Hall Effect Sensors Research Papers (original) (raw)

The present paper focuses on various aspects regarding Hall Effect sensors' design, integration, and behavior analysis. In order to assess their performance, different Hall Effect geometries were tested for Hall voltage, sensitivity, offset, and temperature drift. The residual offset was measured both with an automated measurement setup and by manual switching of the individual phases. To predict Hall sensors performance prior to integration, three-dimensional physical simulations were performed.

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- Hall Effect Sensors

A new design of a miniature Hall-effect keyboard for use in hand-held calculators is proposed. The keyboard includes a set of MOSFET's as the Hall effect sensors and all the necessary electronic components for keyboard control and communication on B single silicon substrate. Due to the elimination of wire connections to each key-cap and the use of MOSFET circuitry for key sensing, the implementation is expected to lead to high reliability and to low power consumption. Some design aspects including mask layout and process steps are described.

- by Stefan Zukotynski
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- Engineering, Hall Effect Sensors, Low Power Consumption, Circuits

This paper introduces a novel method which is intended to assist in the design and control of cost effective, efficient Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motors with additional features like auto restart and auto power down while maintaining constant speed. Speed Control of BLDC motor using 8051 micro controller requires more hardware, and with the availability of PIC microcontrollers with versatile features motivated to develop a cost effective and reliable control with variable speed range. In the present paper, an algorithm which uses the Hall sensor signals acquired from the motor is developed and the program has been written using MPLABIDE v 7.52. This program generates the firing pulses required to drive the MOSFETs of three phase fully controlled bridge converter driven by IR2101 FET drivers. Later the program has been dumped on the PIC16F series device and tested on the 24V, 80 W, 1500 rpm BLDC motor which can make the motor run at constant speed ranging from 6 to 1500 rpm. The proposed hardware and the program are found to be efficient and the results are promising.

Effective irrigation water management begins with timing and regulating irrigation water application in a way that will satisfy the need of the crop without wasting water, soil and crop nutrients. This involves supplying water according to the crop requirement, quantity that can be held by the soil and is available to the crop at rates tolerated according to the soil characteristics. So measuring water in fields is very
essential step in irrigation management systems. There are many water flow measurement techniques as well as different types of water flow meters used in irrigation to measure the volume of water flow in pipelines but these all are too costly. This paper describes design and development of low cost automatic water flow meter which supplies only required amount of water to the crops saving water as well as energy.
G1/2 Hall Effect water flow sensor is used as a sensing unit with a turbine rotor inside it whose speed of rotation changes with the different rate of flow of water. The Hall Effect sensor outputs the corresponding pulse train for frequency input to the microcontroller. The whole system comprises of AT89S52
microcontroller, G1/2 Hall Effect water flow sensor, relay, optocoupler, a water pump, 5V supply, LCD, keypad and some passive components. The AT89S52 microcontroller is programmed in Keil development Tool.

Resumen En este reporte se caracteriza la constante R H de una prueba de Hall a través de fijar un campo magnético y medir los voltajes de Hall (V H ∈ (0, 4)mV) inducidos a través de una prueba por una corriente de control (I C ∈ (0, 40)mA). Esta medida se repitió para tres campos magnéticos diferentes (de 50mT, 55mT , y 60mT), encontrando que R H = 0.00174 ± 0.00003mV /mAmT para cada caso.

In this paper, we describe the designed and tested system of automated double ring infiltrometer (DRI) that we have developed using an Arduino microcontroller, a Hall effect sensor, a peristaltic pump, a water level sensor, and a constant-level float valve. The system can be used for infiltration measurements in both single ring falling head and double ring constant head methods. The precise measurements of the current method compared to previous designed systems are not affected by sunlight, and due to the method of flow measurement, remain accurate even for low infiltration values. The set-up has an easy real-time data storage on a micro-SD card without a need of a portable computer in the field. It only requires a single reservoir for both inner and outer rings to which, water can be added anytime needed without affecting the measurements. The system automatically detects when the steady state infiltration rate is reached and concludes the testing and stops measurements. The system is mounted in a portable and weather resistant box and is applied to run DRI testing in the field to check the applicability and accuracy of the portable set-up in field measurements. Manual testing was also performed in the field for comparison with the automated system measurements. Overall system architecture, and the design of hardware and software components are presented in details. The system configuration is illustrated for better understanding of the set-up.

- by Milad Fatehnia
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- Instrumentation Engineering, Soil Science, Geotechnical Engineering, Agriculture

This thesis covers studies for detecting the position of a hydraulic cylinder by amplifying hall voltage which occurs by creating voltage states through a conductor in a magnetic field, with a voltage amplifier in order to calculate the position using a microcontroller. In order to determine the behaviour of the magnetic field, finite element analysis was applied by using a neodymium magnet that generates magnetic field on a hydraulic cylinder rod and the same behaviour was verified by constructing experimental setup. The selection of a sensor was based on the information obtained from experiments and simulations performed. Op amp circuit was established and the signal was set to the optimal range. Position-bit curve and position-bit curve function was determined by processing the digital data obtained. Positioning was performed by putting the function a microprocessor. Besides, a magnet case was designed and manufactured to place the magnet that generates magnetic field on the hydraulic cylinder rod.

- by Barış GÜNENÇ
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- Hydraulics, Hall Effect Sensors, Hydraulic Cylinder, Hall effect

In this paper, a system is established and designed for DC series motors torque measurement based on PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) techniques instead of using old traditional mechanical methods. The researchers tried to exploit the techniques available in PLC type LOGO! ® V6 to design the above mentioned system which measures the torque with a simple method. Measuring the torque in this system is based on two parts, the first part is to measure the supply voltage, current and speed of the DC series motor by Hall Effect sensors, then enters these values to the PLC. The second one is to calculate and process the torque of the motor depending on the mentioned above values by building a representative model based on mathematical equations representing the operation of the DC series motor. By comparing the results of both methods, it shows that the results are approximately the same but our system is much easier than the traditional systems. Our system contains a subsystem which enables the operator to monitor the mechanical output power and the percentage efficiency of the motor during its operation. To protect the operator and the motor from the risky situations of overload and over speed, which often happens when operating DC series motors, an overload and an over speed protections were included in our system.

- by Hassaan Thabet
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- PLC, Dc Motor, Hall Effect Sensors

This paper provides a technical review of position and speed sensorless methods for controlling Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor drives, including the background analysis using sensors, limitations and advances. The performance and reliability of BLDC motor drivers have been improved because the conventional control and sensing techniques have been improved through sensorless technology. Then, in this paper sensorless advances are reviewed and recent developments in this area are introduced with their inherent advantages and drawbacks, including the analysis of practical implementation issues and applications. The study includes a deep overview of state-of-the-art back-EMF sensing methods, which includes Terminal Voltage Sensing, Third Harmonic Voltage Integration, Terminal Current Sensing, Back-EMF Integration and PWM strategies. Also, the most relevant techniques based on estimation and models are briefly analysed, such as Sliding-mode Observer, Extended Kalman Filter, Model Reference Adaptive System, Adaptive observers (Full-order and Pseudoreduced-order) and Artificial Neural Networks.

- by Fazeel Ayaz
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- Electrical Engineering, Speed, Hall Effect Sensors, Position

Developing of fault tolerant control systems
(FTCS’s) for permanent magnet Brushless DC (BLDC) motor
drives to diagnose and handle various faults have been of the
research concentrations in the last decade. In this paper a novel
fault diagnosis algorithm for position sensors (Hall Effect sensors)
failure of the BLDC motor is presented. Fault detection and
identification of Hall Effect sensors are based on sensors signals
and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) analysis of the BLDC
motor line voltages in the proposed fault diagnosis system. BLDC
motor behaviour is analysed under various Hall Effect sensor
faults through a validated simulation model. An expert system
is developed to diagnose Hall Effect sensors faults in the BLDC
motor by analysing the simulation results under different fault
conditions. Correct performance of the proposed fault diagnosis
system is proven through experimental data analysis. A simple
technique is discussed to generate the commutation signal of
the faulty position sensor and maintain operation of the BLDC
motor in post-fault condition. The proposed fault tolerant control
system is simple, does not need excessive computations and can
be executed with the main control program of the BLDC motor
on a single chip micro-controller.

- by ALIREZA TASHAKORI ABKENAR and +1
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- Hall Effect Sensors, Machine Fault Diagnostics, BLDC Motor

&amp;quot;Developing of fault tolerant control systems (FTCS’s) for permanent magnet Brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives to diagnose and handle various faults have been of the research concentrations in the last decade. In this paper a novel fault diagnosis algorithm for position sensors (Hall Effect sensors) failure of the BLDC motor is presented. Fault detection and identification of Hall Effect sensors are based on sensors signals and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) analysis of the BLDC motor line voltages in the proposed fault diagnosis system. BLDC motor behaviour is analysed under various Hall Effect sensor faults through a validated simulation model. An expert system is developed to diagnose Hall Effect sensors faults in the BLDC motor by analysing the simulation results under different fault conditions. Correct performance of the proposed fault diagnosis system is proven through experimental data analysis. A simple technique is discussed to generate the commutation signal of the faulty position sensor and maintain operation of the BLDC motor in post-fault condition. The proposed fault tolerant control system is simple, does not need excessive computations and can be executed with the main control program of the BLDC motor on a single chip micro-controller.&amp;quot;

- by Mehran Ektesabi
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- Hall Effect Sensors, Machine Fault Diagnostics, BLDC Motor

- by Jose Carlos Gamazo Real
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- Electrical Engineering, Analytical Chemistry, Electronics, Electricity

Effective irrigation water management begins with timing and regulating irrigation water application in a
way that will satisfy the need of the crop without wasting water, soil and crop nutrients. This involves
supplying water according to the crop requirement, quantity that can be held by the soil and is available to
the crop at rates tolerated according to the soil characteristics. So measuring water in fields is very
essential step in irrigation management systems. There are many water flow measurement techniques as
well as different types of water flow meters used in irrigation to measure the volume of water flow in
pipelines but these all are too costly. This paper describes design and development of low cost automatic
water flow meter which supplies only required amount of water to the crops saving water as well as energy.
G1/2 Hall Effect water flow sensor is used as a sensing unit with a turbine rotor inside it whose speed of
rotation changes with the different rate of flow of water. The Hall Effect sensor outputs the corresponding
pulse train for frequency input to the microcontroller. The whole system comprises of AT89S52
microcontroller, G1/2 Hall Effect water flow sensor, relay, optocoupler, a water pump, 5V supply, LCD,
keypad and some passive components. The AT89S52 microcontroller is programmed in Keil development
Tool.

A method for measuring a weak magnetic field with a Hall sensor is described. This method consists of chopping the magnetic field to be measured with a magnetic shield surrounding the Hall sensor. The magnetic shield is periodically driven into saturation by means of an excitation coil. Thus, the Hall device is alternately exposed to/shielded from the d.c. or slowly varying external field to be measured. During the time intervals when the magnetic shield is saturated, the external field passes and is detected by the Hall sensor. When it is not saturated the Hall sensor is shielded from the external field. This chopping method yields a magnetic measurement unaffected by I If noise and offset errors of the Hall sensor, therefore improving its detectivity.

- by Karim Haroud
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- Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Magnetic field, Magnetic Shielding

This paper presents the development of a low-cost digital system useful for power quality monitoring and power management. Voltage and current measurements are made through Hall-effect sensors connected to a standard data acquisition board, and the applications were programmed in LabVIEW™ , running on Windows in a regular PC. The system acquires data continuously, and stores in files the events that result from anomalies detected in the monitored power system. Several parameters related to power quality and power management can be analyzed through 6 different applications, named: "scope and THD", "strip chart", "wave shape", "sags and swells", "classical values" and "p-q theory". The acquired information can be visualized in tables and/or in charts. It is also possible to generate reports in HTML format. These reports can be sent directly to a printer, embedded in other software applications, or accessed through the Internet, using a Web browser. The potential of the developed system is shown, namely the advantages of virtual instrumentation, regarding to flexibility, cost and performance, in the scope of power quality monitoring and power management.

- by Jose Batista
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- Quality Management, Power Quality, Power System, Power Management

During field trials, it was observed that the delay of ignition of electro-explosive devices (EED) depends on ratings of power supplies or dynamo and also on the firing cable lengths. The change in ignition delay of EEDs due to altered supplied current will detoriate the repeatability of sequence of actions in time-critical armament applications. In order to study, supplement and analyze this observation, the
measurement of electrical energy required for EEDs ignition is necessary. The electrical energy of EEDs has been determined experimentally by instrumentation and measurement setup using hall sensor and photo detector. The hall sensor is used to measure the actual current passing through EEDs when power supply is applied to them. Photo detector is used to detect the flash produced during EED ignition. By conducting repeated trials, it was observed that this method is reliable to determine the electrical energy required for EEDs ignition. With this parameter, the actual current to be supplied and the pulse width of supplied current for repeated ignition delays can be determined. Knowing the electrical energy of a particular EED by the proposed method, the required firing cable length and power supply for ignition of critical delay applications can
be selected. This method also helps to design explosive-based ignition systems in defence applications.

- by Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management and +1
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- Hall Effect Sensors, Electrical energy, PHOTO DETECTORS

This paper describes an alternate method for performing current measurement for protection of generators and motors, particularly in the oil and gas industry. This technique involves the use of Hall Effect sensors instead of the current transformer (CT) to measure and detect fault current and different wireless communication methods to send and receive the fault signal. The paper first analyzes and asses the risks associated with the use of a conventional CT and come up with test models to further support the use of Hall Effect sensors instead. Three case studies are presented describing the use of Hall Effect sensors as tools for diagnosing the problems with each potential wireless technology. The methods of wireless communication used are analog transmission and digital transmission. For analog transmission, the modulation techniques Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM) are tested. Comparative studies of cost related to existing and the proposed system have also been done.

- by Braham Barkat
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- Wireless Sensor Networks, Risk Management, Risk assessment, Sensors

- by Maher Kayal
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- Hall Effect Sensors

- by Hassaan T H . H . Thabet
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- PLC, Hall Effect Sensors

In this study we propose an electronic system for linear positioning of a magnet independent of its modulus, which could vary because of aging, different fabrication process, etc. The system comprises a linear array of 24 Hall Effect sensors of proportional response. The data from all sensors are subject to a pretreatment (normalization) by row (position) making them independent on the temporary variation of its magnetic field strength. We analyze the particular case of the individual flow in milking of goats. The multiple regression analysis allowed us to calibrate the electronic system with a percentage of explanation R 2 = 99.96%. In our case, the uncertainty in the linear position of the magnet is 0.51 mm that represents 0.019 L of goat milk. The test in farm compared the

- by Angel R . Sánchez-Quinche
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- Mathematics, Computer Science, Analytical Chemistry, Medicine

- by Maria Paun
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- Hall Effect Sensors

Se presenta el diseño, construcción y validación de un teslámetro digital embebido, para uso en experimentos de caracterización magnética de materiales por métodos inductivos y estáticos. El teslámetro se compone de un transductor de efecto Hall THS119 de tipo planar, con salida diferencial y ajustable a diferentes rangos de medida, un amplificador de instrumentación INA129P con ganancia ajustable y un microcontrolador PIC16F873A con convertidor ADC de 10 bits para el procesamiento digital de los datos, visualización de las medidas en una pantalla de cristal líquido, almacenamiento y transferencia de los datos al computador vía puerto serie. El sistema es adaptable a transductores de campo magnético con salida simple o diferencial y con diferentes rangos de medida; es sensible a cambios en la intensidad y la polaridad del campo magnético aplicado y cuenta con una sensibilidad efectiva de 5,0 V/T e incertidumbre de 0.5 10−3T para el transductor de efecto Hall THS119. El prototipo desarrollado fue comparado con un teslámetro comercial PHYWE 13610.90.

- by Revista Ingeniería y Ciencia and +1
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- Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Instrumentation Engineering

- by Majid Poshtan
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- Engineering, Wireless Sensor Networks, Risk Management, Risk assessment
- by Kevin Kilgore
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- Computer Science, Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine

- by Jose Batista
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- Quality Management, Power Quality, Power System, Power Management

Wenn wir eine heiße, flüssige und dadurch leicht thermisch ionisierte, Materie einem konstanten Magnetfeld (B) aussetzen, (Fig.1) dann, aufgrund der Lorentzkraft, wird die senkrechte (zum Magnetfeld) Komponente der thermischen Bewegungen der elektrischen Ladungen des Plasmas um die sog. Magnetfeldlinien gewickelt, die parallele Komponente bleibt aber unverändert.
Leider sind in der physikalischen Literatur keine Einträge zu finden, ob jemand derartiges Experiment jemals durchführte.
Es wäre aber sehr interessant diese Untersuchung durchzuführen, womöglich sogar im Columbus-Lab auf der ISS, denn es würde einiges klären im Bezug auf die Entstehung der planetarischen Magnetfelder und vielleicht auch Magnetfelder anderer Himmelskörper.
Vorstellbar ist es auch, dass aus diesem Experiment sich auch ein neuartiges Füßig-Hall-Sensor entwickelt.

- by Tadeusz Tumalski
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- Geophysics, Hall Effect Sensors, Geodynamo, Hall effect

The cable-in-conduit conductors (CICC) for ITER magnets consist of more than thousand superconducting strands. Usually such cables exhibit a significant non-uniform current distribution between the strands due to inequality of strand impedances. This undesirable effect can complicate the measurement of the conductor critical transport properties, particularly for short samples. To improve the interpretation of measurement results, detailed knowledge of the current distribution is highly desired. We present a review of current unbalance measurements and current distribution reconstruction techniques in CICC as they were intensively performed during the last years. The experimental methods of current unbalance detection are described, starting with earlier attempts on sub-size CICCs and ending with more sophisticated methods on full-size conductors. The models of current identification developed by various research groups are briefly compared, emphasizing their similarities, differences and limitations. Finally, the results of current unbalance reconstructions performed by different groups on several full-size CICCs are discussed together with the implication of the results for ITER short sample conductor tests and coil performance.

We discuss the problem of automatic magnetic field compensation within an excluded volume where the magnetic field cannot be sensed in a direct way. Both magnetic field spatial average (shielding) and first order orthogonal gradients (shimming) are considered. The active shielding-shimming compensator is based on a multiple-input multiple-output controller driving a specifically designed coil-set. The magnetic field and its gradients are calculated from the readings of ten hall sensors located outside the exclusion volume.

- by Luis Canali
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- Applied Mathematics, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Magnetic field, Magnetic Shielding

We describe the fabrication and magnetoelectric properties of robust, high sensitivity Hall effect sensors fabricated using AlGaN/GaN and AlInSb/InAsSb/AlInSb heterostructures with a two-dimensional electron gas at the heterointerface. The sensitivity of AlInSb/InAsSb/AlInSb heterostructure clearly degrades above C. The AlGaN/GaN 2DEG Hall sensors were stable up to at least 400 C and even after irradiation of 380 keV protons with a fluence of cm , where AlInSb/InAsSb/AlInSb heterostructure showed an increase in the sheet carrier density. The feasibility of applications of the AlGaN/GaN and AlInSb/InAsSb/AlInSb Hall sensor for harsh radiation environment is discussed.

- by Takeshi Ohshima
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- Engineering, Semiconductor Physics, Semiconductors, Semiconductor Devices

Analyticalnon-perturbative study of thethree-dimensional nonlinear stochastic partialdifferential equation with additive thermal noise, analogous to thatproposed by V.N.Nikolaevskii [1]-[5] to describelongitudinal seismic waves, ispresented. Theequation has a threshold of short-waveinstability and symmetry, providing longwavedynamics.New mechanism of quantum chaos generating in nonlineardynamical systemswith infinite number of degrees of freedom is proposed. The hypothesis is said,that physical turbulence could be identifiedwith quantum chaos of considered type. It is shown that the additive thermal noise destabilizes dramatically the ground state of theNikolaevskii system thus causing it to make a direct transition from a spatially uniform to a turbulent state.

- by Maria Paun
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- Hall Effect Sensors