Iron ores Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

- by and +1
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- Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Iron ores, Settlement Archaeoloy
- by venkatesh akella
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- Iron ores
- by Julien Denayer
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- Minning Heritage, History of Belgium, Iron ores

This text deals in Japanese with the iron production in Protohistoric and Antique Gaul, presenting the results of the most recent studies concerning the iron production from the mining to the forging techniques, reviewing also the smelting furnaces used in Celtic and Roman Gaul. The beginning of iron production in Gaul is then compared with the one in Ancient Japan, revealing the differences but also the similarities between the two cultures, aiming to clearly unveil the caracteristics of the Japanese iron production in its early stage.

- by Xavier Michel (Michel-Tanaka)
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- Japanese Studies, Celtic Studies, Japanese History, Celtic History

Finds and features related to bloomery smelting and blacksmithing have been excavated at the castles of Feinfeld and Sachsendorf (Horn district, Lower Austria). The archaeological evidence in both castles consists of roasting hearths and finds of iron ore, slag, and parts of ovens and hearths, while in Sachsendorf there are also some iron objects which could be related to blacksmithing. Archaeological and metallurgical research allows us to draw conclusions about the metallurgical working processes. Model calculations Show the importance of bloomery smelting and blacksmithing at these medieval castles.

Sinter of high basicity is well known for affecting the permeability of the burden in the lower portion
of the blast furnace due to the formation of more viscous slag. The high-basicity pellets possess
less weather resistance if hardened below 1200°C due to the presence of free lime particles.
When hardened above 1200°C, the weather resistance increases with increasing sticking
tendency among the pellets due to the formation of low-melting eutectics. In the present
investigation, efforts were made to make composite-coated iron ore-fluxed pellets to minimise
the problems mentioned above. Lime addition to the core of pellets varied from 5 to 100%. The
composite pellets subsequently were fired at 1150, 1200 and 1250°C for 30 min. Increasing lime
content in the pellets resulted in increasing crushing and drop strength of the green pellets. The
percent of reduction and cold crushing strength were found comparable to the conventional
pellets with varying lime content up to 30% (core basicity 4.68). Weathering resistance was also
found increasing trends with increasing firing temperature. XRD analysis revealed the presence
of free lime particles inside the core of composite pellets with increasing lime content. From the
present work, it could be concluded that the composite-fluxed pellet made with 20% lime in the
core (core basicity 3.0) has enough physical strength (187 kg), a high percentage of reduction
(96%) and excellent weather resistance properties.

- by Dr. Arup Kumar Mandal and +1
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- Iron and Steel Making Troogh Blast Furnace and Sinter Making, Iron ores, Iron Making, Pelletization Technology

This study was started to find alternative binders to bentonite and to recover the low preheated and fired pellet mechanical strengths of organic binders-bonded pellets. Bentonite is considered as a chemical impurity for pellet chemistry due to acid constituents (SiO2 and Al2O3). Especially addition of silica-alumina bearing binders is detrimental for iron ore concentrate with high acidic content. Organic binders are the most studied binders since they are free in silica. Although they yield pellets with good wet strength; they have found limited application in industry since they fail to give sufficient physical and mechanical strength to preheated and fired pellets. It is investigated that how insufficient preheated and fired pellet strengths can be improved when organic binders are used as binder. The addition of a slag bonding/strength increasing constituent (free in acidic contents) into pellet feed to provide pellet strength with the use of organic binders was proposed. Addition of boron compounds such as colemanite, tincal, borax pentahydrate, boric acid together with organic binders such as CMC, starch, dextrin and some organic based binders, into magnetite and hematite pellet mixture was tested. After determining the addition of boron compounds is beneficial to recover the low pellet physical and mechanical qualities in the first part of this study, in this second part, metallurgical and chemical properties (reducibility – swelling index – microstructure – mineralogy - chemical content) of pellets produced with combined binders (an organic binder plus a boron compound) were presented. The metallurgical and chemical tests results showed that good quality product pellets can be produced with combined binders when compared with the bentonite-bonded pellets. Hence, the suggested combined binders can be used as binder in place of bentonite in iron ore pelletizing without compromising the pellet chemistry.

- by osman sivrikaya
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- Pellets, Iron ores, Iron ore, Pelletization
- by venkatesh akella
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- Iron ores

Reverse cationic column flotation technology is
gaining traction in iron ore processing industry for
recovering iron values from iron ore slimes/tailings.
Development and selection of appropriate collector suitable
to the material to be processed plays vital role in the
development of the process/technology. Three cationic
collectors which are vegetable oil based, biodegradable and
environmental friendly were tested for their efficacy in
reducing alumina and silica and improve iron content in the
tailings of an operating iron ore washing plant. Selectivity
index as defined by Douglas was used as response parameter
to measure the efficiency of separation while comparing the
performance of these collectors during flotation tests. Sokem
522C proved to be better in comparison to Sokem 701 and
Sokem 702 with the highest selectivity index of 20.87. The
concentrate generated analyzed 63.30% Fe, 2.20% SiO2 and
2.52% Al2O3 with 69.00% weight recovery and 79.21% Fe
recovery from the tailings containing 55.14% Fe, 17.34%
SiO2 and 4.04% Al2O3. The concentrate generated is suitable
for pellet making due to its attractive granulometry and
acceptable levels of alumina content (≤ 2.50%) in it. The
tailings generated in this process could be utilised for cement
manufacturing and tiles or pavement blocks making.The
process developed is ‘zero waste’ while mitigating the
environmental issues related to managing tailings in iron ore
processing plants

- by Vasumathi Nallusamy and +1
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- Iron ores, Collector, Taillings

Las materias primas ferrosas tienen una influencia sobre el consumo de energía en el proceso siderúrgico. Esto vale tanto para el mineral de hierro como para las diferentes formas de aglomerarlo para su carga en el alto horno, como para los distintos tipos de chatarra, el hierro esponja o hierro briqueteado en caliente y el arrabio líquido o sólido en las acerías eléctricas.

- by Jorge Madias
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- Energy Consumption, Raw materials, Iron ores, DRI

Numerous iron ore deposits are hosted within the Meso to Neo-Archean banded iron formations (BIFs) extending across the Singhbhum-Orissa Craton, eastern India. Despite the widespread distribution of BIFs, which forms part of the iron ore group (IOG), heterogeneity in their grade and mineral composition is occasionally observed even within a single ore deposit. Kiriburu-Meghahatuburu iron ore deposit (KMIOD), west Singhbhum district, Jharkhand, eastern India is characterized by a dominant hematite (often martitized) occurrence with a total resource of >150 million tonnes (MT) at 62.85 wt % Fe. Very high-grade blue dust ore (friable and powdery hematitewith~67% Fe), high-grade massive, hard laminated hematitic ores (~66% Fe) and medium to low grade goethitic/lateritic ores (50%–60% Fe) are the common iron-ore lithologies in KMIOD. These ores can be distinguished in the field from their physical appearance, meso-scale texture and spatial occurrences with the host rocks along with the variation in chemical composition. The high-grade ores are characterized by high Fe (>62 wt %), low Al 2 O 3 (1.5–2.5 wt %), low SiO 2 (2.0–4.5 wt %) and low P (<0.06 wt %). Detailed field studies and laboratory investigations on the ore mineral assemblages suggest that the mineralization of high-grade iron ores at KMIOD is controlled by three major parameters, i.e., lithological, paleoclimatic and structural controls. High-grade iron ores such as blue dust seem to be formed during leaching processes through inter-bedded ferruginous shale and banded hematite jasper (BHJ) occurring within BIFs. Structural elements such as folds, joint network, fracture arrays, local faults and steeply dipping bedding planes are surmised as strong controls for the evolution of different iron ore types from the BHJ. Most of the high-grade ores are concentrated at the hinge portions of second generation folds (F 2) owing to the easy access for circulation of meteoric solution along the fractures developed due to release of stresses at the hinge portions aided by supergene ore enrichment processes. The BHJ and interbedded ferruginous shale seem to have been given a significant contribution for the formation of different grades of iron ores over the area. Lithologically, the BIFs are governed by rheological features providing channel ways in the ore enrichment process. The variation in the iron ore mineralogy is caused by the variation in depositional and paleoclimatic environment, structural setting and lithological attributes. Hence, these parameters could be used for future exploration and grade recovery of iron ore resources in the region and in the adjoining areas.

- by Jitendra Prasad and +1
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- Iron ores, East Singhbhum, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of iron ores, Eastern India

Slag analyses from archaeological iron smelting sites are common. Rigorous analyses of iron and slag from successful experimental smelting, however, are still rare. Furthermore, thorough analyses from a series of smelts, and of the slag produced in different phases of the smelt, are exceedingly rare. The present study investigates the effect of an iron smelter's decision-making and skills on the products of the smelting process: iron and slag. Four smelting experiments were carried out in a shaft furnace with slag tapping using iron ores from the Southern Levant. Using various analytical techniques, including portable X-ray fluorescence, optical and electron microscopy, metallography, and hardness tests enabled us to correlate the properties of the final products with adjustment of various parameters during the smelting process. The latter include airflow and charging rate, temperature, residence time in the reducing zone, ore-charcoal ratio, and control of the slag characteristics. Results obtained allowed us to empirically demonstrate the direct impact of decisions made by the smelter during the complex technological practice of bloomery smelting. Analysis also highlights the benefits of moderately reducing conditions controlled by the smelter to produce good-quality, low-carbon iron, which is particularly relevant within the geological setting of the Southern Levant.

- by Adi Eliyahu Behar and +1
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- Experimental Archaeology, Iron ores, Bloomery Experiments

The main element of PbRS (passive (bio)remediation systems) are sorbents, which act as natural filters retaining heavy metals and carriers of microorganisms involved in water treatment. Thus, the effectiveness of PbRS is determined by the quality of the (ad)sorbents, which should be stable under various environmental conditions, have a wide range of applications and be non-toxic to (micro)organisms used in these systems. Our previous studies showed that bog iron ores (BIOs) meet these requirements. However, further investigation of the physical and chemical parameters of BIOs under environmental conditions is required before their large-scale application in PbRS. The aim of this study was (i) to investigate the ability of granulated BIOs (gBIOs) to remove arsenic from various types of contaminated waters, and (ii) to estimate the application potential of gBIOs in technologies dedicated to water treatment. These studies were conducted on synthetic solutions of arsenic and environmental samples of arsenic contaminated water using a set of adsorption columns filled with gBIOs. The experiments performed in a static system revealed that gBIOs are appropriate arsenic and zinc adsorbent. Dynamic adsorption studies confirmed these results and showed, that the actual sorption efficiency of gBIOs depends on the adsorbate concentration and is directly proportional to them. Desorption analysis showed that As-loaded gBIOs are characterized by high chemical stability and they may be reused for the (ad)sorption of other elements, i.e., zinc. It was also shown that gBIOs may be used for remediation of both highly oxygenated waters and groundwater or settling ponds, where the oxygen level is low, as both forms of inorganic arsenic (arsenate and arsenite) were effectively removed. Arsenic concentration after treatment was <100 µg/L, which is below the limit for industrial water.

- by Grzegorz Rzepa and +1
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- Environmental Remediation, Water, Water quality, Arsenic

- by Jitendra Prasad and +2
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- Value addition processing of low grade iron ores, Iron ores, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of iron ores
- by venkatesh akella
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- Iron ores
- by Dr. RK Upadhyay
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- Geology, Iron ores
- by Subrata Roy
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- Engineering, Earth Sciences, Iron ores
- by Subrata Roy
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- Genetics, Geology, Earth System Science, Mid Ocean Ridge
- by venkatesh akella
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- Iron ores, Precambrian BIF

The economic importance of iron smelting and blacksmithing at the medieval castles of Feinfeld and Sachsendorf, Lower Austria.
Finds and features related to bloomery smelting and blacksmithing have been excavated at the castles of Feinfeld and Sachsendorf (Horn district, Lower Austria). The archaeological evidence in both castles consists of roasting hearths and finds of iron ore, slag and parts of ovens and hearths, while in Sachsendorf there are also some iron objects which could be related to blacksmithing. Archaeological and metallurgical research allows us to draw conclusions about the metallurgical working processes. Model calculations show the importance of bloomery smelting and blacksmithing at these medieval castles, but in both cases there was no evidence of excess production to prove trading intention.

- by Lukas Kerbler
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- Economic History, Medieval Archaeology, Blacksmithing, Lower Austria
- by D. Pacyna and +1
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- Geology, Mining, History of Belgium, Iron ores
- by Celal Bayari
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- Business, Finance, Economic History, Economic Sociology

- by Jorge Madias
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- Energy Consumption, Raw materials, Iron ores, DRI

Although the influence of many impurities on the reduction process of iron oxide has been intensively studied, the magnitude of such impurities and their mutual interactions on the total degree of reduction are still not clear. In the current study, a 23 factorial design was used to investigate the magnitude of manganese oxide, silicon oxide and temperature on the reduction process of iron oxide using CO gas as a reducing agent. A regression model was used to deduce a mathematical formulation to predict the influence of manganese oxide (up to 6.0 wt-%) and silicon dioxide (up to 7.5 wt-%) on the degree of reduction of simulated iron ore sinter in the temperature range 1000–1100oC. The results showed that temperature has the highest positive effect, while the interaction combination of SiO2 and MnO2 showed the highest negative effect on the degree of reduction. Silicon dioxide exhibited a higher individual negative effect on the degree of reduction than manganese oxide. The mutual interaction combination of SiO2 or MnO2 with temperature has small positive effect on the degree of reduction, while the interaction combination of the all parameters (SiO2, MnO2 and temperature) exhibited a small negative effect. The results of the models were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data of reduction of simulated iron ore sinter and natural iron ore containing different percentages of manganese and silicon oxides. The program Matlab was used to carry out the required calculations.

- by Elsayed Mousa
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- Sintering, Mathematical Modelling, Factorial Design, Iron ores
- by Julien Denayer
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- Geology, Mining, History of Belgium, Iron ores
- by A Venkatesh
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- Engineering, Earth Sciences, Iron, Iron ores

Vale (previously CVRD – Companhia Vale do Rio Doce) evaluates the microstructure of sinters in order to understand their characteristics and behaviour in the agglomeration process, and the correlation with conventional quality parameters. Efforts on image analysis development are in progress between Vale and PUC-Rio in order to improve both the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of a representative portion of material. In the present work, digital microscopy techniques were developed allowing this kind of assessment. Employing a motorised and computer controlled optical microscope, low magnification mosaic images covering complete sinter samples were automatically obtained. The mosaics provide a powerful qualitative overview of the whole sample while allowing low resolution quantitative evaluation of the major phases. In addition, quantitative results for phase fractions were compared for the same sample regions at three magnifications (5×, 10× and 20× objective lenses). A single field (1 × 1) at the lowest magnification corresponds to mosaics of 2 × 2 and 4 × 4 images at the higher magnifications. The automated system allows perfect registration between the mosaics and the single image. Changes in phase discrimination were evaluated as a function of optical resolution, and phase fractions obtained by interactive segmentation of the image histograms were compared. While finer dark phases, eg silicates, were only visible with the best optical resolution, coarser phases such as haematite and pores were measured at all resolutions. For haematite, magnetite, ferrite and pores, the largest relative error in area fraction, between the images obtained with the 5× and 20× lenses, was 12 per cent. The results for silicate were less accurate with a relative error of 44 per cent. The results indicate that digital microscopy provides a flexible method for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of these materials.

- by Otávio Gomes and +1
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- Sintering, Iron and Steel Making Troogh Blast Furnace and Sinter Making, Iron ores, Iron ore

The scandium phosphate pretulite has been identified with scandian zircon and xenotime-(Y) in an apatite-rich oolitic Ordovician ironstone at Saint-Aubin-des-Châteaux, Armorican Massif, France. Pseudo-octahedral crystals of pretulite, up to 400m across, have grown epitactically on detrital zircon. They reveal complex zoning due to incorporation of Y and HREE, as well as to an extended solid-solution toward the zircon end-member. Characteristic compositions in the pretulite – xenotime-(Y) – zircon system are: Prl0.973Xnt0.020Zrn0.007, Prl0.907Xnt0.088Zrn0.005, Prl0.873Xnt0.042Zrn0.085, Prl0.718Xnt0.024Zrn0.258 and Prl0.453Xnt0.042Zrn0.505. A single-crystal X-ray refinement of the structure in space group I41/amd (R = 0.0389) gives a 6.5870(9),
c 5.809(1) Å, for the formula (Sc0.904Y0.032HREE0.016Zr0.048)(P0.952Si0.048)O4. The Raman spectrum is presented. Detrital zircon shows phosphate-rich metamict zones containing HREE and Sc (up to 3.2 wt.% Sc2O3). Analytical and crystallographic data suggest a complete solid-solution between zircon and pretulite. Xenotime-(Y), also epitactic on zircon, shows distinct stages of crystallization, with a decrease in Y together with an enrichment in the lighter REE and Sc (up to 0.7 wt.% Sc2O3). The scandium minerals at Saint-Aubin reflect the evolution of the iron ore, from sedimentation to diagenesis and metamorphism, followed by multistage hydrothermal leaching and recrystallization. Despite the high concentration of Fe in the environment, this quite unique occurrence of Sc minerals illustrates the high capacity of the phosphate ion to extract scandium and precipitate it as a specific phase, at relatively low-temperature conditions.
Keywords: scandium, phosphate, pretulite, zircon,

- by Eric Gloaguen and +1
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- Variscan belt, Iron ores
- by A Venkatesh
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- Geology, Minerals, Value addition processing of low grade iron ores, Iron ores

To support this pre-feasibility study, the client required assistance to estimate the maintenance and operating cost for the operation of the central processing facility and power generation plant.

- by Prabir Datta
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- Iron ores
- by Peuce Journal
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- Geology, Black Sea region, Lower Danube, Dobrudja