Breast milk Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

There is conflicting evidence on the protective role of breastfeeding in relation to allergic sensitization and disease. The factors in breast milk which influence these processes are still unclear and under investigation. We know that colostrum and breast milk contain a variety of molecules which can influence immune responses in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of a neonate. This review summarizes the evidence that variations in colostrum and breast milk composition can influence allergic outcomes in the infant, and the evidence that maternal and environmental factors can modify milk composition. Taken together, the data presented support the possibility that maternal dietary interventions may be an effective way to promote infant health through modification of breast milk composition.

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- Immunology, Cytokines, Breastfeeding, Allergy

The hormone melatonin regulates the sleep and this pineal hormone is synthesized in the organism from the amino acid tryptophan. It is known that breast-fed babies have better sleep patterns and a better entrained sleep/wake cycle than bottle-fed babies (adapted formula). To compare the circadian rhythm of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s)--the metabolite of melatonin excreted in the urine--in urine of bottle-fed and breast-fed children, and relate it to the circadian rhythm of tryptophan in breast milk, also evaluating the possible effects on the baby's night-time rest. 16 infants of 12 weeks of age were studied, divided into two groups depending on their exclusively natural or artificial feeding. The circadian rhythm of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in urine was measured for the two groups of infants and for the breast-feeding mothers. In the breast milk, the circadian rhythm of the amino acid tryptophan was measured. The rest of the infants was tested by wrist actimeters for a week and the...

- by Jose Sanchez
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- Nonparametric Statistics, Neuroendocrinology, Melatonin, Circadian Rhythm
- by Milica Čolović
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- Iron, Breast milk

OBJECTIVE.The purpose of this research was to assess the effects of breast milk on the severity and outcome of neonatal abstinence syndrome. METHODS.We conducted a retrospective chart review of 190 drug-dependent mother and infant pairs. Patients were categorized according to the predominant type of milk consumed by the infant on the fifth day of life (breast milk: n 85 or

- by Abdel-latif Mohamed and +1
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- Pediatrics, Multivariate Analysis, Newborn Infant, Breast feeding

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the ghrelin, leptin, and fat levels in the foremilk and hindmilk and the possible relationship between these levels with the age and growth of term healthy infants. Sixty-two babies were subdivided (according to their nutrition) into breastfed (BF), formula-fed (FF), and BF plus FF (BF + FF) groups. The total and active ghrelin and tryglyceride levels and the total cholesterol levels in the foremilk and hindmilk were studied at the first and second visits (mean of the second and fifth months, respectively). At both visits, the total and active ghrelin and the total cholesterol levels were lower in the hindmilk than in the foremilk. However, the triglyceride levels were higher in the hindmilk than in the foremilk (p < 0.001). The leptin levels were also higher in the hindmilk, but this difference was not statistically significant. At the second visit, the mean total foremilk ghrelin (p < 0.01), leptin (p < 0.05), tryglyceride (p < 0.001), and cholesterol (p < 0.01) levels in the BF group were decreased compared with the levels at the first visit, whereas the active ghrelin levels increased (p < 0.001). At the second visit, we observed a 3.5% increase in the body mass index in BF infants, a 14.6% increase in FF infants, and an 11.8% increase in BF + FF infants (p < 0.01). The foremilk leptin levels were lower in the BF + FF group than in the BF group at both visits. In conclusion, at the first and second visits, the decreased ghrelin and increased tryglyceride and leptin levels in the hindmilk might be associated with the important role of self-control when feeding BF infants. The stable content of formulas might be associated with a lack of self-control during feeding and increased nutrition. Changing the breast milk ghrelin, leptin, and fat levels between the foremilk and hindmilk and between the first and second visits might explain the differences in the weight gain patterns of BF and FF infants.

- by ff hh
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- Child Development, Self Control, Ghrelin, Pregnancy

Currently there is no simple method available to assess milk ejection and breast milk flow in lactating women in both the clinical and research setting. The authors hypothesize that changes in milk flow rate are associated with milk ejection and therefore may provide a method suitable for the assessment of milk ejection and removal. Mothers (n = 23) expressed milk from one breast for a 15-minute period using both weak and strong vacuums on two to four separate occasions using an experimental electric breast pump (Medela AG, Baar, Switzerland). Breast milk flow rates were recorded at 5-second intervals by connecting a tube from the breast shield to a bottle placed on a balance that was connected to a computer. Milk ejection was determined by an acute increase in milk duct diameter in the contralateral breast using ultrasound (Acuson XP10, Siemens, Mountain View, CA), and the change in duct diameter was compared with milk flow rates. Milk flow rates ranged from 0 to 4.6 g per 5-second...

- by Mark Cregan
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- Nutrition and Dietetics, Lactation, Breastfeeding, Infant

The H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line was employed as a cell model to screen 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD)-TCDD equivalents (EROD-TEQ) of human breast milk samples collected from Hong Kong and Guangzhou, China. The screening methods employed a 96-well plate spectrofluorometer-EROD assay. For cell-line validation, our results demonstrated a dosedependent increase in the Ah receptor-mediated response (i.e., CYP1A1 mRNA and EROD) of the cells upon exposure to a number of known Ah receptor agonists, including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzothiophene, benzo[a]pyrene, and b-naphthaflavone. TCDD induced CYP1A1 mRNA and EROD was in a close positive correlation ðr ¼ 0:98Þ: For the screening of dioxin-like compounds, breast milk samples collected during lactation weeks 3-5 were used. One hundred (from Hong Kong) and 48 (from Guangzhou) breast milk samples were assayed, of which 65% and 68% of the samples, respectively, showed detectable dioxin-like activities using the H4IIE cell EROD screening method. For sixty-five samples from Hong Kong the mean EROD-TEQ values ranged from 58.1 to 96.5 pg/g of milk fat for those aged 21-36 years while 32 samples from Guangzhou had mean values of 98.8-202.1 pg/g of milk fat. In comparisons of the EROD-TEQ values for different age groups from both cities, there were no significant differences ðPo0:05Þ: However, the mean and median EROD-TEQ values of the Guangzhou population were in general higher than those of the Hong Kong population. The results of the present study indicate that it is feasible to use the H4IIE cell-line as a model for screening dioxin-like compounds in human breast milk. In addition, the method is rapid and costeffective, particularly for a routine and high-throughput sample screening analysis, compared to the costly and time-intensive chemical analytical techniques.

- by Ming Wong
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- China, Hong Kong, Biological Sciences, Cell line
- by William Johnston
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- Prospective studies, Infant, Adverse Event, Breast milk

In order to assess the mercury exposure of pregnant and lactating women in Slovenia, levels of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were determined in hair, cord blood and breast milk. In addition, the frequency of fish consumption was estimated, because fish is generally the main pathway for human exposure to MeHg. Hair samples were collected from 574 women participating in this study, while cord blood and breast milk samples were collected from 446 and 284 women, respectively. As expected, the levels of THg in hair (median (Med) ¼ 297 ng/g, 10th percentile (P10) ¼ 73 ng/g, 90th percentile (P90) ¼ 781 ng/g), cord blood (Med¼ 1.5 ng/g, P10 ¼ 0.5 ng/g, P90 ¼ 4.2 ng/g) and breast milk (Med¼0.2 ng/g, P10¼ 0.06 ng/g, P90¼ 0.6 ng/g) were low, due to low consumption of fish (X¼ 25 g/day). A significant linear correlation was found between levels of ln THg in hair and ln THg in cord blood (r ¼ 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.84-0.89), between levels of ln THg in hair and ln MeHg in cord blood (r ¼ 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90-0.96) and between ln THg levels in cord blood and ln THg levels in breast milk (r ¼0.36, 95% CI: 0.25-0.47). Spearman's rank correlations between the frequency of fish consumption and THg in hair (r s ¼0.35, 95% CI: 0.28-0.42), and between the frequency of fish consumption and THg in cord blood (r s ¼0.43, 95% CI: 0.36-0.51) or MeHg in cord blood (r s ¼ 0.31, 95% CI: 0.06-0.52) were weak. This could be due to the approximate information on fish consumption obtained from the questionnaires, the high variability of MeHg concentrations in fish and a relatively high proportion of inorganic mercury in the biomarkers which originates from sources other than fish.

- by Janja Tratnik and +1
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- Diet, Lactation, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences

Objectives: to further compare acupuncture treatment and care interventions for the relief of inflammatory symptoms of the breast during lactation and to investigate the relationship between bacteria in the breast milk and clinical signs and symptoms. Design: randomised, non-blinded, controlled trial of acupuncture and care interventions. Setting: a midwife-led breast feeding clinic in Sweden. Participants: 205 mothers with 210 cases of inflammatory symptoms of the breast during lactation agreed to participate. The mothers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups, two of which included acupuncture among the care interventions and one without acupuncture. All groups were given essential care. Protocols, which included scales for erythema, breast tension and pain, were maintained for each day of contact with the breast feeding clinic. A Severity Index (SI) for each mother and each day was created by adding together the scores on the erythema, breast tension and pain scales. The range of the SI was 0 (least severe) to 19 (most severe). Findings: no significant difference was found in numbers of mothers in the treatment groups, with the lowest possible score for severity of symptoms on contact days 3, 4 or 5. No statistically significant differences were found between the treatment groups for number of contact days needed until the mother felt well enough to discontinue contact with the breast feeding clinic or for number of mothers prescribed antibiotics. Significant differences were found in the mean SI scores on contact days 3 and 4 between the non-acupuncture group and the two acupuncture groups. Mothers with less favourable outcomes (X6 contact days, n ¼ 61) were, at first contact with the midwife, more often given advice on correction of the baby's attachment to the breast. An obstetrician was called to examine 20% of the mothers, and antibiotic treatment was prescribed for 15% of the study population. The presence of Group B streptococci in the breast milk was related to less favourable outcomes. Key conclusions and implications for practice: if acupuncture treatment is acceptable to the mother, this, together with care interventions such as correction of breast feeding position and babies' attachment to the breast, might be a more expedient and less invasive choice of treatment than the use of oxytocin nasal spray. Midwives, nurses or medical practitioners with specialist competence in breast feeding should be the primary care providers for mothers with

- by Marie Hall-lord
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- Nursing, Pain, Treatment Outcome, Midwifery

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) for family planning among mothers who are separated from their infants by work. The study population, 170 urban middle class women who planned to return to work before 120 days postpartum, were interviewed monthly for 6 months postpartum and contacted at 12 months. The study population received clinical support for expressing their milk and exclusively breast-milk feeding the infants and for the use of LAM for birth spacing. The cumulative life table pregnancy rate by 6-month was 5.2%, with 3 pregnancies, one at each of months 4, 5, and 6. LAM for working women, as described in this article, might be associated with a higher pregnancy risk than LAM use among non-working women. Therefore, women using LAM should be informed that separation from the infant might increase their risk of pregnancy.

- by Alfredo Perez
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- Nutrition, Contraception, Developing Countries, Health

In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study, we investigated the effect of an infant milk formula with 6 g/L short-chain galacto- and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides [(scGOS/lcFOS) ratio 9:1] on the development of the fecal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) response and on the composition of the intestinal microbiota in 215 healthy infants during the first 26 wk of life. The infants received breast milk or were randomized to receive an infant milk formula with or without scGOS/lcFOS. Stool samples were collected after 8 and 26 wk of intervention. The concentration of fecal sIgA was determined by ELISA, and the composition of the intestinal microbiota was determined by quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization. The scGOS/lcFOS group and the control group were compared in the statistical analysis. A breast fed group was included as a reference. In total, 187 infants completed the study. After 26 wk of intervention, in infants that were exclusively formula fed, t...

- by Yvan Vandenplas
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- Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition, Probiotics, Statistical Analysis

Variables of relevance to energy requirements during reproduction were studied in 23 healthy lactating Swedish women. Body composition and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were studied before pregnancy and three times postpartum. Energy intake was studied before pregnancy and, together with breast-milk production, 2 mo postpartum. The women gained 5.8 +/- 4.2 kg fat during pregnancy and their average fat content was unchanged during the first 2 mo of lactation whereas a slight loss (1.7 +/- 4.2 kg) occurred during the following 4 mo. RMR increased slightly during lactation in spite of a decrease in fat-free body weight 2 and 6 mo postpartum. Energy intake increased during lactation (280 +/- 440 kcal/d). The women produced 740 +/- 150 g breast milk/d containing 0.64 +/- 0.08 kcal/g. The results indicate that current estimates of energy needs during lactation may be too high.

- by Nazma Kabir
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- Engineering, Lactation, Energy Metabolism, Adipose tissue

Context: Although it is known that aflatoxins have many adverse health effects, there is no systematic summary of how it affects the reproductive system or its reproductive health effects. Objective: Summarize evidence on the reproductive health effects of aflatoxins. Results: The search yielded 121 potential studies, of which 25 were retained. One study found a higher concentration of aflatoxins in the semen of infertile men (40% of cases compared to 8% of controls). Six studies found significant associations or correlations between low birth weight and aflatoxins while one study did not find any correlation. One study found maternal serum aflatoxin to be a risk factor for jaundice in infants (OR, 2.68; CI, 1.18-6.10). Overall, maternal breast milk in developing countries had higher rates of aflatoxin contamination than in high income countries. Conclusions: Stakeholders in developing countries need to take steps to reduce exposure of vulnerable populations to the toxic effects of aflatoxins.

- by Pauline Jolly
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- Developing Countries, Medicine, Pregnancy, Reproductive health

La déshydratation hypernatrémique en période néonatale liée à un allaitement au sein a été rarement rapportée dans la littérature francophone. Observation.-Nous rapportons une observation de déshydratation hypernatrémique chez un nouveau-né âgé de dix jours, nourri exclusivement au sein. L'évolution a été favorable. Une insuffisance de production de lait maternel a été décrite depuis 30 ans. Conclusion.-À une époque où la tendance est à réduire l'hospitalisation en maternité, tout nouveau-né sous allaitement maternel n'ayant pas une courbe de poids ascendante à la sortie doit être repesé entre le huitième et le dixième jour de vie. © 2001 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS déshydratation / hypernatrémie / allaitement maternel Summary-Hypernatremic dehydration and breast feeding. Neonatal hypernatremic dehydration due to breast feeding was rarely reported in the French-language literature. Case report.-The authors report hypernatremic dehydration in a 10-day-old exclusively breast-fed infant. The course was favorable. Insufficient breast milk production has been reported for 30 years. Conclusion.-Early discharge from maternity units is frequent nowadays. Breast-fed newborns without a positive weight gain at discharge should be checked for their weight within the first ten days of life.

- by ben ali Mahjoub
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- Case Report, Breast feeding, Breast milk, Weight Gain

In a previous study, bacteria were able to be isolated from umbilical cord blood of healthy neonates and from murine amniotic fluid obtained by caesarean section. This suggested that term fetuses are not completely sterile and that a prenatal mother-to-child efflux of commensal bacteria may exist. Therefore, the presence of such bacteria in meconium of 21 healthy neonates was investigated. The identified isolates belonged predominantly to the genuses Enterococcus and Staphylococcus. Later, a group of pregnant mice were orally inoculated with a genetically labelled E. fecium strain previously isolated from breast milk of a healthy woman. The labelled strain could be isolated and PCR-detected from meconium of the inoculated animals obtained by caesarean section one day before the predicted date of labor. In contrast, it could not be detected in samples obtained from a non-inoculated control group.

- by Leonides Fernández
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- Genetics, Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Biodiversity

Maternal milk has beneficial effects on the development and function of the newborn&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s immune system. Whether the milk of allergic mother has the same effects as the milk of healthy mothers is not yet quite clear. To contribute to the characterization of its immunomodulatory action, we tested the effect of milk of healthy and allergic mothers on the proliferation and immunoglobulin formation in cultures of cord blood mononuclear leucocytes (CBML) of newborns of healthy and allergic mothers. CBML proliferation was tested by (3)H-thymidine incorporation, IgM, IgG and IgA production by reverse ELISPOT. CBML response was examined in unstimulated cultures and after stimulation with polyclonal activators in the presence or absence of colostrum or milk. The cells of children of allergic mothers have a significantly higher proliferative activity than those of children of healthy mothers. Maternal colostrum/milk in high doses markedly suppresses cell proliferation after stimulation with polyclonal activators, whereas lower milk doses in the cultures have no such effect and exert a rather stimulatory action. Immunoglobulin production by cord blood lymphocytes is also different in the two groups of children. Low basal immunoglobulin formation is increased after stimulation with a strong polyclonal activator of B cells--Bacillus firmus, CBML of children of allergic mothers produce more IgA than those of children of healthy mothers. The stimulated production of all immunoglobulin classes in cells of children of healthy mothers is still enhanced by colostrum/milk. Children of allergic mothers show a markedly increased production of only IgM and IgA. The effect of healthy and allergic colostrum and milk on cell proliferation and immunoglobulin production is similar. The lymphocytes of children of allergic mothers differ from the lymphocytes of children of healthy mothers in their proliferative activity and the ability to form immunoglobulin already at birth.

- by Ivan Šterzl
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- Immunology, Pregnancy, Cord Blood, Newborn Infant

To compare the effects of a whey-predominant infant formula and breast milk on the gut microbiota, growth, and tolerance of infants, we conducted an open, prospective, parallel-group study in healthy newborn infants. A total of 60 infants were enrolled, and 55 completed the study. Of the 55 infants, 21 were breast-fed and 34 were fed a whey-predominant study formula that

- by Ferdinand Haschke and +1
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- Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition, Newborn Infant, Fluorescent in situ hybridization

Very fussy or extremely fussy infants were randomized to receive: soy-based formula (Soy: n = 82) or a partially hydrolyzed cow's milk protein (CMP), low-lactose formula (PHF: n = 77) in a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel, prospective 28-day feeding trial. Body weight and infant formula tolerance were reported. Adverse events were recorded throughout the study. A significant reduction in mean scores of fussiness, gas, spit-up, and crying compared with baseline measures was observed in infants who received either Soy or PHF within 1 day of formula intake; improvement in symptoms was sustained by study end. Stool consistency remained constant through day 28 in the PHF group, whereas stools in the Soy group became more firm by day 2 and did not return to prestudy consistency. PHF, with a protein profile patterned more closely on human breast milk, improved symptoms of formula intolerance as well as soy-based formula.

- by Carol Lynn Berseth
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- Prospective studies, Infant, Adverse Event, Breast milk

In a prospective study of 13 preterm twins still in the hospital, 85% were breast-fed, of which 46% were breast-fed exclusively. Most mothers preferred simultaneous breast-feeding, using the football hold. Observations and maternal descriptions showed differences between the twins in their development of breast-feeding behavior, especially in sucking. The mothers' suggestions regarding special support for the breast-feeding mothers of preterm twins involved synchronizing feeding with the twins' behavioral states; twin cobedding; appropriate armchairs and breast-feeding pillows; experimenting with breast-feeding positions; information about breast milk production; nurses' spontaneous practical assistance, encouragement, and emotional support; the provision of privacy; the availability of parent rooms; and opportunities for fathers' presence in the hospital.

- by Kerstin Nyqvist
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- Nursing, Social Support, Pediatric nursing, Twins

Consistent data arc available to suggest that children who have been breast fed are, on average, intellectually more able than their formula-fed contemporaries. This has been shown in eight of 10 population studies and all three studies of low birthweight infants. In general, the longer the child has been breast fed the more pronounced the effect. There is evidence that breast milk that has been pasteurised before feeding does not have this effect, but that fresh breast milk is effective whether the milk is delivered by tube or by the breast. However no studies have been able to have both sufficient statistical power and the ability to allow for other confounders such as parental ability, parental IQ and other factors that might explain these findings. Additional data from studies of visual acuity show an association between breast feeding and enhanced vision which is hypothesised to be due to the unique fatty acid composition of breast milk. The differences in intellectual development might also be related to these fatty acids. Alternative explanations for the effect on intellectual development concern the possible consequences of early infections, particularly gastroenteritis, which are more common in bottle-fed babies. In contrast with the many publications on cognitive function and breast feeding, there was only one on neurological dysfunction (showing a protective effect of breast feeding) and one on childhood behaviour (using the teacher's assessment no relationship with breast feeding was found). Further research is needed in both areas. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.

- by Imogen Rogers and +2
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- Cognitive Science, Cognition, Child Development, Visual acuity

Putative stem cells have been isolated from various tissue fluids such as synovial fluid, amniotic fluid, menstrual blood, etc. Recently the presence of nestin positive putative mammary stem cells has been reported in human breast milk. However, it is not clear whether they demonstrate multipotent nature. Since human breast milk is a non-invasive source of mammary stem cells, we were interested in examining the nature of these stem cells. In this pursuit, we could succeed in isolating and expanding a mesenchymal stem cell-like population from human breast milk. These cultured cells were examined by immunofluorescent labeling and found positive for mesenchymal stem cell surface markers CD44, CD29, SCA-1 and negative for CD33, CD34, CD45, CD73 confirming their identity as mesenchymal stem cells. Cytoskeletal protein marker analysis revealed that these cells expressed mesenchymal stem cells markers, namely, nestin, vimentin, smooth muscle actin and also manifests presence of E-Cadherin, an epithelial to mesenchymal transition marker in their early passages. Further we tested the multipotent differentiation potential of these cells and found that they can differentiate into adipogenic, chondrogenic and oesteogenic lineage under the influence of specific differentiation cocktails. This means that these mesenchymal stem cells isolated from human breast milk could potentially be "reprogrammed" to form many types of human tissues. The presence of multipotent stem cells in human milk suggests that breast milk could be an alternative source of stem cells for autologous stem cell therapy although the significance of these cells needs to be determined.

- by Ramesh R Bhonde
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- Fluorescence Microscopy, Stem Cell, Stem cell Therapy, Cell Differentiation

The human iron-binding protein lactoferrin (hLf) has been implicated in a number of important physiological pathways, including those regulating immune function and tumor growth. In an effort to develop an efficient system for production of recombinant hLf (rhLf) that is structurally and functionally equivalent to the natural protein, we generated a recombinant CELO (chicken embryo lethal orphan) avian adenovirus containing an expression cassette for hLf. Embryonated chicken eggs were infected with the generated CELO-Lf virus. rhLf expression was measured in the allantoic fluid of infected eggs by ELISA three days later. The level of recombinant protein was about 0.8 mg per embryo. rhLf was efficiently purified (up to 85% yield) from the allantoic fluid of infected eggs using affinity chromatography. rhLf produced in the allantoic fluid was characterized in comparison with natural hLf (nhLf) purified from human breast milk. SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and glycosylation analyzes showed that the recombinant protein had similar physical characteristics to nhLf. In addition, we demonstrated that the antioxidative and antimicrobial activity of rhLf produced in this system is equivalent to that of nhLf. Taken together, these results illustrate the utility of the described ''recombinant CELO adenovirus-chicken embryo" system for production of functionally active rhLf. Efficient production of rhLf with accurate structure and function is an important step in furthering investigation of Lf as a potential human drug.

- by Elena Nemtsova and +1
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- Gene expression, Protein Structure and Function, Antimicrobial activity, Iron

The optimal enteral feeding regimen in children with short-bowel syndrome (SBS) is debated by clinicians. The purpose of this article is to present an overview of published data on feeding strategies in children with SBS. A structured literature search (years 1966 through 2007) was done to identify human studies in children directly addressing nutrition (or specified nutrients) in relation to SBS. Eight relevant studies retrieved were graded by seven experts according to the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria. This grading system is based on the study design and methodological quality of individual studies. Recommendations were made based on the outcome according to the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network if appropriate and on expert opinion otherwise.

- by Jessie Hulst and +1
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- Evidence Based Medicine, Treatment Outcome, Child, Infant
- by kate boyer
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- Human Geography, Health Promotion, Public Opinion, Taboo

The composition of human milk varies over the course of lactation and in each individual. The volume of breast milk produced is related to the weight of the infant. Human milk is markedly different from cows' milk, both in terms of macronutrients and micronutrients. This includes the types of fatty acids present and factors affecting their absorption. The types of proteins present and their relative proportions and both qualitative and quantitative differences in the non-protein nitrogen fraction. There is much less lactose in cows' milk than breast milk and the oligosaccharide fraction is very different. Their are major differences in content and absorption rates of vitamins and minerals from breast milk compared to cows' milk or formula milk. Vitamin D and vitamin K status are possible problems for the breast-fed infant in certain circumstances. The nutritional status of the mother appears to influence fat concentration and thus the energy content of breast milk as well as its fatty acid composition and immunological properties. There is no coherent evidence, however, that the protein or lactose concentrations are greatly affected. There is some evidence that the concentration of vitamins in the breast milk are influenced by the mother's intake. Minerals are less variable, with the exception 01 selenium. The response of the infant to human and formula milk differs with respect to endocrine function, stool motility, immune function and renal function. Infant formula milks are designed to mimic human milk as much as possible, but this is unlikely to ever be completely successful. A number of important compositional differences between human milk and formula milk remain. This includes the types and proportions of fatty acids present (which may be of developmental importance), the nature of the non-protein nitrogen component (also possible developmental importance) and the presence of immunoglobulins and fibronectin (which may protect the infant against infection). Q 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Itd.

- by Pauline Emmett
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- Cognitive Science, Diet, Vitamin D, Micronutrients

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of death for preterm infants resulting from gastrointestinal disease. This review will focus on several components of human breast milk that may be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of NEC. The severe pathological features of NEC include inflammation, mucosal ulceration and disruption of the intestinal barrier. Despite maximal neonatal intensive care, the incidence and mortality rate of the disease remains high. Administration of breast milk, as well as donor breast milk, to preterm infants has been shown to reduce the incidence of NEC. Beyond this, there is no disease specific treatment for NEC. The immunomodulatory and protective properties of human breast milk have been evaluated in search of key components that may be utilized for the effective prevention and treatment of NEC.

Louise M. Canfield ( ) Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics University of Arizona Tucson,AZ 85724, USA Tel.: +1-520/621-9368 Fax: +1-520/626-2110 E-Mail: lmcanfie@email.arizona.edu MT Clandinin University of Alberta... more

- by Horacio Gómez Reyes
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- Australia, Diet, China, Chile

Ivermectin levels were measured in breastmilk and plasma of 4 healthy mothers after an oral 150 gg/kg dose. Mean + S.D. plasma and milk values were 37.9 + 0.54 and 14.13 +0.43 (ng/ml) respectively. Steady-state ivermectin levels in milk were low. Our results suggest that exclusion of lactating mothers from mass chemotherapy with ivermectin may be unnecessary.

- by Justina Ogbuokiri
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- Lactation, Nigeria, Steady state, Breast feeding
- by Rahmi Ors
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- Pain, Blood sampling, Heart rate, Sterilization

Background: The protective effect of breast-feeding on the development of childhood asthma remains a matter of controversy. We conducted a systematic review of prospective studies that evaluated the association between exclusive breast-feeding during the first 3 months after birth and asthma. Study design: We searched the 1966-1999 MEDLINE database and reviewed reference lists of relevant articles to identify 12 prospective studies that met pre-stated inclusion criteria. Methodological aspects of the studies, duration and exclusivity of breast-feeding, and outcomes were assessed. Effect estimates were abstracted by the investigators, using a standardized approach. Results: The summary odds ratio (OR) for the protective effect of breastfeeding was 0.70 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.81). The effect estimate was greater in studies of children with a family history of atopy (OR = 0.52) than in studies of a combined population (OR = 0.73).

- by Marc Mimouni
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- Pediatrics, Statistical Analysis, Asthma, Family history

Gut permeability to antigens is immature at birth, and while early administration of antigenic foods delays its maturation, breast-feeding accelerates it. We aimed to evaluate whether exposure to antigenic foods in early life is associated with a predisposition for immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Three groups of children with IgAN (group 1), non-IgA glomerulopathies (group 2), and healthy controls (group 3) were formed. Parents filled out a questionnaire regarding gestational and postnatal ages, birth weight, and feeding by breast milk, formula, cow's milk, and complementary foods. All groups were similar for age, gender, birth weight, rate and duration of breast-feeding, and rate of formula feeding. Cow's milk consumption rate was higher in groups 1 and 2 than in group 3. Whereas introduction of formula was earlier in groups 1 and 2 than in group 3, feeding by cow's milk and weaning were earlier in group 1 than in the other groups. The respective best cutoff ages were 3.5 [odds ratio (OR) 28)], 3.75 (OR 5.7), and 5.5 (OR 10.5) months for formula, cow's milk, and complementary foods, respectively, for predicting the presence of IgAN. The results of this preliminary study indicate that early introduction of antigenic foods might increase the risk of future primary IgAN.

- by Salih Kavukçu
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- Birth Weight, Pregnancy, Child, Weaning

To identify semen in forensic samples, we developed an analytical system for one-step immunoassay that has been constructed using the concept of immunochromatography and can identify semenogelin (Sg), which originates in the seminal vesicles. The system employed monoclonal antibody (mAb) and polyclonal antibody (pAb) against recombinant Sg-II (63 kDa), which has been synthesized in insect cells using baculovirus. The two antibodies bound with the seminal plasma motility inhibitor (SPMI; 14 kDa) as a final fragment peptide of Sg. The test stick is based on the sandwich technique using the above antibodies. When serial dilutions of seminal plasma were analyzed using this test stick, the intensity of a clear immunoreactive signal peaked at 2000-fold dilution. Thereafter, the signals decreased slowly but still persisted up to 400,000-fold dilution. The Sg antigen was undetectable in saliva, urine, breast milk, serum or vaginal secretions. Also, the test stick shown did not react with animal semen samples, such as those from horses, dogs, swine and bulls. When semen samples, diluted 100,000-fold from 100 men were tested, the Sg antigenic activity was detectable in all samples. In addition, the specificity and sensitivity of the test stick for identification of semen were demonstrated by comparative forensic studies. We conclude that this immunoassay method is a useful confirmatory test for the identification of semen. The immunochromatographic system for forensic testing or research use will become available commercially soon.

- by Teruaki Iwamoto
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- Immunology, Chromatography, Forensic Medicine, Antibodies
- by Harunor rashid
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- Nutrition and Dietetics, Islam, Fasting, Infant

A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for the quantification of frequently used licit (caffeine, nicotine and cotinine) and illicit drugs (opiates, cocaine, cannabinoids and amphetamines) in breast milk was developed and fully validated. Chromatography was performed on a reverse-phase column using a gradient of 2 mM ammonium acetate, pH 6.6, and methyl alcohol as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. Separated analytes were quantified by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring.

- by Óscar García-algar
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- Analytical Chemistry, Tobacco, Drug Addiction, Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Blant Wolof-talende folk i det rurale Gambia anses overføring av brystmelk for å konstituere spesielt nære sosiale bånd. Skepsis mot ekteskap mellom slekt forbundet gjennom kvinnelige ledd begrunnes også lokalt med referanse til at folk er forbundet «gjennom bryst», til tross for at mange av dem det er snakk om ikke har diet fra samme fysiske bryst. I regional litteratur har referanser til melk og bryst i slike sammenhenger primært vært tolket som symbolske uttrykk for underliggende sosial struktur, ofte avgrensede grupper definert matrilineært eller matrilateralt, eller som lokale symbolske elaboreringer av «melkeslektskap» slik dette er definert i muslimske lovtekster. I artikkelen tas det utgangspunkt – både teoretisk og empirisk – i sirkulasjon, og flyten av melk utforskes. Det spørres hvor, eller til hvem og hvordan, melken flyter, og hva som overføres ved eller «etterlates» av denne flyten, i konkret og ikke overført betydning. Formålet er å få frem hvordan melkerelasjoner blant Wolof er relevante i vurderinger av sosial nærhet og avstand, og hvordan overføringer av brystmelk fra kvinner til barn knytter an til relasjonelle aspekter ved person og sosialitet. På denne måten trekkes oppmerksomheten bort fra gruppemedlemskap. Det er signifikant i denne sammenhengen at melk kan blandes ut, og at arten av tilknytning gjennom brystet er gradvis, heller enn et spørsmål om art. Egenskaper ved flyten av brystmelk, og det sosiale feltet av nærhet og avstand som det er forbundet med, gjør moralske vurderinger av passende og upassende ekteskapspartnere grunnleggende fleksible og ikke kategoriske. Fokuset på sirkulasjonen av melk gir dermed et inntak til forstå trekk ved ekteskapsmønstre.
Key words: milk, kinship, marriage, morality, materiality

Enteropathy defines abnormalities of the small intestinal mucosa of various etiologies in which nutrition has a causal or a therapeutic role. Breast milk is the gold-standard feeding during infancy for optimal nutrition in health and the majority of diseases. Therapeutic formulae have decreased the need for enteral or parenteral support. Gastrointestinal infections are worldwide the most frequent cause of enteropathy by increasing mucosal permeability, local expression of costimulatory molecules allowing antigen penetration in the mucosa, and T-cell activation leading sometimes to disruption of oral tolerance. Concomitant malnutrition impairs not only the immunologic response but also the recovery of damaged mucosa with secondary intestinal and pancreatic enzymatic reductions. Optimal nutritional rehabilitation is the cornerstone of the management of persisting diarrhea. Celiac disease and cow's milk protein allergy are examples of chronic enteropathy. Multiple food allergies, even during breast-feeding, are increasingly reported due to an impaired development of oral tolerance. The dietary approach to allergic disease is currently evolving from passive allergen avoidance to active modulation of the immune system to (re)establish tolerance. The gastrointestinal flora provides maturational signals for the lymphoid tissue, improves balance of inflammatory cytokines, reduces bacterial invasiveness and dietary antigen load, and normalizes gut permeability. The clinical effects of nucleotides and zinc merit further clinical evaluation. Major attention has recently focused on the immune effects of dietary lipids in terms of possible prevention of allergic sensitization by downregulating inflammatory response and protecting the epithelial barrier and host-microbe interactions modifying the adherence of microbes to the mucosa.

- by Silvia Salvatore
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- Nutrition, Diarrhea, Food Allergy, Inflammatory Immune Response

This position paper on complementary feeding summarizes evidence for health effects of complementary foods. It focuses on healthy infants in Europe. After reviewing current knowledge and practices, we have formulated these conclusions: Exclusive or full breast-feeding for about 6 months is a desirable goal. Complementary feeding (ie, solid foods and liquids other than breast milk or infant formula and follow-on formula) should not be introduced before 17 weeks and not later than 26 weeks. There is no convincing scientific evidence that avoidance or delayed introduction of potentially allergenic foods, such as fish and eggs, reduces allergies, either in infants considered at increased risk for the development of allergy or in those not considered to be at increased risk. During the complementary feeding period, >90% of the iron requirements of a breast-fed infant must be met by complementary foods, which should provide sufficient bioavailable iron. Cow's milk is a poor source of iron and should not be used as the main drink before 12 months, although small volumes may be added to complementary foods. It is prudent to avoid both early (<4 months) and late (!7 months) introduction of gluten, and to introduce gluten gradually while the infant is still breast-fed, inasmuch as this may reduce the risk of celiac disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and wheat allergy. Infants and young children receiving a vegetarian diet should receive a sufficient amount ($500 mL) of breast milk or formula and dairy products. Infants and young children should not be fed a vegan diet. JPGN 46: 99-110, 2008. ). Declaration of conflicts of interest of members of the Committee on Nutrition (CoN) are submitted yearly to the CoN secretary and are available on request.

- by Luis Moreno
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- Aging, Diet, Celiac Disease, Infant

Objective: Insufficient breast milk is a major reason why mothers give up breastfeeding and may be related to low levels of maternal confidence. This study explored the relationship between parenting self-efficacy (PES) and perception of insufficient breast milk.Insufficient breast milk is a major reason why mothers give up breastfeeding and may be related to low levels of maternal confidence. This study explored the relationship between parenting self-efficacy (PES) and perception of insufficient breast milk.Design: Cross-sectional descriptive correlational study.Cross-sectional descriptive correlational study.Setting: Four private primary care pediatric practices in the northern United States.Four private primary care pediatric practices in the northern United States.Participants: Sixty breastfeeding mothers of infants ages 1 to 11 weeks.Sixty breastfeeding mothers of infants ages 1 to 11 weeks.Procedures: Mothers were recruited during well-baby pediatric visits. They returned completed questionnaires by mail. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t tests, and multiple regression analysis.Mothers were recruited during well-baby pediatric visits. They returned completed questionnaires by mail. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t tests, and multiple regression analysis.Main Outcome Measure: The Perception of Insufficient Milk (PIM) questionnaire, an investigator-developed instrument.The Perception of Insufficient Milk (PIM) questionnaire, an investigator-developed instrument.Results: There was a significant correlation (r = .487, p < .01) between the self-efficacy and perceived insufficient milk scores. Regression analysis revealed that 23% of the variance in PIM was explained by PES, after maternal age, education, and parity had been taken into account.There was a significant correlation (r = .487, p < .01) between the self-efficacy and perceived insufficient milk scores. Regression analysis revealed that 23% of the variance in PIM was explained by PES, after maternal age, education, and parity had been taken into account.Conclusions: Although further research is needed to refine the measurement of perceived insufficient milk and differentiate breastfeeding self-efficacy from general parenting self-efficacy, nursing interventions to enhance self-efficacy may improve mothers' confidence in the adequacy of their milk supply.Although further research is needed to refine the measurement of perceived insufficient milk and differentiate breastfeeding self-efficacy from general parenting self-efficacy, nursing interventions to enhance self-efficacy may improve mothers' confidence in the adequacy of their milk supply.

- by Deborah McCarter-Spaulding
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- Nursing, Perception, Self Efficacy, Pregnancy

We aimed to provide information that can be used as a guide to clinicians when advising breastfeeding mothers on normal lactation with regard to the frequency and volume of breastfeedings and the fat content of breast milk. Mothers (71) of infants who were 1 to 6 months of age and exclusively breastfeeding on demand test-weighed their infants before and after every breastfeeding from each breast for 24 to 26 hours and collected small milk samples from each breast each time the infant was weighed. Infants breastfed 11 +/- 3 times in 24 hours (range: 6-18), and a breastfeeding was 76.0 +/- 12.6 g (range: 0-240 g), which was 67.3 +/- 7.8% (range: 0-100%) of the volume of milk that was available in the breast at the beginning of the breastfeeding. Left and right breasts rarely produced the same volume of milk. The volume of milk consumed by the infant at each breastfeeding depended on whether the breast that was being suckled was the more or less productive breast, whether the breastfee...

- by Mark Cregan
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- Pediatrics, Lactation, Infant, Feeding Behavior

Recently, breastmilk has been observed to be an ideal source of stem cells. Here, different cellular constituents that are present in human breastmilk, identified by cytological staining procedures. Smears were prepared from breastmilk and fixed with ether and 95% ethyl alcohol (1:1) followed by staining with Giemsa, Hematoxylin and Eosin. Different cell types were observed. These were identified by their unique morphological patterns and archetypal geometry of the nucleus. Monocytes have metaphorically bean/ kidney-shaped or horseshoe shaped or heart shaped nucleus whereas lymphocytes have large nucleus. Macrophages display irregular shape. Plasma cells have small, dense, eccentric nucleus, voluminous cytoplasm. Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils were recognized by their lobulated nucleus. Lactocytes are characterized by exclusive lipid inclusions. There was a predominant occurrence of vacuolar space resembling morphologically to alveolar and lobular cells of functional mammary gland of human. The expression of the following cell types in mature human milk concludes that they have both hematopoietic and mammary origin. This study further illustrates the possibilities of breastmilk to consider as a unique cellular model that can be used to study breast pathology and biology of mammary glands.

- by Dominique Darmaun
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- Health Promotion, Evidence Based Medicine, Obesity, Cognition
- by Irina Aristarkhova
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- Gender Studies, Queer Studies, Contemporary Art, Queer Theory

Coleus amboinicus Lour (CA) has been used as a breast milk stimulant (a lactagogue) by Bataknese people in Indonesia for hundreds of years. However, the traditional use of CA is not well documented, and scientific evidence is limited to establish CA as a lactagogue. This investigation was conducted to elucidate the effect of traditional use of CA during the first month of lactation on quantity and quality of the breast milk. The results collected from the study show that CA supplementation increased breast milk production without compromising the nutritional quality of the breast milk. Lactating women receiving CA supplementation had a 65% increase in milk volume during the last two weeks of supplementation (from Day 14 to Day 28). This increase was greater than that of lactating women receiving Molocco+B12 tablets (10%) or Fenugreek seeds (20%). The residual effects of CA supplementation were seen even after the supplementation had ended for one month. Results of the present study confirmed the belief and the practice amongst the Bataknese people that CA can be used as a lactagogue in humans, and the use of CA might be suitable for lactating women in general.

- by Professor Rizal Damanik, PhD
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- Nutrition and Dietetics, Indonesia, Minerals, Lactation
- by rizal damanik
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- Nutrition and Dietetics, Indonesia, Minerals, Lactation

Today, breastfeeding, human breast milk, and its substitute, infant formula, are commodities. "Mothers' milk" is marketed both literally and figuratively, as a good for sale, a normative behavior, and a cure for much of what ails twenty-first century America. Like previous exploitations of women's bodies, including their eggs and uteruses, the idea that human milk is a valuable good that

- by Linda Fentiman
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- Emerging Market, MARKET ANALYSIS, Breast milk, Human Milk

- by Professor Rizal Damanik, PhD
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- Nutrition and Dietetics, Indonesia, Minerals, Lactation