Child Health Services Research Papers (original) (raw)

In this paper, we revisit the revolutionary principles-equity, social justice, and health for all; community participation; health promotion; appropriate use of resources; and intersectoral action-raised by the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration, a historic event for health and primary health care. Old health challenges remain and new priorities have emerged (eg, HIV/AIDS, chronic diseases, and mental health), ensuring that the tenets of Alma-Ata remain relevant. We examine 30 years of changes in global policy to identify the lessons learned that are of relevance today, particularly for accelerated scale-up of primary health-care services necessary to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, the modern iteration of the "health for all" goals. Health has moved from under-investment, to single disease focus, and now to increased funding and multiple new initiatives. For primary health care, the debate of the past two decades focused on selective (or vertical) versus comprehensive (horizontal) delivery, but is now shifting towards combining the strengths of both approaches in health systems. Debates of community versus facility-based health care are starting to shift towards building integrated health systems. Achievement of high and equitable coverage of integrated primary health-care services requires consistent political and fi nancial commitment, incremental implementation based on local epidemiology, use of data to direct priorities and assess progress, especially at district level, and eff ective linkages with communities and non-health sectors. Community participation and intersectoral engagement seem to be the weakest strands in primary health care. Burgeoning task lists for primary health-care workers require long-term human resource planning and better training and supportive supervision. Essential drugs policies have made an important contribution to primary health care, but other appropriate technology lags behind. Revitalisng Alma-Ata and learning from three decades of experience is crucial to reach the ambitious goal of health for all in all countries, both rich and poor.

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- Health Promotion, Primary Health Care, Global Health, Quality of Mental Health Care
- by Mojca Juricic
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- Child health, Adolescent Health, Adolescent, Child

Recent reports have suggested that the problem of childhood and adolescent obesity has been exaggerated in Australia, and that community-wide obesity prevention initiatives are not warranted; we argue that this is not an accurate reflection of the situation. Available data indicate that obesity affects 6%-8% of Australian schoolchildren, and that the proportion has continued to increase in recent years. Childhood and adolescent obesity is associated with a wide range of immediate health concerns, as well as increasing the risk of disease in adulthood. Some weight-related health problems are also found in overweight children. A range of strategies, including whole-of-community obesity prevention programs, will be required to tackle this problem. Concerns about disordered eating in children and adolescents should not preclude appropriate action on childhood obesity.

- by fiona stanley
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- Health Promotion, Obesity, Child Welfare, Australia
- by S. Lapwood and +1
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- Palliative Care, Adolescent, Palliative Medicine, Child

As a preliminary investigation of the effectiveness of medical-legal partnership in pediatrics, we conducted a 36-month prospective cohort study of the impact of clinic-and hospital-based legal services. We hypothesized that integration of legal services into pediatric settings would increase families' awareness of and access to legal and social services, decrease barriers to health care for children, and improve child health. Methods. Health care providers referred families with legal or social needs to the Peninsula Family Advocacy Program (FAP). results. Fifty four families completed both baseline and six-month follow-up assessments. Comparison of follow-up with baseline demonstrated significantly increased proportions of families who utilized food and income supports and significantly decreased proportions of families avoiding health care due to lack of health insurance or concerns about cost. Two-thirds of respondents reported improved child health and well-being. Conclusions. This study suggests that adding an attorney to the medical team increases awareness of and access to social and legal services.

- by Karina Ortega
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- Pediatrics, Health Care, Child Welfare, Lawyers

The aim of our study was to examine psychosocial changes associated with participation in a camp for children with cardiac defects. We enrolled 29 children with cardiac defects aged from 8 to 18 years, along with their parents. Both the parents and the children completed measures of expectations for the camp and anxiety. Analyses of repeated measures indicated that levels of anxiety amongst the children decreased significantly at the end of camp when compared to its beginning. Levels of anxiety amongst the children were not statistically different at follow-up. Anxiety amongst the parents concerning the separation from their children also decreased at follow-up when compared to before the camp. Higher levels of anxiety reported by the children prior to the camp were associated with greater anxiety amongst the parents concerning the anticipated separation, more negative parental expectations of the camp, fewer experiences of separation from their children, and lower expectations by t...

- by Katie Devine
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- Treatment Outcome, Adolescent, Anxiety, Congenital Heart Defects

In this paper, we describe the use of an aim-based outcome measure used in routine outcome monitoring of child and adolescent psychotherapy within a child and adolescent mental health service. We present empirical evidence drawn from a cohort of 34 child and adolescent patients which demonstrates a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in ratings of the Goal-Based Outcomes Measure.

- by J. Catty
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- Psychotherapy, Adolescent, Group Psychotherapy, Multidisciplinary

OBJECTIVES: To determine if clinicians and staff from 21 diverse primary care practice settings could implement the 2008 Bright Futures Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 3rd edition recommendations,... more

- by Marian Earls and +1
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- Pediatrics, Health Promotion, United States, Infant
- by John Landsverk
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- Psychology, Social Work, Sexual Abuse, Child abuse and neglect

Objective To assess the quality of care provided by Health Surveillance Assistants (HSAs)—a cadre of community-based health workers—as part of a national scale-up of community case management of childhood illness (CCM) in Malawi. Methods Trained research teams visited a random sample of HSAs (n 131) trained in CCM and provided with initial essential drug stocks in six districts, and observed the provision of sick child care. Trained clinicians conducted ‘gold-standard’ reassessments of the child. Members of the survey team also interviewed caregivers and HSAs and inspected drug stocks and patient registers. Findings HSAs provided correct treatment with antimalarials to 79 % of the 241 children presenting with uncomplicated fever, with oral rehydration salts to 69 % of the 93 children presenting with uncomplicated diarrhoea and with antibiotics to 52 % of 58 children presenting with suspected pneumonia (cough with fast breathing). About one in five children (18%) presented with dange...

- by Timothy Kachule
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- Management, Program Evaluation, Developing Countries, Qualitative Research

The field of medical (health) informatics broadly addresses the cognitive, information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education, and research by focusing on the development of computer-based patient records, decision support systems, information standards, data aggregation systems, communication systems, and educational programs for patients and health providers. 1 This expanding field is facing challenges to develop, for special populations, technology solutions that acknowledge the unique needs of these groups. On September 21 and 22, 2000, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), with the assistance of the American Academy of Pediatrics' Center for Child Health Research, convened a meeting of experts and knowledgeable stakeholders to identify special information needs of pediatric care and health service research questions related to the use of information technology in children's health care. Participants included representatives from the informatics, health care provider (pediatrics, family practice, and nursing), public policy, business, and consumer communities (see Appendix). Several background papers were prepared to serve as a foundation

- by Andy Spooner
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- Information Systems, Engineering, Information Technology, Pediatrics
- by Abdel-latif Mohamed
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- Pediatrics, New South Wales, Newborn Infant, Child Health Services

Efforts to identify children with ongoing health conditions generally rely on lists of diagnoses. However, there has been a growing trend to use a noncategorical, or generic, approach in which such children are identified by the consequences of their condition. Recent legislation and the Supreme Court decision in Sullivan v Zebley adopt this broader concept and mandate that a noncategorical approach be used in determining eligibility for services and benefits. Traditional condition lists are less desirable because (1) every disorder to which children are subject cannot be included, (2) diagnoses may be applied inconsistently by clinicians and across settings, (3) condition labels alone do not convey the extent of morbidity for individuals, (4) there is a bias toward identifying only those children who have access to the medical care system, and (5) there is often a gap between emergence of symptoms or consequences and diagnosis. We developed a noncategorical framework for identifying children with ongoing health conditions that responds to the federal mandate and uses consequences of disorders, rather than diagnostic labels. It can be applied to meet the objectives of services, research, policy, reimbursement, or program eligibility; is consistent across diagnoses; is descriptive of the impact of morbidity; is adaptable to meet specific purposes; and can be modified by imposing different severity levels. Our screening tool will soon be available for practical use.

- by Susan Coupey
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- Pediatrics, Adolescent, Child, Chronic Disease

We evaluated the effectiveness of a 2-mo treatment of Sprinkles containing 12.5 mg iron, 5 mg zinc, 400 microg vitamin A, 160 microg folic acid, and 30 mg vitamin C in reducing anemia among children 9- to 24 mo old in Haiti. Ten food distribution points (FDP) where children received take-home rations of fortified wheat-soy blend (WSB) were randomly allocated into 2 groups: 1) Sprinkles-WSB (S-WSB) (6 FDP; n = 254), receiving 30 sachets of Sprinkles monthly for 2 mo; and 2) WSB only (WSB) (4 FDP; n = 161), not receiving Sprinkles. At baseline, anemia prevalence [hemoglobin (Hb) < 100 g/L], adjusted for age and sex, was 54 and 39% in S-WSB and WSB groups, respectively. After the 2-mo intervention (1st follow-up), anemia, adjusted for baseline prevalence, age, and sex dropped to 24% in S-WSB (P < 0.001) and increased to 43% in WSB (P = 0.07). At 7 mo postintervention, anemia in S-WSB declined to 14%; 92% of children who were nonanemic at 1st follow-up remained so without further ...

- by Gretel Pelto and +1
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- Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition, Haiti, Animal Production
- by Lars Plantin
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- Nursing, Child health, Focus Groups, Content Analysis
- by Kerry Wilson
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- Adolescent, South Africa, Child, Risk factors
- by PANKAJ KUMAR Agarwal
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- Ophthalmology, Africa, Blindness, Strabismus
- by Nandita de Souza
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- Program Evaluation, Education, Early Intervention, Evaluation

Accompanying the rise in the number of mental health agency personnel tasked with quality assurance and improvement (QA/I) responsibilities is an increased need to understand the nature of the work these professionals undertake. Four aspects of the work of quality assurance and improvement (QA/I) professionals in mental health were explored in this qualitative study: their perceived roles, their major activities, their QA/I targets, and their contributions. In-person interviews were conducted with QA/I professionals at 16 mental health agencies. Respondents perceived their roles at varying levels of complexity, focused on different targets, and used different methods to conduct their work. Few targets of QA/I work served as indicators of high quality care. Most QA/I professionals provided concrete descriptions of how they had improved agency services, while others could describe none. Accreditation framed much of agency QA/I work, perhaps to its detriment.

- by Luis Zayas
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- Psychology, Mental Health, Community-Based Mental Health Services, Quality Improvement
- by Kathleen Hebbeler
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- Pediatrics, Early Intervention, Poverty, Parenting

Objective. To examine infectious symptoms on a daily basis in families with small children and how often these infections cause people to stay at home or seek healthcare. Design. A population-based prospective study. Setting. Child health clinics in seven municipalities in Sweden. Subjects and main outcome measures. All family members of 835 families who came with an 18-month-old child to a child health clinic were asked to register all infectious symptoms in a diary for a month. They were also asked to indicate whether they had stayed at home from day-care or school, whether social insurance had been used, and whether they had contacted healthcare facilities or seen a physician. Results. In total, 7% of the 18-month-old children and 34% of the parents had no symptoms during the winter month. The most common symptom was a runny nose. The 18-month-old children had 1.6 symptom episodes with an average duration of 5.6 days. Of the symptom episodes 13% led to contact with healthcare facilities and 6% to an antibiotic prescription. Of the symptom days 27% required staying at home and in 10% social insurance was claimed. Conclusion. Symptoms of infection among families with small children were common, with a runny nose being the most common. Physician consultations and antibiotic prescriptions were used in a small proportion of the symptom episodes. Social insurance was claimed in about one-third of the days with absence from day-care.

- by Sigvard Molstad and +1
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- Nursing, Community-Based Mental Health Services, Social Insurance, Family
- by Karyl Rattay
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- Health Promotion, Social Marketing, Health Care, Child Welfare

Introduction: Child care health consultants (CCHCs) are health professionals who provide consultation and referral services to child care programs. The use of CCHCs has been recommended as an important component of highquality child care. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential association between the use of paid CCHCs and child care center director reports of (a) center maintenance of health records and emergency procedures and (b) center facilitation of health screenings and assessments. Method: A national, randomized telephone survey of directors of 1822 licensed child care center directors was conducted. Results: With a response rate of 93%, most directors (72.7%) reported that they did not employ a CCHC. However, directors employing CCHCs were more likely to report provision of health-promoting screenings and assessments for children in their center. This pattern held true for both Head Start and non-Head Start centers. Discussion: This study suggests that CCHCs can serve as health promotion advocates in early care and education settings, helping centers establish appropriate policies and arranging for health assessments and screenings for children.

- by Linda Southward
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- Program Evaluation, Nursing, Health Promotion, Health Care

Background The provision of family-centred services (FCS) emphasizes a partnership between parents and service providers so that families are involved in every aspect of services for their child. There is evidence that providing FCS is associated with improvements in parents' satisfaction with services, decreased parental stress, and positive child outcomes. Methods The purpose of this study was to examine factors that are most important in determining parent perceptions of the family centredness of care and parent satisfaction with service. A crosssectional survey was completed by 494 parents, 324 service providers, and 15 CEOs from 16 organizations delivering children's rehabilitation services. Analyses were completed using a structural equation modelling approach. Results Survey return rates ranged from 77 to 94%. Findings indicate that the principal determinants of parent satisfaction with services are the family-centred culture at the organization and parent perceptions of FCS. Parent satisfaction with services was also influenced by the number of places where services were received and the number of health and development problems experienced by their child. Conclusion Parent satisfaction with services is strongly influenced by the perception that services are more family centred, fewer places where services were received and fewer health and development problems for their child. Ways in which organizations can improve satisfaction through carrying out family-centred behaviours are discussed.

- by Mary Law
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- Education, Organizational Culture, Family, Child
- by James E . Wadsworth
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- Cultural Studies, Welfare State, Government, Child Welfare
- by Amy Cassedy
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- Health Care, Child Welfare, Health insurance, Adolescent
- by vishwajeet kumar
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- Program Evaluation, Health Services Research, Health Policy, India

and their colleagues were in evidence as early as 1964 in the homes, schools, and clinics of inner-city Kansas City, Kansas, at the Juniper Gardens Housing Project. The work continues relatively uninterrupted, having contributed extensively to the literature of applied behavior analysis and the lives of community residents. This article describes the project and illustrates how applied behavioral research was initiated and extended, how the work addressed general concerns in psychology, and how it continues to address contemporary concerns within the community.

- by Debra Kamps and +1
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Community-Based Mental Health Services, Applied Behavior Analysis

Studies have demonstrated that low-income families often have disproportionately high utilization of emergency department (ED) and hospital services, and low utilization of preventive visits. A possible contributing factor is that some mothers may not respond optimally to their infants' health needs, either due to their own responsiveness or due to the child's ability to send cues. These mother-child interactions are measurable and amenable to change. We examined the associations between mother-child interactions and child healthcare utilization among low-income families. We analyzed data from the Nurse-Family Partnership trial in Memphis, TN control group (n = 432). Data were collected from child medical records (birth to 24 months), mother interviews (12 and 24 months postpartum), and observations of mother-child interactions (12 months postpartum). We used logistic and ordered logistic regression to assess independent associations between mother-child interactions and child healthcare utilization measures: hospitalizations, ED visits, sick-child visits to primary care, and well-child visits. Better mother-child interactions, as measured by mother's responsiveness to her child, were associated with decreased hospitalizations (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.81), decreased ambulatory-care-sensitive ED visits (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.96), and increased well-child visits (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.28). Mother's responsiveness to her child was associated with child healthcare utilization. Interventions to improve mother-child interactions may be appropriate for mother-child dyads in which child healthcare utilization appears unbalanced with inadequate primary care and excess urgent care. Recognition of these interactions may also improve the care clinicians provide for families.

- by Helena Temkin-greener
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- Primary Care, Poverty, Child Care, Infant Mental Health
- by Bo Vinnerljung
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- Child, Europe, United States, Child Health Services
- by Peter Margolis
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- Pediatrics, Child Development, Child Welfare, United States

Managing change in the care of children with complex needs: Healthcare providers' perspectives.

- by Fiona O'May
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- Nursing, Qualitative Research, Adolescent, Professional Role Socialization
- by Jelle Jolles
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- Psychology, Demography, Epidemiology, Community-Based Mental Health Services

Background: Adaptations are often made to evidence-based practices (EBPs) by systems, organizations, and/or service providers in the implementation process. The degree to which core elements of an EBP can be maintained while allowing for local adaptation is unclear. In addition, adaptations may also be needed at the system, policy, or organizational levels to facilitate EBP implementation and sustainment. This paper describes a study of the feasibility and acceptability of an implementation approach, the Dynamic Adaptation Process (DAP), designed to allow for EBP adaptation and system and organizational adaptations in a planned and considered, rather than ad hoc, way. The DAP involves identifying core elements and adaptable characteristics of an EBP, then supporting implementation with specific training on allowable adaptations to the model, fidelity monitoring and support, and identifying the need for and solutions to system and organizational adaptations. In addition, this study addresses a secondary concern, that of improving EBP model fidelity assessment and feedback in real-world settings. Methods: This project examines the feasibility, acceptability, and utility of the DAP; tests the degree to which fidelity can be maintained using the DAP compared to implementation as usual (IAU); and examines the feasibility of using automated phone or internet-enabled, computer-based technology to assess intervention fidelity and client satisfaction. The study design incorporates mixed methods in order to describe processes and factors associated with variations in both how the DAP itself is implemented and how the DAP impacts fidelity, drift, and adaptation. The DAP model is to be examined by assigning six regions in California (USA) to either the DAP (n = 3) or IAU (n = 3) to implement an EBP to prevent child neglect.

- by Gregory Aarons
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- Evidence Based Practice, Child Welfare, Implementation Science, California
- by Kim Foster and +1
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- Nursing, Mental Health, Child Welfare, Pediatric nursing

Background The number of medically complex and fragile children (MCFC) cared for in children's hospitals is growing, necessitating the need for optimal care co-ordination. The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of a nurse practitioner/paediatrician-run complex care clinic in a tertiary care hospital on healthcare utilization, parental and primary care provider (PCP) perceptions of care and parental quality of life. Methods MCFC and their parents were recruited for ambulatory follow-up by the hospital team to complement care provided by the PCP in this mixed methods single centre pre-or post-evaluative study. Parents participated in semi-structured interviews within 48 h of discharge; further data were collected at 6 and 12 months. Healthcare utilization was compared with equal time periods pre-enrolment. Parental health was assessed with the SF-36; parental perceptions of care were assessed using the Larsen's Client Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Measure of Processes of Care; PCPs completed a questionnaire at 12 months. Parental and PCP comments were elicited. Comparisons were made with baseline data. Results Twenty-six children and their parental caregivers attended the complex care clinic. The number of days that children were admitted to hospital decreased from a median of 43 to 15 days, and outpatient visits increased from 2 to 8. Mean standardized scores on the SF-36 increased (improved) for three domains related to mental health. A total of 24 PCPs responded to the questionnaire (92% response); most found the clinic helpful for MCFC and their families. Parents reported improvements in continuity of care, family-centredness of care, comprehensiveness and thoroughness of care, but still experienced frustrations with access to services and miscommunication with the team. Conclusion A collaborative medical home focused on integrating community-and hospital-based services for MCFC is a promising service delivery model for future controlled evaluative studies.

- by Peter Rosenbaum
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- Education, Primary Health Care, Quality of life, Adolescent

Endoscopic surgery is rapidly becoming the most popular means of resolving surgical problems and is now performed with increased frequency in children. New technology has allowed for direct visualization of the surgical field using innovative surgical approaches and techniques. Decreased postoperative morbidity, shorter hospitalizations, and rapid recoveries are among the major advantages of this form of surgery. This article provides information concerning the benefits and potential risks of endoscopic surgery and reviews the major procedures that are currently available for infants and children.

- by Maryann Bozzette
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- Nursing, Risk, Pediatric nursing, Endoscopy
- by W. Hobson and +1
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- Program Evaluation, Pediatrics, Health Promotion, Child Welfare

Objective To assess the satisfaction of parents with the immunization services and its association with their sociodemographic characteristics. Methods The study was a part of the coverage evaluation survey conducted using the WHO 30 cluster sampling methodology in the Urban slums of Lucknow district, north India. Analysis for a total of 388 respondents of completely or partially immunized children, was done to assess the level of satisfaction and its determinants. Results The overall satisfaction was more than 90% in the respondents of both the categories of the children, however the difference between the satisfaction rates was found to be significant. Also the satisfaction with accessibility (p Conclusion The dissatisfaction regarding the various aspects of immunization services emphasizes the imperative need to take urgent intervention, for the achievement of goal of universal immunization.

- by vishwajeet kumar
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- Risk assessment, Probability, India, Indian

Healthy Steps (HS) represents a significant innovation in the way pediatric primary care can be delivered. Based on the standards and principles of Bright Futures and the American Academy of Pediatrics Health Supervision Guidelines, HS enhances and expands traditional pediatric care by including a child development specialist (Healthy Steps specialist) as part of the pediatric practice team. Services offered by this person, typically a nurse, early childhood educator, or social worker, include more time to spend discussing preventive issues during well-child visits, home visits, a telephone information line exclusively addressing developmental and behavioral concerns, new written materials, and more seamless linkages to community resources and parent support groups.

- by Barry Zuckerman and +1
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- Pediatrics, Primary Care, Health Promotion, Primary Health Care

Este artículo aborda el problema de la mortalidad infantil en la provincia de Santiago, Chile, y el desarrollo de la medicina pediátrica durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX e inicios del XX, a través de especialistas que contribuyeron a organizar los conocimientos y prácticas que estructuraron su ejercicio profesional. Para emprender este objetivo y sistematizar este nuevo campo médico, se analizan los antecedentes relativos a la formación de la Facultad de Medicina y el quiebre que representó la aparición de una asignatura dedicada a las enfermedades de la niñez. La investigación se encuentra respaldada en diversas fuentes históricas, entre ellas, la prensa escrita, bibliografía médica, memorias de titulación y el Anuario Estadístico de la República de Chile. La inauguración de los hospitales de niños expresa una institucionalidad, en la que los facultativos posicionaron su labor, pusieron en práctica los tratamientos científicos y, lo más importante, se convirtieron en espacios...

- by Pablo Chavez
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- Pediatrics, Chile, Salud Colectiva, Santiago

Deficiencies in the quality of health care are major limiting factors to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals for child and maternal health. Quality of patient care in hospitals is firmly on the agendas of Western countries but has been slower to gain traction in developing countries, despite evidence that there is substantial scope for improvement, that hospitals have a major role in child survival, and that inequities in quality may be as important as inequities in access. There is now substantial global experience of strategies and interventions that improve the quality of care for children in hospitals with limited resources. The World Health Organization has developed a toolkit that contains adaptable instruments, including a framework for quality improvement, evidence-based clinical guidelines in the form of the Pocket Book of Hospital Care for Children, teaching material, assessment, and mortality audit tools. These tools have been field-tested by doctors, nurs...

- by Giorgio Tamburlini
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- Child health, Global Health, Child Welfare, Health Planning

Introduction The aim of the present study was to identify and describe factors associated with variations in the level of parental satisfaction with formal support and education for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Flanders. Methods Participants were recruited by a mailing from a diagnostic centre for pre-schoolers and by advertisements dispersed in the Flemish parent organization for ASD and in services and special schools. The sample consisted of 244 parents of children with ASD (age range: 2.69-17.81 years, male/ female sex ratio 4 : 1). The data were collected using a questionnaire on experiences with education and support, which was compiled for the purpose of this study. The data resulting from the questionnaire were supplemented with information obtained from semi-structured in-depth interviews with a stratified sample of 15 parents. Results and conclusions The study revealed that parents experienced difficulties with the diagnostic process, with support and education provided by mainstream settings and with the accessibility of autism-specific service provisions. Conversely, parents reported to be satisfied with the quality of autism-specific support and education. Predictors of overall satisfaction were parental involvement in formal support, knowledge of available service provisions and time between first consultation and final diagnosis. Practical implications of the results are discussed.

- by Jo Renty
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- Communication, Education, Focus Groups, Adolescent

Building a strong foundation for healthy development in the early years of life is a prerequisite for individual well-being, economic productivity, and harmonious societies around the world. Growing scientific evidence also demonstrates that social and physical environments that threaten human development (because of scarcity, stress, or instability) can lead to short-term physiologic and psychological adjustments that are necessary for immediate survival and adaptation, but which may come at a significant cost to long-term outcomes in learning, behavior, health, and longevity. Generally speaking, ministries of health prioritize child survival and physical well-being, ministries of education focus on schooling, ministries of finance promote economic development, and ministries of welfare address breakdowns across multiple domains of function. Advances in the biological and social sciences offer a unifying framework for generating significant societal benefits by catalyzing greater s...

- by Linda Richter
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- Child Development, Global Health, Health Disparities, Developing Countries
- by Hannu Vuori
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- Public Health, Finland, Child, Chronic Disease