length and fresh weight of root and decreased the nematode-related parameters as compared their the parent and untreated control. Generally, all fusant were achieved reduction on nematodes parameters and improved grapevine seedling growth.
Three field trials was conducted in Ismailia governorate, Egypt during the seasons 2009, 2010 and 2011 to evaluate the efficacy of twelve granular and liquid chemical nematicides produced by different companies and three bio-nematicides on populations of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne javanica infesting banana and grape and citrus nematodes, Tylenchulus semipenetrans infesting orange as well as crop productivity. Among all chemical nematicides applied on banana, cure (oxamyl SL 24%) treatment at the rate of 15 ml/mat twice surpassed other treatments in reducing rate of nematode build-up with value of 0.24, followed by nemacur G 10% at 30 g/mat and vydate SL 24 % at 15 ml/mat twice treatments with the same value of 0.31 each, whereas nemathorin G 10 % treatment at 3 g/m 2 recorded the lowest reduction percentage of the same criterion with value of 0.50. Application of nemacur G 10% and vydate SL 24% gave the highest increment percentage in crop productivity with value of 65.6 % each, followed by cure treatment (59.2 %). Nemathorin treatment at 12.5 kg/feddan accomplished the best results in improving the production of orange fruits and reducing rate of T. semipenetrans build-up as well where the percentage increase value of productivity averaged to 91.8% and the reduction percentage value of nematode build-up averaged to 82.9%, but no significant differences were noticed among all nematicides tested. The highest reduction in rate of M. javanica build-up was obtained when grape trees treated with vydate 24% SL at the rate of 5 L/feddan twice that amounted to 0.29 as well as the highest percentage increase of crop production with value of 90.2%. It was clear that chemical nematicides gave more efficient control of nematode population density than the bio-nematicides for an immediate control on grape trees. Among all tested bio-nematicides, QL Agri 35 decreased rate of M. javanica build-up and increased grape production to the maximum with values averaged to (0.57 and 7.50).
The effectiveness of soil solarization, alone or in combination with oxamyl or a plant-derived formulation (a mixture of aqueous extracts of Quillaja saponaria Molina , Yucca schidigera Roezl and Tagetes spp., 80, 10 and 10%, respectively), for the control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitw. was assessed in a greenhouse trial on tomato at Battipaglia (province of Salerno), Southern Italy. The combination of soil solarization with the plant-derived formulation resulted in a greater nematode suppression than application of single treatments. Combining soil solarization with the plant-derived formulation resulted in tomato yield and fruit size similar to that of the combination of soil solarization with oxamyl. Therefore the combination of soil solarization with plant-derived formulations may represent a sustainable nematode control strategy, as safe for human health and environment.
Chemical control of Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) On Olive in the Greenhouse conditions
Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, 2013
This experiment was conducted regarding the Fifth Development Plan, suggesting that olive cultivation in the province, Khouzestan, is developing and according to reports of the researchers of Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of the province announcing that 75 percent of greenhouses and seedling production centers of the province have been infested and polluted by the root-knot olive nematode and that the infected plants, due to production costs, must somehow be disinfected and free of nematodes. Also, due to the difficulties of using granular pesticides by farmers, three liquid toxins which are easier to use by farmers were applied in this study. Materials and Methods Nematodes' Sampling, Extracting, and Reproducing in Greenhouse Experiments Sampling was done from the surrounding roots and soil of olive and also olive orchards and greenhouses in some towns of Khouzestan like Bagh Malek, Shoush, Ramhormoz, and Dezfoul. The samples were
A field study was set up at Kafre-Hakim village, Giza, Governorate, Egypt, to compare the protective value of applying environmental friendly compounds with a known chemical nematicide, oxamyl, for controlling the nematode Meloidogyne incognita infecting sunflower cv. Sakha 53 and their effects on crop production and oil contents. These compounds were 1) furfural,a natural nematicide, 2) amino green 11, commercial formula of amino acids, 3) NPK, an inorganic fertilizer. Data revealed that all the tested treatments resulted in variable significant decrease in root knot disease incidence associated with improvement in crop yield except the plants treated with furfural plus amino green 11 that showed a significant decrease in percentage of oil content. A significant decrease in shoot weight was observed by applying the combined treatment of furfural plus NPK. Moreover, oxamyl plus amino green 11 resulted in-12% reductions in shoot weight. From the present study it was concluded that be...
The suppressive effects of six species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) against Meloidogyne incognita infected tomato were assessed in two separate trials under greenhouse conditions. The tested EPN species were Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H. megidis, H. zealandica, Steinernema feltiae, S. glaseri and S. riobravae. In the first trial , EPNs were applied as a liquid suspension of alive or dead infective juveniles (IJs) at rate of 5000 IJs/plant in sandy and clay soils, while in the second trial, two Galleria mellonella infected cadavers of six-day old per plant were used in sandy soil. In the two experiments, application of EPNs was accomplished simultaneously with inoculation of M. incognita. Carbofuran as a standard synthetic nematicide was used as comparison treatment at recommended rate of 0.2 g/plant. Control treatments received only water and M. incognita at rate of1000 IJs/ plant. Two months after inoculation, galling (as indicated by number of galls/plant) and reproduction (as indicated by number of egg masses /plant) as well as damage (as indicated by fresh and dry weight of areal parts) were assessed. Data showed that, treatment of carbofuran surpassed all other treatments in minifying galling and reproduction of M. incognita in sandy and clay soils. On the other hand, curative applications of alive or heat-killed IJs significantly (P≤ 0.05) diminished gall formation and egg mass production in tomato roots with slightly amelioration in fresh and dry weight of tomato shoot. Steinernematid species were more comparatively effective than heterorhabditid ones. General means for number of galls and egg masses for steinernematid species were 52.50 and 25.33 with percent reduction of 55.45 and 64.49 %, respectively. Whereas, the parallel values for heterorhabditid species were 69.67 and 36.33 with percent reduction of 40.88 and 49.07%, respectively compared to treatment of M. incognita alone. Treatments of alive IJs overwhelmed those of dead IJs in decreasing number of galls (with percent reduction of 56.53 and 39.79% respectively) and egg masses (with percent reduction of 63.16 and 50.39 %, successively). Moreover, utilization of two G. mellonella infected cadavers markedly lowered number of galls and egg masses and insignificantly (P≤ 0.05) improved plant growth parameters to certain extent. General means of percentage reduction in galls and egg masses were 58.46 and 54.74%, consecutively.
Eco-friendly methods and strategies for nematode management have been recommended due to their non hazardous impact on environment. In this current study, experiment was conducted to control Meloidogyne incognita in tomato cv. 'K25' by using organic amendment as dip or soil-additive. The root-dip treatment of Justicia adhatoda L. inhibited larval penetration in roots of tomato more than the root-dip of Lantana camara L. The standard concentration (s) proved to be more effective as compared to diluted concentrations. In another treatment, mixing organic residue of both test plants with soil at 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0% (w / w) 5 days prior to tomato transplanting, improved plant growth response and reduced root-knot development in roots at a 6 and 12% moisture levels. The 3% (w / w) of residue mix of J. adhatoda L. had phytotoxic effects on tomato. The 3% (w / w) of organic residue dosage of J. adhatoda L. at 12% moisture level caused minimum root-knot development in the roots of tomato. Therefore, the availability of these plant materials in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, especially developing countries will provide an economic and feasible means of controlling nematodes in vegetable crops.
Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology
entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus has a mutualistic relationship with entomopathogenic nematode of the genus Steinernema and produces several bio-agent compounds with antimicrobial and nematicidal activities. Root-knot nematodes are considered one of the most important pests facing the cultivation of grapevine worldwide. A micro-plot field trial was conducted in naturally infested soil with Meloidogyne incognita to evaluate the potential of two strains of entomopathogenic bacteria namely Xenorhabdus budapestensis DSM 16342 (EMA) and X. szentirmaii DSM 16338 (EMC) applied separately or integrated with neem cake and/or furadan at half of recommended dose on nematode development and growth improvement of Taify grapevine. Data of nematode populations, number of galls and egg-masses, eggs/g root, plant lengths and weights and number of leaves were recorded four months after application. Results appeared significant differences between treatments and control. The triple application was more effective than dual and single applications in reducing nematode infestation and improving plant growth. Combined application of EMC or EMA with furadan or neem cake increased the efficacy (64.6-68.6%) and improved plant fresh weight (27.4-69.5%). Conclusively, utilization of such bacterial filtrates with either neem cake and/or nematicide could gain a successful approach in integrated nematode management programs.
Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology (Print), 2019
Lettuce and French bean production are severely infected by root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita which causes critical damage to economic plants. Therefore, the farmers have to use chemical nematicides with or without adding adjuvants to enhance the active ingredient delivery to the target nematode. A current study was conducted to assess the direct effect of three adjuvants namely Silwet L-77, Sylgard 309 and Agrimax 3H comparing with three formulations of oxamyl, fosthiazate and fenamiphos on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. In vitro experiments, ovicidal effect of Silwet L-77, Sylgard 309 and Agrimax 3H on eggs hatching of root-knot nematode was close to the lowest efficient nematicide fenamiphos when the adjuvants were applied at double recommended rate but their effect does not rise to the level of oxamyl or fosthiazate. On the other hand, mortality percentages of second-stage juveniles resulted from Silwet L-77, Sylgard 309 and Agrimax 3H at the recommended rate were 37.33, 50.00 and 42.19 %, respectively. Whereas, double recommended rate of such materials induced mortality percentages reached 46.66, 47.83 and 48.66 %, respectively comparing with 90.83,74.33 and 45.83% resulted from the tested nematicides oxamyl, fosthiazate and fenamiphos, respectively. On the other hand, controlling the root-knot nematode infecting lettuce and French bean plants under greenhouse conditions revealed that adjuvants have weak or limited nematicidal effect with minor potency in reduction nematode development incomparable with the tested standard nematicides, and does not rise to the lowest effect of a tested nematicide fenamiphos. However, both tested plants showed no visual phytotoxicity symptoms.