Nanonetworks Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The Internet-of-things attracts the attention of many researchers in computer networks with the challenge of providing connectivity to a huge quantity of devices. This reality can be further complicated once again with the recent proposed Internet-of-bionano-things. Nanomachines, natural or synthetic, will be able to communicate to each other and to the Internet through the means of communication systems that are being developed at the nano-scale with the goal of cooperatively executing complex tasks. This technology requires a complete revision of the TCP/IP architecture to accommodate the requirements and demands of the nanonetworks. This chapter aims at introducing this research field to the computer network community, presenting the different types of communicating networks, an initial reformulation of the TCP/IP architecture, research challenges and the applications for the nanonetworks. This technology enables a revolution in the society and affects directly areas, such as medicine, agriculture, pollution and even industry.

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- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

In this paper, we present a class of programmable materials, whose electromagnetic properties can be controlled via software. These Software Defined Materials (SDMs) stem from merging metamaterials with nanonetworks. Metamaterials are artificial structures with properties that may not be found in nature. They have inspired groundbreaking applications to a range of research topics, such as electromagnetic invis-ibility of objects (cloaking), radiation absorption, exquisite filtering of light and sound, as well as efficient antennas for sensors and implantable communication devices. However, existing metamaterial structures are "rigid", i.e. they cannot be restructured once constructed. This limits their fabrication to a handful of well-equipped laboratories worldwide, slows down innovation, and, most importantly, restricts their applicability to static structures only. SDMs act as "plas-tic" (reconfigurable) metamaterials, whose properties can be changed programmatically via a computer interface. This control is achieved by a network of nanomachines, incorporated into the very structure of the metamaterial. The nanoma-chines receive directives from a user and perform simple but geometry-altering actions on the metamaterial structure, tuning its electromagnetic behavior. The present paper introduces SDMs, defining the concept and highlighting its promising future aspects. Presently realizable implementation approaches are given, alongside specifications of a suitable nano-networking model, its unique challenges and promising resolutions paths.

- by Sotiris Ioannidis and +1
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- Nanonetworks
- by Weisi Guo
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- Nanotechnology, Emerging Technologies, Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

Devices in a beacon-enabled network use slotted CSMA/CA to contend for channel usage. Each node in the network competes for the channels when ready to transmit data. The slotted CSMA/CA mechanism based on the super-frame structure fairly provides communication chance for each node and makes a reasonable usage of the available energy in beacon-enabled Zigbee networks. When wireless nano-sensor nodes are implanted into the target human body area for detecting disease symptoms or virus existence, each node also requires a similar characteristic in channel sharing and in the transmission of event-driven data with a short length. In this paper, we suggest a wireless network model with nano-sensor nodes for the in-body application. We propose a novel MAC protocol derived from an existing Zigbee MAC protocol scheme and analyze the performance of energy usage with variable super-frame durations and packet sizes.

We report electrical and optoelectrical properties of a cross-junction of two semiconducting nanowires. Semiconducting nanowires and their junction play an important role in nanonetwork device. By mechanically manipulating the nanowires, cross-junction nanodevices are fabricated on SiO2/Si substrate using VO2 and ZnO nanowires. These junctions are formed across prepatterned two-probe Au electrodes and contacted through Pt metal deposition. The cross-junction devices were studied using global and focused laser beam irradiation with a wavelength of 532 nm at sweeping bias and fixed external bias. Furthermore multi-junction in nanonetwork between VO2 and ZnO nanowires device is demonstrated as a viable photodetector for potential application.

- by Fadik Kilicli and +1
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- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication, Nanoscience
- by Abed Abuali
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- Nanonetworks

With the recent advancements in nanotechnologies, Body Area Nanonetworks (BANNETs) are expected to be a promising solution for many critical biomedical applications. Due to the extremely small size of nano-machines, serious energy limitation becomes a challenging roadblock stunting the development of BANNETs. As an initial step towards this end, this paper focuses on the design of an energy-efficient data collection scheme in BANNETs. First, a sleep/wake-up mechanism is introduced to avoid the unnecessary energy consumption when no external request comes. Then, with a careful consideration of both node available energy and transmission energy consumption, we design a new node selection strategy to further reduce the energy consumption in the data collection process. Finally, we conduct extensive simulations for both the proposed data collection scheme and the benchmark greedy scheme to illustrate the energy efficiency of our scheme as well as to discuss the impacts of network parameters on network performance..

یکی از مهم‌ترین مباحث جدید در توسعه شبکه‌های حسگر بی‌سیم، مسئله طراحی معماری، تجهیزات و پروتوکل‌های مخابراتی برای شبکه‌هایی با مقیاس بسیار کوچک و با هدف استفاده در سناریوهای مختلف نظامی، صنعتی و پزشکی است. در این راستا، محققین میان‌رشته‌ای متعددی، در سراسر دنیا، به طراحی و توسعه گستره جدیدی از علم مخابرات، به نام شبکه‌های نانویی مشغول هستند. شبکه‌های نانویی با ایجاد ارتباط متقابل میان نانوماشین‌ها و فراهم کردن ابزاری برای هماهنگی و اشتراک اطلاعات میان آن‌ها، انجام کارهای پیچیده را در مقیاس‌های مولکولی میسر می‌سازند و بشر را قادر می‌سازند که از طریق فرستنده-گیرنده‌های مولکولی، اطلاعات را در قالب سیگنال‌های زیستی بسیار ریز و با مصرف توان و زیست‌سازگاری بیشتر از شبکه‌های کلاسیک و با نرخ بیتی مناسب ارسال و دریافت کند و می‌تواند جایگزین مناسبی برای روش‌های کلاسیک مخابرات مانند استفاده از امواج الکترومغناطیسی، صوتی یا نوری باشد.
با توجه به فاصله‌فرستنده و گیرنده در شبکه‌های نانویی، آن‌ها را به سه دسته نزدیک‌برد (نانومتر تا میکرومتر)، بردمتوسط (میکرومتر تا میلی‌متر) و دوربرد (میلی‌متر تا متر)، تقسیم می‌کنیم.
روش‌های نزدیک‌برد، مانند سیگنالینگ یونی و استفاده از موتورها و ریل‌های مولکولی، ارتباط نانوماشین‌ها را در فاصله‌های کوچکتر از میکرومتر فراهم می‌کنند و نقطه ضعف اصلی آن‌ها در هنگامی مشخص می‌شود که با افزایش فاصله بین فرستنده و گیرنده تا حد چند میکرومتر، فرآیند انتقال اطلاعات بسیار کندتر می‌شود. در روش‌های برد متوسط مانند باکتری‌های تاژک‌دار و نانوموتورهای کاتالیستی، می‌توان تبادل اطلاعات را با سرعت بیشتری و در فاصله‌های بیشتر از میکرومتر انجام داد. روش‌های دوربرد ارائه‌شده در این گزارش عبارتند از: فرمون‌ها، گرده‌ها و هاگ‌ها، ورارسانی نوری، اکسون‌ها و شبکه مویرگی، که محتمل‌ترین آن‌ها، ورارسانی نوری است که در آن سیگنال‌های مولکولی به امواج نوری تبدیل می‌شوند.
در این پژوهش، سعی بر این است که ضمن معرفی مفصل شبکه‌های نانویی و انواع آن‌ها، بررسی معماری جامعی متشکل از شبکه‌های دوربرد و نزدیک‌برد مولکولی و بحث در مورد مزایا و معایب هر یک از روش‌های بیان‌شده، چالش‌های پیش‌روی این فن‌آوری نوین را مورد بررسی قرار داده و بعضی از زمینه‌های تحقیقات بیشتر برای کارهای آتی را بیان کنیم.

- by Aso Shojaie
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- Mathematics, Computer Science, Informatics, Nanoelectronics

Currently, Communication via Diffusion (CvD) is one of the most prominent systems
in nanonetworks. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of two major interference
sources, Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and Co-channel Interference (CCI) in the CvD
system using different modulation techniques. In the analysis of this paper, we use
two modulation techniques, namely Concentration Shift Keying (CSK) and Molecule Shift
Keying (MoSK) that we proposed in our previous paper. These techniques are suitable for
the unique properties of messenger molecule concentration waves in nanonetworks. Using
a two transmitting couple simulation environment, the channel capacity performances
of the CvD system utilizing these modulation techniques are evaluated in terms of
communication range, distance between interfering sources, physical size of devices, and
average transmission power.

- by Birkan YILMAZ and +2
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- Computer Engineering, Computer Networks, Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

Diffusion-based molecular communication is a promising bio-inspired paradigm to implement nanonetworks, i.e., the interconnection of nanomachines. The peculiarities of the physical channel in diffusion-based molecular communication require the development of novel models, architectures and protocols for this new scenario, which need to be validated by simulation. With this purpose, we present N3Sim, a simulation framework for diffusion-based molecular communication. N3Sim allows to simulate scenarios where transmitters encode the information by releasing molecules into the medium, thus varying their local concentration. N3Sim models the movement of these molecules according to Brownian dynamics, and it also takes into account their inertia and the interactions among them. Receivers decode the information by sensing the particle concentration in their neighborhood. The benefits of N3Sim are multiple: the validation of channel models for molecular communication and the evaluation of novel modulation schemes are just a few examples.

- by Ignacio Llatser
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- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

The wireless nanosensor network paradigm has seen a dramatic increase over the last decade. The envisioned concept uses the integrated machines (devices) at the nano-scale level. Those devices interact on a cooperative basis by means of principles known in wireless communication networks. Today, the design of the protocol stack for wireless nanosensor networks represents the crucial issue to be addressed. Currently available tools only support molecular-based approaches without the ability to account for the relevant impact that electromagnetic communications may have in this field. To cover this white spot, in this paper, the theoretical comparison of available simulation tools is given. Further, we focus on the Nano-Sim tool and create the scenario for wireless sensor networks (WNSN) based on electromagnetic communication in terahertz band.

- by Fadik Kilicli
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- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

Nanonetworking is an emerging field of research at the intersection of nanotechnology and communication networks. Molecular Communication (MC) is a bio-inspired paradigm, where nanonetworks, i.e., the interconnection of nanodevices, are implemented based on the exchange of molecules. Within this paradigm, one of the most promising techniques is diffusion-based MC, which relies on free diffusion to transport the molecules from a transmitter to a receiver. In this work, we explore the main characteristics of diffusion-based MC through the use of N3Sim, a physical simulation framework for MC which allows the simulation of the physics underlying the diffusion of molecules in different scenarios. Through the results obtained with N3Sim, the Linear Time Invariant (LTI) property is proven to be a valid assumption for the normal diffusion-based MC scenario. Moreover, diffusion-based noise is observed and evaluated with reference to existing stochastic models. Furthermore, the optimal pulse shape for diffusion-based MC is found to be a narrow spike. Finally, four different pulse-based coding techniques are compared in terms of the available bandwidth, ISI and energy consumption for communication; On–Off Keying is found to be the most suitable scheme in the evaluated scenario.

- by Ignacio Llatser
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- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

Nanonetworking is a new research field in which nanotechnology
and communication engineering disciplines are employed
to explore the possible communication mechanisms
at nanoscale. Inspired by living organisms, molecular communication
is one of the alternatives that can be used for
communication between nanomachines. The research activities
on molecular communication depend on simulations to
verify and analyze the performance of proposed models. Due
to the different channel characteristics, current simulation
tools can not be used as is for nanonetworking. Simulation
at nanoscale requires modeling of new communication
paradigm, hence either existing tools need to be extended,
or new tools need to be developed. Since molecular communication
involves the modeling of large number of nanoscale
objects, scalability of the simulation tool is another
important concern. In this paper, we introduce dMCS, a
distributed molecular communication simulator design. The
proposed architecture is based on High Level Architecture
(HLA), which is standardized under IEEE 1516. The results
show that using the proposed architecture, it is possible to
exploit different scalability options to shorten the execution
time significantly. This enables modeling large and complex
system simulations.

- by Tuna Tugcu
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- Computer Engineering, Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication
- by Ignacio Llatser
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- Graphene, Nanonetworks, Graphene-enabled wireless communications

Özet—Son zamanların önemli araştırma konularından biri olan nano ağlar, birçok araştırmacı tarafından çalışılmaktadır. Bu ağlardaki iletişimi sağlamak adına önerilen çeşitli yöntemler arasında difüzyon ile haberleşme (DiH), harici bir enerji kaynağı ya da altyapı mekanizmasına ihtiyaç duymaması nedeniyle öne çıkan yaklaşımlar arasındadır. Ancak bilgi taşınmasında faydalanılan moleküllerin rastlantısal hareketlerinin sonucunda DiH'nin en ciddi problemlerinden biri olan Semboller Arası Girişim (SAG) meydana gelebilmektedir. Bu sorunun üstesinden gelebilmek adına, çoğunlukla nano ağlar literatürünün görmezden geldiği moleküler bozunma olgusu mercek altına alınmıştır. Bu bildiride, bozunmaya uğrayan taşıyıcı moleküllerin kullanıldığı DiH sistemlerinde veri hızının değişimi incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, yarılanma ömrünün belirli bir değer aralığında seçilmesinin elde edilebilen en yüksek veri hızı değerlerini yukarı çektiğini göstermektedir.

- by Fadik Kilicli and +1
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- Data Analysis, Nanotechnology, Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

In this paper, we present a multi-source nanonetwork model for biomedical diagnosis applications, based on the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance by different shape gold nanoparticles (i.e., cylinder, cube, and rod). We present the process of multi-source emission, diffusion, and reception of nanoparticles, based on the ligand/receptor binding. Then, a multi-detection process of DNA alterations is accomplished when
nanoparticles are captured at the receiver. The colloidal particles are selectively functionalized with speciﬁc splice junctions of gene sequences to reveal simultaneously different alteration that could be associated to an early disease condition. Particularly, fullwave simulations have been carried out for the multi-detection of alternative splice junctions of breast cancer susceptibility gene 1.
The proposed application is veriﬁed through numerical results, expressed in terms of Extinction–Cross Section, in the case of synchronous and asynchronous nanoparticles detection. We show that the proposed approach is able to detect DNA alterations, based on a selective nanoparticle reception process.

- by Anna Maria Vegni
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- Nanotechnology, Nanonetworks, Nanoscience

Nanonetworks are the interconnection of nanomachines and as such expand the limited capabilities of a single nanomachine. Several techniques have been proposed so far to interconnect nanomachines. For short distances (nm-mm ranges), researchers are proposing to use molecular motors and calcium signaling. For long distances (mm-m), pheromones are envisioned to transport information. In this work we propose a new mechanism for medium-range communications (nm-μm): flagellated bacteria. This technique is based on the transport of DNA-encoded information between emitters and receivers by means of a bacterium. We present a physical channel characterization and a simulator that, based on the previous characterization, simulates the transmission of a DNA packet between two nanomachines.

- by Ignacio Llatser
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- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

Molecular communication is a promising paradigm to implement nanonetworks, the interconnection of nanomachines. Catalytic nanomotors constitute one of the techniques that have been proposed for medium-range molecular communications. This paper presents a physical channel characterization that shows how nanomachines communicate using catalytic nanomotors as information carriers. Quantitative results of the packet transmission delay and loss probability are then obtained through simulation. Finally, some trade-offs that will arise when designing these networks are outlined.

- by Ignacio Llatser
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- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication
- by Suraiya Tairin Pakhi
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- Nanonetworks, Nanonetwork Communications
- by Massimiliano Pierobon
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- Engineering, Technology, Energy Consumption, Nanonetworks

In the ongoing effort to build micro- and
nanoscale machines, one of the key approaches
is the bio-hybrid approach, which focuses on the
use of biological constructs and engineered cells.
As a natural extension of this concept to
nanoscale communication, molecular communication
is an umbrella term encompassing various
communication systems that are built based on
biological intra- and intercellular communication
methods, most of which use molecules and
molecular concentration as the information carrier.
Compared to other proposed molecular
communication systems such as diffusion-based
communication and microtubular networks, calcium
signaling is expected to provide a faster
and more controllable system that is suitable for
information dissemination and group behavior in
nanoscale sensor networks. In this article, we
give a general overview of calcium signaling, a
novel communication paradigm that uses intercellular
calcium waves in biology as a baseline,
explain its capabilities, limitations, and some
possible deployment scenarios. We also describe
various open issues of this novel communication
system and elaborate on some research directions
for calcium signaling.

- by Tuna Tugcu and +1
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- IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), Wireless networks, Nanonetworks
- by Ignacio Llatser
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- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication