Masonry structures Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This book deals with earthquake-resistant structures, such as, buildings, bridges and liquid storage tanks. It contains twenty chapters covering several interesting research topics written by researchers and experts in the field of earthquake engineering. The book covers seismic-resistance design of masonry and reinforced concrete structures to be constructed as well as safety assessment, strengthening and rehabilitation of existing structures against earthquake loads. It also includes three chapters on electromagnetic sensing techniques for health assessment of structures, post earthquake assessment of steel buildings in fire environment and response of underground pipes to blast loads. The book provides the state-of-the-art on recent progress in earthquake-resistant structures. It should be useful to graduate students, researchers and practicing structural engineers.

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- Steel Structures, Bridges, Seismic resistant design of structures, Concrete structures

The seismic risk mitigation from the perspective of the old buildings stock is truly essential in Algerian urban areas, particularly those located in seismic prone regions, such as Annaba city, and which the old buildings present high levels of degradation associated with no seismic strengthening and/or rehabilitation concerns. In this sense, the present paper approaches the issue of the seismic vulnerability assessment of old masonry building stocks through the adaptation of a simplified methodology developed for a European context area similar to that of Annaba city, Algeria. Therefore, this method is used for the first level of seismic vulnerability assessment of the masonry buildings stock of the old city center of Annaba. This methodology is based on a vulnerability index that is suitable for the evaluation of damage and for the creation of large-scale loss scenarios. Over 380 buildings were evaluated in accordance with the referred methodology and the results obtained were then integrated into a Geographical Information System (GIS) tool. Such results can be used by the Annaba city council for supporting management decisions, based on a global view of the site under analysis, which led to more accurate and faster decisions for the risk mitigation strategies and rehabilitation plans.

The paper presents an overview of the results of diagnostic and monitoring activities carried out in the last years through satellite radar interferometry (2011-2016) and in situ measurements (2017-2019) in the historical city of Gubbio, Italy. The study is aimed at contributing to understanding the potential of remote sensing technologies in measuring complex deformation phenomena in historic buildings, such as those caused by soil-structural interaction and earthquakes, considering the monumental Consoli Palace and the Town Walls as case studies. The research activities have been carried out within the European HERACLES project, funded in the framework of Horizon (2020) and aimed at proposing novel diagnostic monitoring solutions for enhancing heritage resilience against various types of hazards. Particular attention is focused on the cross-correlation of the outputs of satellite radar interferometry and in-situ structural monitoring data aimed at achieving engineering meaningful results supporting decision making and proactive interventions.

Unreinforced masonry is the construction system of most of historic structures and a considerable percentage of existing residential buildings in Egypt. One of the important disadvantages of unreinforced masonry construction is its low resistance to tensile stresses and lateral loads, so there is frequently need for appropriate strengthening for such structures. Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been successfully applied as externally bonded reinforcement for strengthening of reinforced concrete and masonry structural elements as well. Their excellent strength-to-weight ratio and easy installation make them an attractive alternative for traditional strengthening methods. This paper presents experimental investigation of strengthening masonry walls and vaults using FRP composites, as well as other traditional methods such as steel reinforcement bars, ferro-cement layers and polymer mortar layers. The experimental program is explained and the maximum capacity and failure ...

There have been numerous publications on unreinforced masonry construction in the literature; however, there is a lack of publications on the condition assessment of existing unreinforced masonry façades for disturbances due to nearby subway construction. To fill this gap, this paper presents a study in which a 5-story historical building with unreinforced masonry façade experiences inward and outward deformations perpendicular to the plane of wall due to nearby subway construction. The performance of the unreinforced masonry façade is examined under wind load combinations. For this, a finite-element (FE) model is built in ANSYS software to conduct a stress analysis of the brick façade. The results revealed that the tensile stresses exceeded the tensile stress limit at several locations; therefore, a structural remediation is required. A structural retrofit is proposed to tie the façade wall to the floor diaphragms with steel anchor rods at specific stories. Another FE model is built to represent the remedies proposed for stabilizing the façade wall. The results show that all stresses are within the limits, indicating that the structural solution for the remediation is appropriate. As a result of this study, the proposed remediation was implemented at the building, and the structure has been in good structural condition without any complaints, even after the subway construction was completed and the subway line was in operation.

Masonry structures have been preferred for centuries in most of the countries across the world because they are easy to build and economical due to the use of local materials in their construction. As a result of high usage volume, masonry structures that created the architectural section of history and culture constitute an important part of the current building stock despite the developing and diversified construction techniques nowadays. The protection of these structures, which are important both in terms of their cultural values and their transfer to future generations, is of great importance in the architectural point of view. For this purpose, a masonry structure from Foca is selected. The material properties and architectural plan of the structure are determined in accordance with the original one. The structure is modelled by using a software program under seismic effects. Displacement and stress values for each acceleration record are obtained. Besides, an evaluation is made in the direction of the analysis results and it is determined according to the seismic performance of the structure. After that, the structure is retrofitted according to the current design codes and without distorting the architectural perspective. This study aims to increase the structural strength of the case building by using conventional and modern techniques for the recovery of the structure.

- by Ertuğrul Türker Uzun and +1
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- Retrofitting and Strengthening of Structures, Time-history analysis, Masonry structures

Grout injection is a widely used technique for consolidation of multi-leaves masonries, aimed at increasing the compactness and to create links between the internal and external leaves that will improve shear, flexural and compressive resistances. Grouts can be seen as mixtures of binder with water, admixtures and/or additives, which should present low viscosity and high penetrability. The definition of a grout composition should involve the knowledge of the injection capacity within a specific type of masonry and good physical and chemical compatibility with the original materials present in the historic structures.

- by Fernando Jorne
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- Rheology, Porous Media, Masonry, Grouting

This research is focused on one of the most ancient domes of large rise and span built in opus caementicium: the dome of the temple of Diana in Baiae. The main purpose of this paper is to prove that the geometric meridian profile adopted by the Romans for the dome is different from the polycentric profile proposed by Rakob in 1988, which presents some inconsistencies as regards the position of the centres of the upper arcs and the presumed presence of a cusp at the top, not visible at the extrados. To the aim of the research thesis, a recent architectonical survey has been performed and a methodology based on a multi-disciplinary approach has been adopted by critically examining significant aspects related to both the geometry and structural behaviour of the dome: the appropriate choice of the meridian geometric profile, related to historical context, suggestions received from Sassanid constructive traditions and geometric knowledge at the time the dome was built; the Romans’ intuitive and experimentally based understanding of the influence that geometry could have on the mechanical behaviour of a given dome’s profile; and, finally, the adoption of a very small thickness allowed by the opus caementicium constructive techniques, so that the dome can be considered as a first unaware anticipation of the modern membrane theory for thin domes. Results of the architectonic surveys performed up to now, by Rakob in 1988 and recently in 2017, are discussed. Then, after a theoretical investigation on possible profiles of the upper calotte, either circular or parabolic, a statistical regression is undertaken in order to compare theoretical and experimental data of both the surveys. Important considerations on the actual dome springing, and the demonstrated absence of any cuspidal shape at the dome’s key, confirm the Authors’ thesis: the meridian profile is well described by a parabola — the best approximation of a catenary —, which immerses itself in the tambour and continues to be fully contained in it as far as the dome springing. Moreover, mechanical analyses on the structural efficiency of both the polycentric profile proposed by Rakob and the parabolic one thus identified are performed. The analysis confirms that the dome could have been built without the aid of global centring, by demonstrating that the Romans were experimentally aware of the dome’s mechanical behaviour in relation to the various construction phases and the consequent solutions adopted. Finally, the stability of both the overall and partially collapsed structure is examined.

- by Danila Aita and +1
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- Structural Analysis, Building Techniques, Ancient building techniques, Opus Caementicium

The paper describes an ongoing research project granted by the University of Naples Federico II (2017-2020) concerning masonry domes considered as visual poles in the historic urban landscape and as a constructively vulnerable built heritage. Studies focus on Renaissance domes in Campania region (Naples included) and combine established strategies with innovative ones for the knowledge of visible/invisible parts. Verticals and curved structures are investigated with a unitary approach, together with the pre-reinforcements placed during the construction phases or for later strengthening. These topics deal with issues crucial for the domes' study: firstly, the overlapping of inner and outer surfaces that hide structural elements and do not enable their comprehension. In addition, we must consider the recurring difficult inspection or inaccessibility due to the big dimensions and heights from the ground. All these factors, together with the fact that decorated surfaces are a limit for the traditional diagnosis, require new investigation strategiesremote and by non-destructive methodsso as to document the invisible both for emerging and for underground parts. A model for knowledge characterized by the interlacement of 'humanistic' interpretation and bottom-up/bottom-down surveys is discussed. The understanding of what is invisible to direct inspection is considered a stimulating frontier for proposing innovative dissemination tools for the comprehension of cultural heritage, able to reach new communicative horizons related to the construction of complex forms of architecture. The transposition of the research outcomes into digital "accessible" data aims at having impacts for sharing a broader cultural awareness of the built heritage historical constructive significance.

In this paper, we revisit the limit equilibrium analysis of masonry arches. Firstly, the major contributions during the last three centuries associated with geometric and energy formulations are discussed, and subsequently, the paper explains that the problem of determining the minimum thickness of a masonry arch capable to support its own weight has multiple solutions. The infinite many neighboring solutions for the minimum thickness of a masonry arch result from the infinite many possible directions of rupturing that an arch with finite thickness may develop when becoming a mechanism. Given this infinite number of physically admissible rupturing directions, the energy approach expressed with the principle of stationary potential energy emerges as the most powerful tool to analyze masonry arches at their limit equilibrium state. The paper concludes that vertical rupturing is the most critical rupturing direction since it results to the largest value of the minimum thickness that an elliptical arch needs to support its own weight. For the common case where there is an intrados layer of voussoirs with physical joints perpendicular to the intrados, the initial rupture has to first follow the physical joint; therefore, the broken rupture pattern reported by Lamé and Clapeyron in 1823 corresponds to the larger value of the minimum allowable thickness.

- by Nikos Upatras and +3
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- Structural Engineering, Masonry Structures Historic, Masonry structures, Limit Analysis

Recent worldwide concerns on environmental issues have led to a trend to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Previous studies indicate that building sector is responsible for almost one third of global carbon emissions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to decrease these emissions not only in use phase, but also by substituting typical construction materials with novel green alternatives. Quite recently, considerable attention has been paid to composites as construction materials. This paper proposes a sandwichstructured composite as building material. The proposed structure is evaluated in terms of environmental impact in comparison with a typical masonry structure through a life cycle assessment. The two structures have being studied based on a one-storey house. Eco-indicator 99 H/A impact assessment method was applied to transform the environmental impacts in three damage categories at human health, ecosystem quality and resources. The results show that the environmental impact of the proposed structure is reduced by 57 % when in compared with a typical masonry structure.

- by Vítor Leal and +1
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- Industrial Ecology, Composite Materials and Structures, Sustainable Building Design, Life Cycle Assessment

A mortar-less construction system is explored that has several advantages over standard masonry construction in earthquake resistance and total building cost. Unlike standard masonry walls which are solid, the interlocking mortar-less masonry blocks allow slight movement and lock tighter over time, aided by an innovative application of steel reinforcement. This construction technique is also better at dissipating the energy of a seismic wave than traditional masonry. This system can also be used in conjunction with poured concrete for improved performance.

Load-bearing masonry walls surrounded by small cast in place tie-columns and bond beams are one of the most common systems used these days. The present research program involves the testing of three full-scale specimens. In these tests, investigation has been carried out on these walls using cyclic loadings. Experimental works have shown that the major parts of lateral loads are resisted by masonry walls with diagonal cracks in the masonry walls as the most dominant crack pattern. Shear failures due to the existence of short columns in the upper parts of the tie-columns has also been observed. To idealize the walls numerically, an eccentric equivalent strut and two-dimensional finite element linear static models have been used. The numerical results obtained by these models have shown good agreement with the experimental ones in the elastic range.

- by Tariq Mahdi
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- Seismic analysis and design, Masonry structures

La albañilería armada ha demostrado ser idónea como sistema sismorresistente para estructuras de baja y mediana altura, aunque su aplicación no se restringe a estos límites. De hecho existen varios ejemplos de edificaciones de más de 15 pisos, ubicados en zonas sísmicas. Esta tipología estructural presenta varias ventajas frente a otros materiales usados en la construcción, por lo que puede ser un componente importante en la solución habitacional urbana y en
particular en la vivienda social.
Esta tesis trata sobre el sistema estructural en base a muros de corte de albañilería armada, y tiene por objeto realizar un estudio crítico de las metodologías de cálculo que hoy se emplean en el país y en el extranjero, evaluando la precisión de la predicción de la resistencia al corte y el nivel de seguridad que estas muestran.
Se comparan datos experimentales de resistencia al corte de muros de albañilería armada de 22 fuentes diferentes (un total de 259 especímenes) frente a las predicciones de formulaciones
disponibles en la literatura: 9 provenientes de normativas y 6 de investigaciones. Se concluye que las fórmulas más precisas son las propuestas de Matsumura (1987) y Tomazevic (1999).
A partir de la base de datos construida, la presente investigación propone dos alternativas de predicción empleando redes neuronales artificiales. Los resultados obtenidos mediante estas
propuestas presentan buena correlación frente a los datos experimentales.
Se realizó una evaluación preliminar de la norma nacional NCh1928.of1993mod2003, respecto del nivel de seguridad asociado a la predicción de la resistencia al corte. Se demuestra que no es aplicable a albañilería que no cumple con los requerimientos mínimos espaciamiento o armadura indicados en la misma norma. Finalmente se propone una actualización de la normativa nacional basada en la presente investigación y los códigos de diseño canadiense (CSA
S304.1 - 2004) y mexicano (IMNC, 2010).

- by Victor Aguilar
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- Structural Engineering, Masonry Buildings, Masonry structures

Adobe construction is the oldest building form on earth; it has been supporting the human evolution for more than 5000 years. Adobe has the advantage of cheap resources and the wide availability regardless of location. It is the most... more

- by Mostafa Alyousif
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- Masonry Buildings, Mixing, Presentation, Masonry

Objekti se izvode kao jedinstveni i unikatni, a njihov životni vijek može biti i više od stotinu godina. Objekti uključuju korištenje velikog broja materijala, a njihov dizajn je složen proces koji uključuje mnogo učesnika koji vrlo često... more

- by Causevic Amir and +1
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- Masonry Buildings, Masonry, Masonry structures

During the recent years by climate changes, Perspolis and Pasargad are suffering hard conditions of weathering damages and also lack of proper preservation. The crystallization of soluble salts is the most aggressive physical and chemical process. As a contribution to monument preservation, the aim of this paper is to provide a mathematical simulation by finite elements method (F.E.M) to find out effects of weathering damages and predict the responses of different methods of conservations, for different problems such as: 1) weathering, 2) differential settlement, 3) erthquake. Numerical simulation of problems and the intelligent solutions (details) related to historical building are our outcome. ABAQUS and ANSYS software and Druger-Prager constitutive equation model are the tools which are used in the paper. First results on the computational assessment compare with visual damages of structures in both site shows reasonable verifications.

A full-scale two-story unreinforced masonry URM building was tested in a quasistatic fashion to investigate the nonlinear properties of existing URM structures and to assess the efficiency of several common retrofit techniques. This paper presents the main experimental findings associated with the nonlinear properties of the original URM structure. The test structure exhibited large initial stiffness and its damage was characterized by large, discrete cracks that developed in masonry walls. Significant global behavior such as global rocking of an entire wall, and local responses such as rocking and sliding of each individual pier were observed in the masonry walls with different configurations. In addition, formation of flanges in perpendicular walls and overturning moments had significant effects on the behavior of the test structure. A comparison between the experimental observations and the predictions of FEMA 356 provisions shows that major improvements are needed for this latter methodology.

In order to achieve greater stability and structural efficiency, engineers use
nature as an inspiration for their design. Considering the level of sustainability
in biological systems, they analyze their structural behavior, browse for
compatible analogies with technical systems, abstract the observed physical
and mechanical principles, and implement these principles into the final
product. This process defines the bionic design approach. The term “bionics”
refers to the scientific discipline that addresses the transfer of properties from
biology to technology. This thesis aims to study the theoretical fundamentals
of this concept, explain its methodologies, and demonstrate its applicability in
architecture. Through the assessment of bionically built shell structures, the
different steps of the design process are illustrated, and the elements of each
analogy are evaluated on both biological and technological ends. The chosen
examples in this thesis incorporate concrete, masonry, steel, and timber
structures. Multidisciplinary literature is reviewed to deliver a thorough
explanation for each design project. Based on this research, the structural
benefits that characterize certain biological systems can be transferred into
architectural design, and improve the load bearing capacity of shell structures
in particular, using the bionic approach.

- by Ismail Hmidet
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- Civil Engineering, Design, Structural Engineering, Biomimetics

A B S T R A C T Lateral in-plane response plays crucial role in seismic behavior of masonry structures. The aim of this article is to experimentally investigate the effects of vertical stresses and flanges (transverse walls) on the lateral in-plane response of the unreinforced brick masonry (URBM) walls. The experimental work included lateral in-plane quasi-static cyclic tests on full-scale walls (both with & without flanges). The vertical stresses resulting from typical single and two story unreinforced masonry buildings were simulated on full scale URBM walls. Flanges were introduced at both ends of the in-plane wall in single direction. In essence, the lateral in-plane stiffness & strength, deformability and energy dissipation of the two classes of walls are compared and the differences are quantified to help understand the effects of flanges on the in-plane response of masonry walls. The resulting damage mechanism and failure modes for each case are critically analyzed. The experimental results indicate that both vertical stresses and flanges incorporation significantly improved seismic response of URBM walls. In addition, the participation of flanges is critical in both vertical stress conditions.

- by Hizb Ullah Sajid and +1
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- Brick Masonry, Masonry structures, Unreinforced Masonry Building
- by Olga Mykhailova
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- Masonry structures

This article reports on the existence of bolstered stone blocks in the Islamic architecture of Spain and Morocco. It especially describes the findings of the Almohad period at Seville (Giralda tower) and Rabat (Al-Hassan minaret). This paper considers that this type of ashlars was more common than previously published. Selected examples date to the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and even to the fourteenth century in Christian Spain, mainly under the Castilian king Pedro I.

Knjiga ,,OBNOVA I ZAŠTITA ARHITEKTONSKOG KOMLPEKSA GRADČAČKE UTVRDE,, je nastala na temelju egzaktno provedenih istraživanja te teorijskih i praktičnih razmatranja o pristupu obnovi kompleksa gradačačke utvrde, provedenih u razdoblju 2014-2019 godine. Studiju monumentalnog kompleksa gradačačke utvrde oblikuju svi aspekti i specifičnosti problematike obnove i zaštite historijskih zidanih struktura, uključujući multidisciplinarnost. Nakon prikaza kompleksa Utvrde obrađeni su i karakteristični objekti sa svojim specifičnostima.
Iako je predmet provedenog istraživanja u najvećem dijelu obima publikacije posvećen konkretnim problemima interveniranja na zidanim strukturama staroga grada u Gradačcu, knjigu upotpunjavaju i poglavlja o općim tehničkim i konzervatorskim aspektima primjenjivim u široj praksi. Na samom početku referentni (i komparativni) prostor je cjelina BiH.
Opći konzervatorski i konstrukterski postulati potom su primijenjeni na različite aspekte oštećenja zidanih konstrukcija i mogućnostima interveniranja na njima, pri čemu se sistematično analiziraju svi dijelovi utvrde (kule, zidni perimetar bedema, rezidencijalni dio i dr.) i predlažu mogući zahvati.
Historijske zidane strukture odlikuju osebujna obilježja koja karakteriziraju njihovo složeno strukturno ponašanje. Razumijevanje ponašanja objekata graditeljskog naslijeđa doprinosi pravilnoj procjeni prijedloga za intervencije na njihovoj strukturi. Stoga je vrlo korisno razumjeti mehanizme koji su spomenicima, koji su sačuvani, omogućili da izbjegnu strukturni kolaps i uništavanje tokom njihovog vijeka trajanja, gdje se načini gradnje utvrda, primjena materijala i historijskih tehnika mogu provjeriti na mnogo većem broju spomeničkih sklopova sa sličnim degradacijskim procesima te izvedenim sanacijskim postupcima
Također, kako su navedeni historijski objekti bili izloženi velikom broju destruktivnih aktivnosti tokom svog dugog životnog vijeka, oni koji su preživjeli uspješno su prošli prirodnu probu koja je često trajala više stoljeća. Kroz analizu nastalih oštećenja tokom vremena i uzroke koji dovode do degradacije kulturnog naslijeđa i oštećenja sa ne rijetkim rušenjima, analizama i preporukama za njihov tretman i očuvanje za nove generacije i budućnost, kao i prijedloge i sugestije za odgovarajuće intervencije na objektima poštujući osnovne karakteristike objekata i njihovih konstrukcija i primjene odgovarajućih metoda i materijala u procesu sanacije, konzervacije, restauracije i seizmičkog ojačanja.
Tokom posljednjih desetljeća predložene su i korištene različite metode za ojačanja zidanih konstrukcija u cilju poboljšanja seizmičkih svojstava tih građevina. Neke od uobičajenih metoda ojačanja zidanih konstrukcija su različite površinske obrade, FRP sloj , neke podrazumijevaju injektiranje maltera i epoksi materijala ili aplikaciju ojačanja sa različitim armaturama, kao i dodatno utezanje u nekim slučajevima.
Odluka o načinu interveniranja na objektu slijedi provedenu proceduru: na terenu uz detaljne analize postojećeg stanja, pristup postojećoj tehničkoj dokumentaciji, provjera za integraciju predviđenih zahvata i ojačanje postojeće konstrukcije s građevinskim obrisima, ali i konstruktivno

- by Causevic Amir and +1
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- Seismic Retrofitting of Historical Masonry Buildings, Masonry Buildings, Fortresses, Masonry Structures Historic

A 2D finite element analysis for the numerical prediction of capacity curve of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls is conducted. The studied model is based on the fiber finite element approach. The emphasis of this paper will be on the errors obtained from fiber finite element analysis of URM structures under pushover analysis. The masonry material is modeled by different constitutive stress-strain model in compression and tension. OpenSees software is employed to analysis the URM walls. Comparison of numerical predictions with experimental data, it is shown that the fiber model employed in OpenSees cannot properly predict the behavior of URM walls with balance between accuracy and low computational efforts. Additionally, the finite element analyses results show appropriate predictions of some experimental data when the real tensile strength of masonry material is changed. Hence, from the viewpoint of this result, it is concluded that obtained results from fiber finite element analyses employed in OpenSees are unreliable because the exact behavior of masonry material is different from the adopted masonry material models used in modeling process.

- by Muhammad Abbassi
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- Pushover Analysis, Masonry structures, Finite Element Simulations

Tiraž: 100 CIP -Katalogizacija u publikaciji Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo 624.9.012 ČAUŠEVIĆ, Amir Rekonstrukcije zidanih objekata visokogradnje [Elektronski izvori] / Amir Čaušević, Nerman Rustempašić. -Elektronski tekstualni podaci. -Sarajevo : Arhitektonski fakultet, 2014. -1 elektronski optički disk (CD ROM) : tekst, slike ; 12 cm Elektronsko izd. -Nasl. s naslovnog ekrana. ISBN 978-9958-691-33-1 1. Rustempašić, Nerman COBISS.BH-ID 21501958 Odlukom Senata Univerziteta u Sarajevu broj 01-38-2794/14 od jula 2014. godine ova knjiga je proglašena univerzitetskim udžbenikom Univerziteta u Sarajevu.

- by Causevic Amir and +1
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- Masonry Buildings, Science for Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Masonry, Masonry structures
- by Marcel H Rodrigues
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- Philosophy Of Religion, Jungian psychology, Symbolism, Symbology

Casi todas las ordenes ocultistas y esotéricas, sean o no masónicas, usan las abreviaturas, por lo que este pequeño diccionario nos puede ser de una utilidad inmensa dentro de nuestra deambular por la Senda de la Eterna Iniciación.

- by Christian Unic
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- Masonry structures

The author and his students have built several counter-intuitive and in some cases unprecedented masonry domes. Forms include the anticlastic or bell-shaped pseudomes and antidomes that descend from their foundation ring to form a basin. An ambidome, which rises in the normal manner but descends to a pendant oculus, is shown in Figure 1. The domes are all unreinforced and un-mortared masonry, and un-bound except by a tensile foundation ring. The completely flat floordomes achieve span-to-depth ratios of 1:24 or greater. Some are made of voussoirs that taper upward rather than down. Yet all the structures are built of loose blocks held in place by gravity alone. Our experiments to date are small in scale, but no matter how unbelievable they appear in cross section, physical demonstration of their inherent stability is incontrovertible. None of the domes are understandable as arches rotated about a vertical axis, but seen as vertical stacks of fully circular horizontal arches they begin to make sense. This conceptualization emphasizes the hoop compression that pre-stresses and stabilizes extant shallow domes, and reminds us of the horizontal and vertical shear forces that act throughout all " compression-only " domes and arches. Some of the forms look more useful than others, but all of them have didactic value. They show that our funicular conception of arches and domes is incomplete, and suggest ways of expanding it. Whether unreinforced masonry is being considered for social or environmental sustainability or to avoid rust-driven construction failures, any improvements to masonry theory will be of value. INTRODUCTION Modern construction is characterized by the tensile capacity and the cheapness of steel, whether in the form of structural sections, fastenings and connectors, tie rods and cables, or brick ties and reinforcing bars. Un-reinforced masonry can feel like a pre-industrial relic, and the study of compressive spans and shells either a historical pursuit or a computer-generated novelty. But there are two compelling reasons to understand and exploit pure masonry construction. In the

The majority of historical and heritage structures around the world consist of unreinforced masonry
walls. A masonry structure is composed of masonry units, such as brick or marble blocks, with or without
a joint filling material, such as mortar. A masonry with a joint material is usually made of two different
materials (i.e. masonry units and mortar), representing a non-homogeneous and anisotropic structural
component. In other words, masonry is a discontinuous structural component whose deformations and
failure mechanism are governed by its blocky behavior. Some ancient masonry structures, such as ancient
columns and colonnades, are constructed without any form of joint material between the individual
blocks. Therefore, the isotropic elastic continuum-based models are not suitable for the simulation of
the real nonlinear behavior of masonry walls under applied load.

- by Dr. Vasilis Sarhosis and +3
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- Masonry Structures Historic, Masonry structures

Nosiva konstrukcija objekta treba da bude sigurna, upotrebljiva i trajna za predviđeno vrijeme. Potrebno je također da se u toku trajanja objekta, odnosno njegovog korištenja, obavlja redovno tekuće održavanje te eventualne opravke. Međutim, usljed nepredviđenih djelovanja kao i neizbježnih vremenskih utjecaja, na objektu se i pored tekućeg održav anja javljaju oštećenja koja mogu izazvati značajne probleme, pa je potrebno određenim tehnološkim postupcima i intervencijama produžiti vijek trajanja objekta. I pored propisane zakonske procedure periodične kontrole stanja konstruktivnih sklopova i elemenata konstrukcije, u praksi se takve procedure rijetko poštuju.

- by Causevic Amir and +1
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- Masonry structures
- by Kristijan Laudanovic
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- Masonry structures

"The paper aims to investigating the aspects of a sustainable mixed construction, the so-called alla beneventana. This type of construction was coinceived as an anti-seismic part of architecture and it takes its name from the city of Benevento where it was used for the first time.
The masonry 'alla beneventana' consists of a wooden frame with infill masonry or wood species, and can be distinguished from other types of so-called 'baraccate' masonries for the finishing mortar that covers both the frame buffers. Through examples identified in the Sannio territory, the paper focuses on the sustainable features of this building technique from multiple points of view (economic, social and ecological)."

Inițierea masonică este un proces despre care, în termeni descriptivi, s-ar cuveni să enumera în măcar câteva borne obligatorii: „naș”, „strigări”, „ancheta” fraților, cabinetul de reflecție, intrarea în templu, ceremonialul propriu-zis și tot ceea ce el presupune, de la felul în care neofitul se înfățișază legat la ochi, până la călătoriile simbolice.
Dar, tot atunci când vorbim despre inițiere, vorbim și despre pragul pe care ucenicul îl trece în clipa în care obține „sporul de salariu” la gradul de calfă sau despre ceremonialul inițierii la gradul de maestru. Ca să nu mai vorbim despre ceea ce, generic, numic „gradele înalte”. Ce înseamnă gradele de perfecțiune (de la 4 la 14), cele capitulare (15-18), filosofice (19-30) și administrative (31-33), ultimele fiind propriu-zis „gradele înalte”.
Dincolo însă de acest ceremonial și de ceea ce noi știm, se află aproape trei secole de așezări simbolice, de adăugiri mai mult sau mai puțin eterogene, de o multitudine de nuanțări, variante, rituri, preluări și adecvări ritualice. Astfel că a aborda „inițierea masonică” este aproape la fel de greu ca și tentativa de a descrie fenomenul polimorf al „inițierii” într-o lume așezată la fruntariile dintre un scepticism religios și o fervoare spiritualistă mai mult sau mai puțin paracreștină.
Iată de ce am ales să abordez inițierea masonică nu dintr-o perspectivă descriptivă, ci dintr-un unghi ce privilegiază ceea ce s-ar putea numi imemorialitatea ei ereditară.

- by Marcel Tolcea
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- Cultural History, Istorie, Masonry structures

En 1509, Íñigo López de Mendoza, II conde de Tendilla, explicaba que la inclusión del cimborrio en la Capilla Real de Granada era una cosa que da[ba] mucha vista y ahermosea[ba] en gran manera la Capilla y [hacía] el edificio real y magnifico. Para esas fechas tempranas del siglo XVI, el cimborrio se había convertido en un elemento dignificador de la arquitectura religiosa. Al alarde técnico que suponía su construcción, se unía su doble funcionalidad en el templo, ya que permitía aumentar la iluminación interior de los edificios –se trataba, en última instancia, de una figura de luces, tal y como lo definirá Simón García años más tarde–, que servía, a su vez, para subrayar el eje central del espacio religioso allí donde se cruzaban los brazos de la cruz. Estas razones prácticas y simbólicas favorecieron la construcción de este tipo de estructuras en toda la Europa cristiana a lo largo de la Edad Media y parte de la Moderna. El fenómeno también puede observarse en la Península Ibérica, donde comienza muy pronto, y se prolonga hasta fechas muy avanzadas. Trataremos de seguirlo a través de los ejemplos –y de los diseños– conservados.
Íñigo Lopez of Mendoza, the Second count of Tendilla, explained in1509 that the inclusion of the cimborrio in the Royal Chapel of Granada was a thing that gives many sight and embellishes in great way the Chapel and this inclusion transformed the building in to royal and magnificent. At the seearly dates of the 16th century, the cimborio had become a dignifying element of the religious architecture. The advantages were undoubted. First, the technical ostentation that supposed its construction. In addition, it had a double functionality in the temple, since it was allowing to increase the interior lighting and serves to underline the central axis of the religious space where the two parts of the cross were crossing. These practical and symbolic reasons favored the construction of this type of structures throughout the whole Christian Europe during the Middle Ages and part of the Modern one. The phenomenon can also be observed in the Iberian Peninsula; there it begins very early, and continues until very advanced dates. We’ll try to follow it through the examples –and of the designs– preserved.

- by Javier Ibáñez Fernández and +1
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- Design, Art, Architecture, Cultural Heritage

A B S T R A C T: Structural frames, constructed either of steel or reinforced concrete (RC), are often infilled with masonry panels. However, during the analysis of the structural frames, it has become common practice to disregard the existence of infills because of the complexity in modeling. This omission should not be allowed because the two contributions (of infills and of frames) complement each other in providing a so different structural system. The use of different modeling assumptions significantly affects the capacity as well as the inelastic demand and safety assessment. In specific, the adoption of equivalent diagonal pin-jointed struts leaves open the problem of the evaluation of the additional shear on columns and consequently of the choice of a proper eccentricity for the diagonal struts. In this context, this paper presents the results of a real case study. The seismic performance of the RC structure of a school is evaluated by using concentric equivalent struts for modeling infills and the level of the additional shear on the columns is fixed as a rate of the axial force on them in agreement to a strong correlation obtained after a numerical experimentation. Hence, the applicability of the correlation mentioned before is shown and the form in which the results can be provided is presented. The characteristics of the new approach, first time applied to a real case, are highlighted by a comparison between the performance obtainable with different modeling detail levels of the infills. Through the paper, it is proved that the simplified evaluation of the additional shear demand produced by infills just for the base columns is sufficient to warn that a simplified model disregarding infills or based on the use of concentric struts for the infills may considerably overestimate the structural capacity. Further, by the study of a real case, the paper provides an overview of the models developed by the authors to obtain the capacity of reinforced concrete framed structure for the practical applications.

- by Dr. Vasilis Sarhosis
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- Masonry, Masonry structures

This paper offers a consideration about the importance of travel literature for art history and art criticism, not only for better contextualizing the works of art, but also for deepening the changes of taste in specific periods and contexts, especially meaningful for the development and the historical conscience of art. For this reason, we decide to analyze the critical opinions of some Neapolitan and Roman works of art by two important travelers of Age of Enlightenment, the abbot Jérôme Richard and the Marquis de Sade, unfairly unknown by the Italian artistic historiography. They were both good art connoisseurs: we can find very interesting annotations about their trips, especially about the Sansevero Chapel sculptures and the transformations of the European esthetic conception of that time. On the one hand Richard reveals in his opinions a classicist taste, coming from the reading of Cochin’s texts; on the other hand Sade approaches the Italian works of art with a fully neoclassical vision, based on the conception of an art as harmonic but essential compendium of nature and intellect.

- by Rosanna Cioffi
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- Iconography, Art History, Masonry Buildings, 18th Century

In the last two decades advanced composites (Fiber Reinforced Polymers) or FRP materials have gained worldwide acceptance for structural strengthening. Because of their attractive advantages, FRP materials are very appealing to be used
for retrofitting heritage structures. The causes of degradation of historical structures include environmental degradation, displacements such are those from foundation movement
,overloading caused mainly by seismic actions.
Historical structures are usually lacking the design for lateral loads which makes them in need of retrofitting. Some
of the salient features of composite materials include very high tensile strength to weight ratio. The light weight of
FRP helps in maintaining the seismic properties of the structure. This review paper highlights the most important
items that must be considered when rehabilitating historical structures. In this paper some selected FRP strengthened
heritage structures are presented located in different places around the world in Egypt, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Peru and USA. Each case presents a unique intervention philosophy and different utilization of FRP materials in restoration work.
Structural safety considering preservation guidelines to keep the historical value of the structure. Some of the key aspects concerning this effective structural strengthening method,
are preserving the aesthetic of the structure through minimum invasiveness and reverseability, material compatibility and long term performance
and optimal material selection. Although multiple field applications for strengthening heritage masonry structures with FRP currently exist, there is still an urgent need for extensive systematic investigations of rehabilitation of heritage structures and for establishing standardized guidelines and techniques for maintenance and rehabilitation of cultural heritage.

- by Ahmed Ali and +1
- •
- Cultural Heritage, Rehabilitation, Composite Materials and Structures, Heritage Conservation

Masonry arch bridges constitute a significant proportion of European road and rail infrastructures. Most of them are well over 100 years old and are supporting traffic loads many times above those originally envisaged. The inherent variation in their constituent materials, the traditional design criteria and methods used for their construction, their deterioration over time caused by weathering processes and the development of other defects, significantly influence the mechanical response of these historic structures. A deep understanding on the numerous factors that affect the structural behaviour of masonry arch bridges and on the analysis methods to assess the life expectancy of such bridges and inform maintenance and strengthening strategies is essential. This paper provides a critical review of the experimental studies that have been carried out and of the assessment approaches that have been developed in the last three decades to these aims. The current knowledge is established and areas of possible future research work are identified, with the aim of providing students and researchers, asset managers and bridge owners, and practitioners with a guidance for research activities and maintenance strategies

Constructions ageing is a relevant problem in developed country like Italy. In particular, in case of existing masonry buildings, retro tting interventions aimed at improving structural and thermal performances represents an obvious need. At the same time, sustainability awareness of buildings life-cycle has grown in the last years. Consequently, the whole life-cycle of constructions should be analyzed and assessed during the design of retro tting interventions. In order to take into account these aspects new design and planning methods are necessary. This paper presents an integrated approach to evaluate structural and thermal retro tting strategies for masonry walls. Economic and ecological costs of each examined retro tting solution are compared, taking into account thermal and seismic capacity demand of the construction site. Given the economic cost, a set of retro tting solutions for masonry panels have been mapped with a couple of parameters (structural strength Vs thermal insulation). An analogous mapping, considering the ecological cost due to equivalent CO2 production, have been performed. A methodology to nd the best solution among a set of retro tting solutions is presented, depending on the location of the building and its seismic and thermal characteristics. Examples, based on six retro tting techniques located in four di erent sites in Italy, are analyzed to explain the e ectiveness and the feasibility of the proposed method. The comparison between ecological and economical cost allowed to highlight the characteristics of the di erent interventions. Thermal performance proved to be more important in cold weather conditions while structural retro tting is preferable in high seismic risk areas.

Located in central Anatolia, Cappadocia pre- sents a spectacular landscape created by char- acteristic geology and architectural patterns. Throughout the region an indigenous settle- ment pattern has been generated by using rock carving and masonry techniques. This article aims to identify and characterize the building system specific to this region and to analyze it through a systematic study. For this analysis more than twenty representative examples of traditional houses from Ürgüp and the nearby villages of Mustafapaşa and İbrahimpaşa have been studied in detail. System sections and details of the buildings were drawn, and inter- views were conducted with local masons who are still working in the field. Therefore, every building part is evaluated in terms of material, technique, and relationship to each other.

- by Funda Solmaz Şakar
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- Vernacular Architecture, Building Techniques, Masonry, Traditional house

Traditionally, the history of architecture in Europe has been divided into styles, with common characteristics applicable to different places. But even within the same style, architecture has sought different objectives and consequently has developed different languages. This is the case of Gothic architecture in south-east Europe, where a distinctive Gothic architectural language was developed in order to achieve different goals.
While in central Europe vaults became geometrically more and more complex, efforts in the Mediterranean area concentrated on constructing
large and sober spaces, leaving the sophisticated interlacing of ribs and mouldings to details (the tas-de-charge, the base of columns etc.). In this region, it appears that the challenge for builders was to construct very large structures with wide vaults. In fact the widest nave in a Gothic cathedral was built in Girona, with a span of 23 and a height of 35 m; the largest nave (19 m span, 44 m height) is that of Palma
de Mallorca; and the largest Gothic vault covers the Sala dei Baroni in Napoli, with a span of 26 m. These dimensions compare well with the great Roman thermae. This similarity, together with the austere decoration, led the Spanish architectural historian Torres Balbas to comment: "If from the Levantine temples the decoration
and the ribs of the vaults are removed ( ... ) they would look like great Roman rooms".

- by Santiago Huerta and +1
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- History of Construction, Gothic architecture, Masonry structures

The objective of the paper is the compilation, review and dissemination of updated scientific knowledge on lime theory and technology in the field of heritage conservation.The strong evidence of the last decade's research on the positive effect of the -not demonstrable by a chemical equation – 'key' missing link of the maturation process is highlighted. It is demonstrated that the exceptional performance characteristics of durable lime based mortars predominately rely on the capacity for rapid, efficient and extensive carbona-tion of the air-hardening phase of limes, in particular when matured (nanoparticle wet slaked) lime putties are used; and on the chemical and mechanical stability of the strength components (principally CSHs) of the hydraulic phase of limes, which is higher in their more crystalline forms of historical lime-pozzolan mixtures than in their amorphous forms of modern cements. Hence, physicochemical adhesion and cohesion bonds both at the lime matrix and at the binder/aggregate interfaces are ensured imparting minimization of cracks and durability to lime based mortars and historic masonries.The comprehensive documentation of the former leads to optimal materials and procedures to preserve our cultural heritage.
Resumo O objectivo do presente artigo é a compilação, revisão e disseminação do actual conhecimento científico sobre teoria e tecnologia da cal no campo da conservação do património. Com base na investigação da última década, são destacados os fortes indícios do efeito positivo – não demonstrável por equação química – do elo perdido 'chave', o processo de maturação. É demonstrado que as excepcionais características de desempenho das argamassas à base de cal mais duráveis dependem predominantemente das suas capacidades para uma rápida, eficiente e extensa carbonatação da fase de presa aérea da cal, em particular quando é usada cal em pasta com maior tempo de maturação (extinção húmida ao nível das nanopartículas); e da estabilidade química e mecânica dos com-ponentes de resistência (principalmente silicatos de cálcio hidratados (CSHs)) da fase hidráulica da cal, que é mais elevada nas for-mas mais cristalinas das misturas históricas de cal e pozolana do que nas formas amorfas dos cimentos modernos. Deste modo são asseguradas as ligações fisico-químicas por adesão e por coesão, quer na matriz de cal, quer nas interfaces ligante/agregado, conferindo minimização de fissuras e durabilidade a argamassas à base de cal e alvenarias históricas. Uma abrangente documentação destes proces-sos permitirá a obtenção de materiais e procedimentos progressivamente mais adequados à preservação do nosso património cultural. Palavras-chave Maturação; Cal em pasta; Argamassa de cal; Componentes de resistência; Estabilidade estrutural.

Main Goal of this Conference is to promote environmental and sustainable performance measures for existing heritage buildings without adversely impacting their cultural heritage significance. The reuse of heritage buildings has environmental, social, and economic benefits - the three pillars of sustainable development.
Heritage conservation is protecting our history, past, present and future. It is the duty of every one of us. Heritage preservation can be considered as an investment in our community that rewards us today and leaves an invaluable resource for future generations. Cultural heritage professionals recognize the synergistic relationship between conservation and sustainability. However, the role of heritage conservation in achieving sustainability has not been well recognized, nor have heritage needs been well integrated into sustainability initiatives. This failure, in some instances, has led to conflict between heritage conservation efforts and environmental regulation.
The UN Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements and the Habitat Agenda of 1996 explored the ramifications of Rio for how we organize the global built environment. The 2003 ‘Global Plan of Action’ stated 2:
‘Conservation, rehabilitation and culturally sensitive adaptive reuse of urban, rural and architectural heritage are also in accordance with the sustainable use of natural and human made resources. Access to culture and the cultural dimension of development is of the utmost importance and all people should be able to benefit from such access.’
Local residents will be encouraged to participate in heritage conservation and sustainable tourism development through awareness raising and income generating activities. Training and support will be provided on heritage-related small business development and design of marketable products.
We have recognized that “globalization” engenders, but also understand the futility of resisting its wide spread effects. But architecture will always be “forming” a Place. Architecture is not only the skin in which we are living, it is always a reflection of a specific philosophy of space, movement, life, presence, and has a strong impact on the human spirit. Traditional architecture –our built heritage is deeply associated with nature; it strongly affects our spiritual condition, provides us with a sort of feeling of peace and relaxes. Misunderstanding of heritage has always led to destruction by fashionable trends or internationalist movements, because they are rejecting or marginalizing its own past.
This relation not only to exist but we must add the sense of the relation between memory, territory and the quality of a meaningful life which underlies the associative heritage work in considering the importance of place; we highlight the concepts of community resilience and risk management, key aspects of a response to change, while we deﬁne the word “sustainability”, the responsibility of us living people towards the heritage we received and towards the heritage we will leave to our successors, in order to play a pivotal role. All this leads us to a conclusion that there is a need for a new responsible architectural ethical design that will surpass the ego, the pretentious and abstract architectural concepts, but will result in a “dynamic process” through design and buildings life cycle.
The British guidance on the Historic Environment, PPG 15, states that:
‘The presence of the physical survivals of our past adds to the quality of our lives, by enhancing the familiar and cherished local scene and sustaining the sense of local distinctiveness which is so important an aspect of the character and appearance of our towns, villages and countryside.’
In addition, many of the large historic buildings are threatened by demolition due to their lack of modern amenities. Thus not only is the context threatened but also the existing historic structures. Many of the estates also had landscapes by well-known designers which are generally not documented and often in poor condition."
One important dimension of urban protection process is aimed at keeping (preserving) townscapes that people can relate to, where the signs and meanings are clear and the qualities of ambient are recognizable. Most of the conservationists agree that preserving the entire building with its co-relation between structure, interior and exterior is an appropriate course of action.
Every effort needs to adapt to the demands of safety and heritage protection in terms of materials and preservation of the original structure. Any intervention will result in specific changes, causing loss of buildings’ authenticity, which means that one must be very careful when deciding on and implementing an intrusive intervention method.
Each case should generate an answer on its own. Different case studies must provide us with knowledge to be used in all future interventions.

- by Causevic Amir and +1
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- Computer Science, Architecture, Construction Technology, Construction Management
- by Causevic Amir and +1
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- Seismic Retrofitting of Historical Masonry Buildings, Masonry, Masonry Structures Historic, Masonry structures

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- by Javier Ibáñez Fernández and +1
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- Art History, Art, Architecture, Architectural Geometry

To investigate the effectiveness of several seismic strengthening techniques, a full-scale unreinforced masonry URM structure was subjected to slowly applied lateral load reversals after the application of fiber reinforced plastic overlays, near surface mounted rods, and vertical posttensioning. Results showed that all techniques were effective for improving the seismic resistance of the previously tested URM building structure. Each system either increased the lateral in-plane strength and/or provided continuity of pier and spandrel elements over increased lateral displacements. In addition, the response of the test structure overall height to base ratio of approximately one showed that global issues such as flange effects, the effects of overturning moment, and global rocking can be substantial and must be considered.

- by Roberto Leon
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- Structural Earthquake Engineering, Masonry structures