Molecular Communication Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Glioblastoma Multiform (GBM) is known as one of the most malignant tumours in the brain, and challenges remain in developing effective therapeutic solutions. This paper addresses an open-loop control molecular communication system using an adaptive algorithm that controls engineered induced Neural Stem Cells (iNSCs) to release therapeutic exosomes for treating GBM. The adaptive algorithm is based on the Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey model, and virtually monitors the tumour growth from an external Brain-Machine Interface to control the release of the exosomes for the treatment. We developed the model to incorporate the control from an external RF signal that controls the production of exosomes as well as the diffusion propagation of exosomes through a 3D simulated Extracellular Space tissue. Based on numerical analysis coupled with simulations, we found that factors such as stochastic propagation of exosomes influence the aggressiveness of the model to tackle the tumour. This work can lay the foundation for future adaptive Brain-Machine Interface that controls molecular communication system for GBM treatment.

- by and +1
- •
- Adaptive Control, Molecular Communication, Cancer Theranostics
- by Bilge Özerman Edis and +1
- •
- Engineering, Technology, Computer Engineering, Radio Channel Modelling

Wireless sensor network (WSN) has proliferated rapidly as a cost-effective solution for data aggregation and measurements under challenging environments. Sensors in WSNs are cheap, powerful, and consume limited energy. The energy consumption is considered to be the dominant concern because it has a direct and significant influence on the application's lifetime. Recently, the availability of small and inexpensive components such as microphones has promoted the development of wireless acoustic sensor networks (WASNs). Examples of WASN applications are hearing aids, acoustic monitoring, and ambient intelligence. Monitoring animals, especially those that are becoming endangered, can assist with biology researchers' preservation efforts. In this work, we first focus on exploring the existing methods used to monitor the animal by recognizing their sounds. Then we propose a new energy-efficient approach for identifying animal sounds based on the frequency features extracted from acoustic sensed data. This approach represents a suitable solution that can be implemented and used in various applications. However, the proposed system considers the balance between application efficiency and the sensor's energy capabilities. The energy savings will be achieved through processing the recognition tasks in each sensor, and the recognition results will be sent to the base station.

The Internet-of-things attracts the attention of many researchers in computer networks with the challenge of providing connectivity to a huge quantity of devices. This reality can be further complicated once again with the recent proposed Internet-of-bionano-things. Nanomachines, natural or synthetic, will be able to communicate to each other and to the Internet through the means of communication systems that are being developed at the nano-scale with the goal of cooperatively executing complex tasks. This technology requires a complete revision of the TCP/IP architecture to accommodate the requirements and demands of the nanonetworks. This chapter aims at introducing this research field to the computer network community, presenting the different types of communicating networks, an initial reformulation of the TCP/IP architecture, research challenges and the applications for the nanonetworks. This technology enables a revolution in the society and affects directly areas, such as medicine, agriculture, pollution and even industry.

- by Michael Barros
- •
- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

Molecular communication (MC) aims to develop
a promising bio-inspired communication paradigm for nanotechnology,
in which molecules are used to encode, transmit,
and receive information. One of the main challenges in MC
is the intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by the nature of
the diffusion channel. The most popular solution to reduce the
effects of ISI in MC is to keep the symbol duration as long
as possible and reduce the number of molecules that can be
received in subsequent symbol durations. On the other hand, a
long symbol duration leads to a very low data rate, even for very
short distances. Furthermore, due to the size of the nano-scale
machines, production of energy becomes an essential problem.
In this paper, an ISI mitigation technique for diffusion-based
molecular communication channels, titled Molecular Transition
Shift Keying (MTSK) is proposed in order to increase the
data rate via suppressing the negative impact of the ISI on
communication quality. MTSK employs multiple molecule types
and the energy efficient extended version of MTSK with power
adjustment (MTSK-PA) makes use of the residual molecules in
the channel to reduce the ISI that would otherwise contribute to
the ISI. It is shown via computer simulations that both MTSK
and MTSK-PA outperforms the standard modulation techniques
proposed in the literature.

- by Weisi Guo
- •
- Nanotechnology, Emerging Technologies, Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

Abstract The scale limitations of conventional silicon based electromagnetic systems and the potential benefits of nanoscale devices, have spurred significant interest in studying nano-scale computation, electronics and communication. Nanonetworks, the interconnection of nanomachines, provide the means for cooperation and information sharing among tiny nanomachines, allowing them to fulfill more complex tasks. The ability to create communication networks of biological nanoscale devices has the potential to open up ...

- by Aso Shojaie
- •
- Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, Health Care, Electronics

—With much advancement in the field of nanotechnol-ogy, bioengineering, and synthetic biology over the past decade, microscales and nanoscales devices are becoming a reality. Yet the problem of engineering a reliable communication system between tiny devices is still an open problem. At the same time, despite the prevalence of radio communication, there are still areas where traditional electromagnetic waves find it difficult or expensive to reach. Points of interest in industry, cities, and medical applications often lie in embedded and entrenched areas, accessible only by ventricles at scales too small for conventional radio waves and microwaves, or they are located in such a way that directional high frequency systems are ineffective. Inspired by nature, one solution to these problems is molecular communication (MC), where chemical signals are used to transfer information. Although biologists have studied MC for decades, it has only been researched for roughly 10 year from a communication engineering lens. Significant number of papers have been published to date, but owing to the need for interdisciplinary work, much of the results are preliminary. In this survey, the recent advancements in the field of MC engineering are highlighted. First, the biological, chemical, and physical processes used by an MC system are discussed. This includes different components of the MC transmitter and receiver, as well as the propagation and transport mechanisms. Then, a comprehensive survey of some of the recent works on MC through a communication engineering lens is provided. The survey ends with a technology readiness analysis of MC and future research directions.

- by Birkan YILMAZ
- •
- Molecular Communication

Devices in a beacon-enabled network use slotted CSMA/CA to contend for channel usage. Each node in the network competes for the channels when ready to transmit data. The slotted CSMA/CA mechanism based on the super-frame structure fairly provides communication chance for each node and makes a reasonable usage of the available energy in beacon-enabled Zigbee networks. When wireless nano-sensor nodes are implanted into the target human body area for detecting disease symptoms or virus existence, each node also requires a similar characteristic in channel sharing and in the transmission of event-driven data with a short length. In this paper, we suggest a wireless network model with nano-sensor nodes for the in-body application. We propose a novel MAC protocol derived from an existing Zigbee MAC protocol scheme and analyze the performance of energy usage with variable super-frame durations and packet sizes.

- by Fadik Kilicli and +1
- •
- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication, Nanoscience
- by Adil Mardinoglu and +2
- •
- Engineering, Neuroscience, Technology, Genetic Algorithm

We propose cognitive spectrum sharing with generalized
selection combining (GSC) at the secondary user (SU)
in the presence of multiple primary transceivers with outdated
channel information. Our main motivation is to determine the
impact of GSC and outdated channel information on the outage
probabiliy of cognitive spectrum sharing subject to two practical
power constraints: 1) maximum transmit power at the SU
transmitter, and 2) peak interference temperature at the PU
receiver. We derive new closed-form expressions for the exact
and asymptotic outage probability in Rayleigh fading. Our
expressions provide concise representations of the diversity order
and the array gain. We confirm that the diversity order of
GSC is entirely dependent on the secondary network and is
equal to the available number of receive antennas at the SU.
This result is consistent with those of maximal-ratio combining
(MRC) and selection combining (SC) in cognitive spectrum
sharing. More importantly, our results show that the outage
probability decreases with increasing the correlation coefficient
of the outdated channel.

- by Yansha Deng
- •
- Molecular Communication

Within the domain of molecular communications,
researchers mimic the techniques in nature to come up with alternative
communication methods for collaborating nanomachines.
This letter investigates the channel transfer function for molecular
communications via diffusion. In nature, information-carrying
molecules are generally absorbed by the target node via receptors.
Using the concentration function, without considering the
absorption process, as the channel transfer function implicitly
assumes that the receiver node does not affect the system. In this
letter, we propose a solid analytical formulation and analyze the
signal metrics (attenuation and propagation delay) for molecular
communication via diffusion channel with an absorbing receiver
in a 3-D environment. The proposed model and the formulation
match well with the simulations without any normalization.

With the recent advancements in nanotechnologies, Body Area Nanonetworks (BANNETs) are expected to be a promising solution for many critical biomedical applications. Due to the extremely small size of nano-machines, serious energy limitation becomes a challenging roadblock stunting the development of BANNETs. As an initial step towards this end, this paper focuses on the design of an energy-efficient data collection scheme in BANNETs. First, a sleep/wake-up mechanism is introduced to avoid the unnecessary energy consumption when no external request comes. Then, with a careful consideration of both node available energy and transmission energy consumption, we design a new node selection strategy to further reduce the energy consumption in the data collection process. Finally, we conduct extensive simulations for both the proposed data collection scheme and the benchmark greedy scheme to illustrate the energy efficiency of our scheme as well as to discuss the impacts of network parameters on network performance..

In this paper, we consider a tabletop molecular
communication (MC) system for exchange of information through
flow assisted diffusion of chemical molecules like ethanol, etc.
Designing modulation and demodulation algorithms for such
setup is an important research problem. We propose a demodulation
algorithm using Sampling based Adaptive Threshold
Variation (S-ATV) for PPM and ON/OFF keying based modulation
techniques. The performance of BER with bit duration is
plotted for proposed demodulation algorithm as well as Increase
detection algorithm (IDA). It is found that the proposed S-ATV
demodulation algorithm has better performance than IDA for
smaller bit durations.

یکی از مهم‌ترین مباحث جدید در توسعه شبکه‌های حسگر بی‌سیم، مسئله طراحی معماری، تجهیزات و پروتوکل‌های مخابراتی برای شبکه‌هایی با مقیاس بسیار کوچک و با هدف استفاده در سناریوهای مختلف نظامی، صنعتی و پزشکی است. در این راستا، محققین میان‌رشته‌ای متعددی، در سراسر دنیا، به طراحی و توسعه گستره جدیدی از علم مخابرات، به نام شبکه‌های نانویی مشغول هستند. شبکه‌های نانویی با ایجاد ارتباط متقابل میان نانوماشین‌ها و فراهم کردن ابزاری برای هماهنگی و اشتراک اطلاعات میان آن‌ها، انجام کارهای پیچیده را در مقیاس‌های مولکولی میسر می‌سازند و بشر را قادر می‌سازند که از طریق فرستنده-گیرنده‌های مولکولی، اطلاعات را در قالب سیگنال‌های زیستی بسیار ریز و با مصرف توان و زیست‌سازگاری بیشتر از شبکه‌های کلاسیک و با نرخ بیتی مناسب ارسال و دریافت کند و می‌تواند جایگزین مناسبی برای روش‌های کلاسیک مخابرات مانند استفاده از امواج الکترومغناطیسی، صوتی یا نوری باشد.
با توجه به فاصله‌فرستنده و گیرنده در شبکه‌های نانویی، آن‌ها را به سه دسته نزدیک‌برد (نانومتر تا میکرومتر)، بردمتوسط (میکرومتر تا میلی‌متر) و دوربرد (میلی‌متر تا متر)، تقسیم می‌کنیم.
روش‌های نزدیک‌برد، مانند سیگنالینگ یونی و استفاده از موتورها و ریل‌های مولکولی، ارتباط نانوماشین‌ها را در فاصله‌های کوچکتر از میکرومتر فراهم می‌کنند و نقطه ضعف اصلی آن‌ها در هنگامی مشخص می‌شود که با افزایش فاصله بین فرستنده و گیرنده تا حد چند میکرومتر، فرآیند انتقال اطلاعات بسیار کندتر می‌شود. در روش‌های برد متوسط مانند باکتری‌های تاژک‌دار و نانوموتورهای کاتالیستی، می‌توان تبادل اطلاعات را با سرعت بیشتری و در فاصله‌های بیشتر از میکرومتر انجام داد. روش‌های دوربرد ارائه‌شده در این گزارش عبارتند از: فرمون‌ها، گرده‌ها و هاگ‌ها، ورارسانی نوری، اکسون‌ها و شبکه مویرگی، که محتمل‌ترین آن‌ها، ورارسانی نوری است که در آن سیگنال‌های مولکولی به امواج نوری تبدیل می‌شوند.
در این پژوهش، سعی بر این است که ضمن معرفی مفصل شبکه‌های نانویی و انواع آن‌ها، بررسی معماری جامعی متشکل از شبکه‌های دوربرد و نزدیک‌برد مولکولی و بحث در مورد مزایا و معایب هر یک از روش‌های بیان‌شده، چالش‌های پیش‌روی این فن‌آوری نوین را مورد بررسی قرار داده و بعضی از زمینه‌های تحقیقات بیشتر برای کارهای آتی را بیان کنیم.

- by Aso Shojaie
- •
- Mathematics, Computer Science, Informatics, Nanoelectronics

Molecular communication (MC) system is an emerging technology for nanoscale networks.
Therefore, there is a requirement to develop a newend-to-endMCmodel, which may deliver newperceptions
into the aspect of these nanoscale networks. This paper aims to implement the MC framework as an endto-
end deep reinforcement learning (DRL) auto encoder (AE). The technique enables training of the MC
system without any information about the actual channel (medium) model. For training the receiver and
transmitter, the proposed techniques are supervised learning and DRL, respectively. The results show that
the performance of the DRL autoencoder (AE) based system achieves nearly the same performance as the
traditional modulation and demodulation methods in term of bit-error-rate (BER) under the Gaussian noise
channel but with less complexity. The proposed technique can also be joint with the other coding methods
to improve their performance.

- by AR JUNEJO
- •
- Molecular Communication, Deep Reinforcement Learning

Currently, Communication via Diffusion (CvD) is one of the most prominent systems
in nanonetworks. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of two major interference
sources, Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and Co-channel Interference (CCI) in the CvD
system using different modulation techniques. In the analysis of this paper, we use
two modulation techniques, namely Concentration Shift Keying (CSK) and Molecule Shift
Keying (MoSK) that we proposed in our previous paper. These techniques are suitable for
the unique properties of messenger molecule concentration waves in nanonetworks. Using
a two transmitting couple simulation environment, the channel capacity performances
of the CvD system utilizing these modulation techniques are evaluated in terms of
communication range, distance between interfering sources, physical size of devices, and
average transmission power.

- by Birkan YILMAZ and +2
- •
- Computer Engineering, Computer Networks, Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

Diffusion-based molecular communication is a promising bio-inspired paradigm to implement nanonetworks, i.e., the interconnection of nanomachines. The peculiarities of the physical channel in diffusion-based molecular communication require the development of novel models, architectures and protocols for this new scenario, which need to be validated by simulation. With this purpose, we present N3Sim, a simulation framework for diffusion-based molecular communication. N3Sim allows to simulate scenarios where transmitters encode the information by releasing molecules into the medium, thus varying their local concentration. N3Sim models the movement of these molecules according to Brownian dynamics, and it also takes into account their inertia and the interactions among them. Receivers decode the information by sensing the particle concentration in their neighborhood. The benefits of N3Sim are multiple: the validation of channel models for molecular communication and the evaluation of novel modulation schemes are just a few examples.

- by Ignacio Llatser
- •
- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

- by Fadik Kilicli
- •
- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

Nanonetworking is an emerging field of research at the intersection of nanotechnology and communication networks. Molecular Communication (MC) is a bio-inspired paradigm, where nanonetworks, i.e., the interconnection of nanodevices, are implemented based on the exchange of molecules. Within this paradigm, one of the most promising techniques is diffusion-based MC, which relies on free diffusion to transport the molecules from a transmitter to a receiver. In this work, we explore the main characteristics of diffusion-based MC through the use of N3Sim, a physical simulation framework for MC which allows the simulation of the physics underlying the diffusion of molecules in different scenarios. Through the results obtained with N3Sim, the Linear Time Invariant (LTI) property is proven to be a valid assumption for the normal diffusion-based MC scenario. Moreover, diffusion-based noise is observed and evaluated with reference to existing stochastic models. Furthermore, the optimal pulse shape for diffusion-based MC is found to be a narrow spike. Finally, four different pulse-based coding techniques are compared in terms of the available bandwidth, ISI and energy consumption for communication; On–Off Keying is found to be the most suitable scheme in the evaluated scenario.

- by Ignacio Llatser
- •
- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

Nanomedicina visa revolucionar os métodos paradiagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção de doenças usando conceitosdas áreas de bio-tecnologia e nanotecnologia. Nanodispositivos serão capazes de realizar essas atividades a partir de informações na escala molecular. Tarefas complexas podem também ser efetuadas se esses nanodispositivos forem capazes de interagirentre si e com as células ao redor utilizando comunicações moleculares. Dentro do corpo humano, existe uma pluralidade de comunicações moleculares. O desafio atual consiste em modelar e controlar tais sistemas de comunicações. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão dos sistemas de comunicação moleculares que operam no corpo humano. Esse conhecimento é necessario para o desenvolvimento de uma infraestrutura de comunicações ponto-a-ponto, um cenário conhecido como Internet of Bio-Nano Things(IoBNT).

- by Daniel Martins and +2
- •
- Molecular Communication
- by Prachee Raut
- •
- Molecular Communication, Nano Networks, Channel Capacity, Diffusion channel

Nanonetworking is a new research field in which nanotechnology
and communication engineering disciplines are employed
to explore the possible communication mechanisms
at nanoscale. Inspired by living organisms, molecular communication
is one of the alternatives that can be used for
communication between nanomachines. The research activities
on molecular communication depend on simulations to
verify and analyze the performance of proposed models. Due
to the different channel characteristics, current simulation
tools can not be used as is for nanonetworking. Simulation
at nanoscale requires modeling of new communication
paradigm, hence either existing tools need to be extended,
or new tools need to be developed. Since molecular communication
involves the modeling of large number of nanoscale
objects, scalability of the simulation tool is another
important concern. In this paper, we introduce dMCS, a
distributed molecular communication simulator design. The
proposed architecture is based on High Level Architecture
(HLA), which is standardized under IEEE 1516. The results
show that using the proposed architecture, it is possible to
exploit different scalability options to shorten the execution
time significantly. This enables modeling large and complex
system simulations.

- by Tuna Tugcu
- •
- Computer Engineering, Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication
- by Birkan YILMAZ
- •
- Computer Engineering, Computer Networks, Calcium, Molecular Biophysics

In recent years, bacterial infections have become a major public health concern due to their ability to cooperate between single and multiple species resisting to various forms of treatments (e.g., antibiotics). One form of protection is through biofilms, where the bacteria produce a protective medium known as the Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS). Researchers are pursuing new multidisciplinary approaches to treating and kerb the evolving process of these infections through the biofilms, to lower the humans' antibiotic dependence that can result in the so-called " super-bugs ". Although various solutions have been proposed to break biofilms, they are based on applying drugs or using nanoparticles. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach, where bacteria will cooperate and surround the biofilms to consume the nutrients. By hijacking the nutrients in the environment and blocking the flow from reaching the biofilms, this will lead to starvation, forcing them to break their structure. Preliminary simulations show that a small action radius of quorum sensing molecules is needed to maximise bacteria attraction to a particular location and create the protective wall. Therefore, this formation is capable of speeds up biofilm dispersal process by two hours.

- by Daniel Martins and +1
- •
- Molecular Communication

Özet—Son zamanların önemli araştırma konularından biri olan nano ağlar, birçok araştırmacı tarafından çalışılmaktadır. Bu ağlardaki iletişimi sağlamak adına önerilen çeşitli yöntemler arasında difüzyon ile haberleşme (DiH), harici bir enerji kaynağı ya da altyapı mekanizmasına ihtiyaç duymaması nedeniyle öne çıkan yaklaşımlar arasındadır. Ancak bilgi taşınmasında faydalanılan moleküllerin rastlantısal hareketlerinin sonucunda DiH'nin en ciddi problemlerinden biri olan Semboller Arası Girişim (SAG) meydana gelebilmektedir. Bu sorunun üstesinden gelebilmek adına, çoğunlukla nano ağlar literatürünün görmezden geldiği moleküler bozunma olgusu mercek altına alınmıştır. Bu bildiride, bozunmaya uğrayan taşıyıcı moleküllerin kullanıldığı DiH sistemlerinde veri hızının değişimi incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, yarılanma ömrünün belirli bir değer aralığında seçilmesinin elde edilebilen en yüksek veri hızı değerlerini yukarı çektiğini göstermektedir.

- by Fadik Kilicli and +1
- •
- Data Analysis, Nanotechnology, Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication
- by Mauro Femminella
- •
- Molecular Communication, Congestion Avoidance

Nanonetworks are the interconnection of nanomachines and as such expand the limited capabilities of a single nanomachine. Several techniques have been proposed so far to interconnect nanomachines. For short distances (nm-mm ranges), researchers are proposing to use molecular motors and calcium signaling. For long distances (mm-m), pheromones are envisioned to transport information. In this work we propose a new mechanism for medium-range communications (nm-μm): flagellated bacteria. This technique is based on the transport of DNA-encoded information between emitters and receivers by means of a bacterium. We present a physical channel characterization and a simulator that, based on the previous characterization, simulates the transmission of a DNA packet between two nanomachines.

- by Ignacio Llatser
- •
- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

Molecular communication is a promising paradigm to implement nanonetworks, the interconnection of nanomachines. Catalytic nanomotors constitute one of the techniques that have been proposed for medium-range molecular communications. This paper presents a physical channel characterization that shows how nanomachines communicate using catalytic nanomotors as information carriers. Quantitative results of the packet transmission delay and loss probability are then obtained through simulation. Finally, some trade-offs that will arise when designing these networks are outlined.

- by Ignacio Llatser
- •
- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication

Over the last two decades, understanding plant signal transduction pathways of plant hormones has become an active research field to understand plant behavior better. To accomplish signal transduction, plants use a variety of hormones for inter and intra-communication, and biotic or abiotic stressors activate those. Signal transduction pathways refer to the use of various communication methods by effectors to elicit a response at the molecular level. Research methodologies such as inter-kingdom signaling have been introduced to study signal transduction and communication pathways, or what we can term plant molecular communication. However, stochastic qualities are inherent in most technologies used to monitor these biological processes. Molecular communication (MC) is a new research topic that uses the natural features of biological organisms to communicate and aims to manipulate their stochastic nature to achieve the desired results. MC is a multidisciplinary research field inspired by the use of molecules to store, spread, and receive information between biological organisms known as “Biological Nanomachines.” It has been used to demonstrate how biological entities may be characterised, modelled, and engineered as communication devices in the same manner as traditional communication technologies are. We attempted to link MC and PLANT’S MC in this study and we believe that reasonable combined efforts may be made to use the functional applications of MC for detecting and understanding molecular-level activities such as signaling transduction pathways in crops.

A one-dimensional (1-D) anomalous-diffusive molecular communication channel is considered, wherein the devices (transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX)) can move in either direction along the axis. For modeling the anomalous diffusion of information carrying molecules (ICM) as well as that of the TX and RX, the concept of time-scaled Brownian motion is explored. In this context, a novel closed-form expression for the first hitting time density (FHTD) is derived. Further, the derived FHTD is validated through particle-based simulation. For the transmission of binary information, the timing modulation is exploited. Furthermore, the channel is assumed as a binary erasure channel (BEC) and analyzed in terms of achievable information rate (AIR).

- by Lokendra Chouhan
- •
- Molecular Communication, Diffusion, Brownian Motion, Erasure
- by Birkan YILMAZ
- •
- Computer Engineering, Nanotechnology, Modulation, Molecular Communication
- by Massimiliano Pierobon
- •
- Engineering, Technology, Energy Consumption, Nanonetworks

Nanotechnology represents a new solution for variety of applications in the biomedical, industrial and military fields. This paper deals with the diffusion-based molecular communication in nanonetworks. Molecular communication is a novel paradigm for communication between nanoma-chines (machines made of biological materials; bio-nanomachines) over a short range in aqueous environment. Simulation model of nanocommunication was build in simulation tool N3Sim where several different settings in several different scenarios were performed. The main impact of this work is a compressive evaluation of nanocommunication between nanomachines using the Brown motion.

- by Pavel Masek
- •
- Molecular Communication

Nano machines can be connected together in a nano network. Molecular communication provides the most practical way in which nano machines can communicate with each other. This paper presents a review of pioneering research work in mathematical modelling and channel characterization of molecular communication for nano networks. It is reported that propagation of molecules can be modelled as deterministic as well as stochastic processes. Channel performance metrics like channel capacity, mutual information, gain/delay etc. have been estimated by various research groups. However, these parameters must be validated by evaluation of physical systems. Certain challenging issues like Brownian motion with negative drift, synchronization and inter-symbol interference in molecular channel are still open for investigation. Functionalities of higher network layers like modulation, error correction, routing etc. are yet to be exploited.

- by Ignacio Llatser
- •
- Nanonetworks, Molecular Communication