Parasitic Helminths Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Parasitology, Latin American Studies, Invertebrate Biology, Central America and Mexico
- by David Bruce Conn
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- Parasitology, Embryology, Invertebrates, Animal reproduction

Wastewater is reused for irrigation in agriculture in many African cities. However, the use of partially/untreated wastewater may result in the transmission of infectious organisms such as parasites. This article reviews the prevalence and concentrations of parasites in raw and treated wastewater in African countries and the efficiency of the wastewater treatment systems used. This will highlight the burden of parasitic infections in African communities and suitability of reusing wastewater in these communities. The following databases: PUBMED, HINARI and Google Scholar were searched for any article presenting information on the occurrence and concentration of parasites in wastewater in any African country. No restrictions were set on date of publication, study design or language. Thirty publications were identified. These publications presented works related to parasites in wastewater in 12 African countries. A total of 23 parasite species were identified throughout the 5 African regions. Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides predominated followed by Hymenolepis species, Trichiuris trichiura, Hookworm, Taenia species, Enterobius species, Toxocara species and Schistosoma species. Cysts of Giardia species, Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli were the most commonly identified protozoa. Waste stabilization ponds and activated sludge systems are the common wastewater treatment systems used in Africa with the former being more efficient for parasites removal than the later. The review results show that wastewater in Africa contains a variety of pathogenic parasites with protozoa predominating helminth and putting public health at risk. Despite the fact that wastewater treatment systems removed helminths, some of them did not meet the WHO standard. Moreover, these systems do not clear protozoa and there is no standard concentration established for safe reuse of wastewater. Therefore, there is a need for improving treatment systems design and management. Moreover, standards for protozoa should be set.

A study of geohelminthes infections among primary school children aged 8 to 13 years was conducted in four selected primary schools in Panda Development Area, Karu LGA, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Out of four hundred and eighty (480) soil samples collected from the four schools, 314 (82.63) were found to be positive for eggs of four species of geohelminthes. The geohelminthes eggs/larvae encountered during the study

- by Chidiebere A Otuu
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- Parasitology, Public Health, Parasitic Helminths, Medical parasitology

Parasitic (fungal) illnesses not just impact the financial significance of the plants and its items yet in addition decrease their biological conspicuousness. Mango tree, explicitly the fruits and leaves are exceptionally influenced by the parasitic illness named as Anthracnose. The primary point of this undertaking is to build up a proper and compelling strategy for conclusion of the malady and its side effects, along these lines upholding an appropriate framework for an early and financially savvy arrangement of this issue. In the course of the most recent couple of years, because of their better ability as far as calculation and exactness, PC vision, and profound learning procedures have picked up ubiquity in assorted fungal diseases classification. Subsequently, in this venture, a multilayer convolutional neural system (MCNN) is proposed for the grouping of the Mango leaves contaminated by the Anthracnose contagious ailment. The dataset contains both solid and tainted leaf pictures. The outcomes conceive the higher order exactness of the proposed MCNN model when contrasted with the other best in class draws near.

- by IJRASET Publication
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- Parasitic Helminths, Anthracnose Disease

nematodes (aka roundworms) that infect body tissues other than Gut

- by Dr. M . A.
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- Parasitology, Pathology, Veterinary Parasitology, Parasitic Helminths

Trichuris trichiura commonly known as whipworm causing trichuriasis or whipworm infectionis the third most common helminth, and it is found primarily in warm climates where poor sanitation practices, such as defecating directly into the soil or using human feces as fertilizer, are common. The warm, humid South of the United States, particularly in rural areas, has been known to harbor whipworm. Children and people in psychiatric facilities are especially vulnerable to whipworm infections.

nematodes{aka roundworms} that infect intestinal tract alongwith other tissues

- by Juan Santos Dias
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- Pharmacology, Parasitology, Zoology, Veterinary Medicine
- by Adita Novianti
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- Dogs, Parasitic Helminths, Helminthology, Endoparasite
- by Muhammad Ajmal Shah
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- Parasitic Helminths, Helminthology, Diarrhoea, Hymenolepis Nana

Protease function is essential to many biological systems and processes. In parasites, proteases are essential for host tissue degradation, immune evasion, and nutrition acquisition. Helminths (worms) depend on several classes of proteases for development, host tissue invasion and migration, and for degradation of host hemoglobin and serum proteins. The protozoa, which cause malaria, depend on both cysteine and aspartic proteases to initiate host hemoglobin digestion. Other types of proteases are involved in erythrocyte cell invasion and cell exit. Surface metalloproteases in kinetoplastids are implicated in the evasion of complement-mediated cell lysis and cell entry. Cysteine proteases in Entamoeba facilitate invasion of the host colon. Giardia utilizes a cysteine protease for both encystation and excystation. This review will summarize published data using protease inhibitors as tools to identify the function of parasite proteases in the development, virulence, and pathogenesis of parasites; as well as the role of endogenous parasite protease inhibitors in regulation.

Dans le cadre du Plan National de Développement Aquacole (1985‐2009), 15 espèces (Huître, Crustacé, Poissons) ont été importées et plus de 56 hydrosystèmes ont fait l'objet de multiples introductions de poissons totalisant un effectif de 36 millions d'alevins. Pour la pisciculture continentale, les importations de Hongrie (1985‐2001) ont concerné Aristichthys nobilis, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Sander lucioperca et Silurus glanis ainsi que trois introductions accidentelles, Lepomis gibbosus, Carassius gibelio et Lampetra fluviatilis. Les Cichlidés O.niloticus x O.mossambicus et Oreochromis niloticus importés d'Egypte (2002‐2006) sont destinés à la Tilapiculture en zone semi‐aride et aride. L'huître japonaise Crassostrea gigas a été introduite dans la lagune Mellah, et plus récemment (2008‐2009), des alevins de Sparus aurata et Dicentrarchus labrax importés d'Espagne et d'Italie sont introduits dans l'Est du littoral algérien soit à des fins d'élevages intensifs en race‐ways en béton (Cap Djenet) ou en cages flottantes (Azzefoune). La crevette Penaeus monodon (Marsa‐Skikda) est en phase d'élevage préliminaire. Ces importations massives sont à l'origine d'introduction en Algérie de divers bioagresseurs incluant deux viroses (Virus de l'inflammation de la vessie gazeuse et Virus de la virémie printanière de la carpe, une bactérie pathogène Flexibacter maritimus chez D.labrax et 15 Cyprinidés et Tilapias selon la spécificité parasitaire). Les impacts environnementaux les plus importants au niveau du Parc National d'El Kala concernent l'eutrophisation du lac Oubeira et la prolifération de Cyanophycées responsables de mortalités régulières de l'ichtyofaune ainsi que l'envahissement du réseau hydrique de la wilaya de Tarf par Carassius gibelio.

- by Enrico Brunetti
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- Ultrasound, Parasitic Helminths, Liver, Parasitic Infections

La clase Monogenea comprende un diverso grupo de platelmintos parásitos primariamente de las superficies externas y arcos branquiales de peces marinos y dulceacuícolas (Boeger y Kritsky, 2001). La clase comprende aproximadamente 2 200 especies conocidas, representada en 50 familias, aunque se presume que existan de 25 000 a 30 000 especies (Benz y Bullard, 2004). Los monogéneos están representados por tres subclases: Polyonchoinea Bycshowsky, 1937; Polystomatoinea Lebedev, 1986 y Oligonchoinea Bychowsky, 1937 que en conjunto incluyen aproximadamente 53 familias. La subclase Oligonchoinea, incluye tres órdenes: Chimaericolidea Bychowsky, 1957; Diclybothriidea Bychowsky, 1957 y Mazocraeidea Bychowsky, 1937. A su vez el orden Diclybothriidea incluye las familias Diclybothriidae Price, 1936 y Hexabothriidae Price, 1942 (Boeger y Kritsky, 2001). Las especies de la clase Monogenea se caracterizan por ser ectoparásitos de las branquias y piel de peces marinos y dulceacuícolas (Whittington, 2004; Boeger y Kritsky, 1993), así como de la vejiga urinaria de anfibios y reptiles (Boeger y Kritsky, 1993). Presentan ciclos de vida directos, tienen simetría bilateral, son hermafroditas y se adhieren con un órgano denominado haptor. Usualmente presentan anclas o ganchos, el órgano adhesivo anterior puede estar representado con ventosas pareadas o pseudoventosas, el sistema excretor pareado abre dorsalmente en dos poros simétricos, la boca es terminal o subterminal, la faringe puede estar presente y ocasionalmente ausente; el intestino es bifurcado con ramas o sin ramas. Pueden presentar uno o varios testículos; el ovario puede ser tubular, lobado antero lateral o posterior a los testículos (Yamaguti, 1963).

- by Griselda Pulido-Flores
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- Marine Biology, Parasitology, Parasitic Helminths

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic, complex, and neglected disease. Its
treatment depends on a number of factors, such as location, size, and stage of
the cysts, and availability of therapeutic options. Despite the wealth of scientific
literature on treatment for echinococcosis, the current management of the disease
is based on poor to moderate quality of evidence and recommendation
strength. In addition, therapeutic strategies have been developed over time
without systematic and adequate evaluation of their efficacy, effectiveness, and
safety. This is due to the lack of large, longitudinal, controlled studies, which in
turn is partly due to the chronicity of the disease which requires a follow-up of
many years. The lack of adequate funding makes these costly trials impossible to
implement. Although the recommended multidisciplinary and stage-specific approach
may be available in referral centers, this is often not the case in many
endemic countries, where the most affected populations have limited access to
diagnosis and therapy, and where the risks associated with invasive procedures

- by Enrico Brunetti
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- Parasitology, Molecular Biology, Ultrasound Imaging, Tropical Medicine

Aim: Theileriosis is a protozoal disease caused by Theileria spp. mostly in warm-blooded vertebrates worldwide. It is one of the common tick-borne diseases among domestic animals in tropical and subtropical regions, which have a variety of unlikable effects on health economy and animal welfare. In the present study, the prevalence of theileriosis among domestic farm animals in Iran was systematically evaluated. Results: A total of 56 papers, providing the examination of 11,317 cattle, 9394 sheep, 2991 buffaloes, 1504 horses, 600 goats, and 212 donkeys were analyzed, matching for the prevalence of theileriosis from different parts of Iran were permitted for our allowing checklist. The overall prevalence of theileriosis among domestic herbivores was expected to be 19% (95% confidence interval: 15%, 22%). Our findings highlighted the average of the maximum prevalence in Razavi Khorasan (60.4%) and West Azerbaijan (49.1%) and the minimum in Mazandaran (1.1%) and East Azerbaijan provinces (2.2%), respectively. The high prevalence of Theileria infection in the herbivores (mainly sheep) verifies the well-known enzootic episode of theileriosis in Iran, predominantly in northeastern and western parts of the country. Conclusion: Our results suggested updated and imperative information on the true burden of theileriosis in Iran. Moreover, it could be supporting the gaps among monitoring, prevention, and control arrangements to improve the health economy, particularly among dairy farm animals.

- by Veterinary World and +1
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- Veterinary Epidemiology, Veterinary Parasitology, Parasitic Helminths, Helminthology

Background and Aim: Cystic echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus, and liver flukes, such as Fasciola spp. and Dicrocoelium dendriticum, are important parasitic zoonoses, where they able to cause significant veterinary, medical, and... more

- by Veterinary World
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- Public Health, Zoonoses, Veterinary public health, Veterinary Parasitology

How to cite this article: Narladkar BW (2018) Projected economic losses due to vector and vector-borne parasitic diseases in livestock of India and its significance in implementing the concept of integrated practices for vector management, Veterinary World, 11(2): 151-160. Abstract Broadly, species of arthropods infesting livestock are grouped into flies (biting and non-biting), fleas, lice (biting and sucking), ticks (soft and hard), and mites (burrowing, non-burrowing, and follicular). Among which, biting and non-biting flies and ticks are the potent vectors for many bacterial, viral, rickettsial, and protozoan diseases. Vectors of livestock are having economic significance on three points (1) direct losses from their bite and annoyance, worries, and psychological disturbances produced during the act of biting and feeding, (2) diseases they transmit, and (3) expenditure incurred for their control. Flies such as Culicoides spp. and Musca spp. and various species of hard ticks play important role in disease transmission in addition to their direct effects. For control of vectors, recent concept of integrated pest management (IPM) provides the best solution and also addresses the problems related to acaricide resistance and environmental protection from hazardous chemicals. However, to successfully implement the concept of IPM, for each vector species, estimation of two monitory benchmarks, i.e., economic injury level (EIL) and economic threshold level (ETL) is essential prerequisite. For many vector species and under several circumstances, estimation of EIL and ETL appears to be difficult. Under such scenario, although may not be exact, an approximate estimate can be accrued by taking into account several criteria such as percent prevalence of vectors in a geographical area, percent losses produced, total livestock population, and current prices of livestock products such as milk, meat, and wool. Method for approximate estimation is first time described and elaborated in the present review article.

How to cite this article: Elshraway NT, Mahmoud WG (2017) Prevalence of fascioliasis (liver flukes) infection in cattle and buffaloes slaughtered at the municipal abattoir of El-Kharga, Egypt, Veterinary World, 10(8): 914-917. Abstract Aim: The main objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of fascioliasis infections in cattle and buffaloes, slaughtered in El-Kharga city slaughterhouse at New Valley Governorate. Materials and Methods: The slaughtered animals were daily inspected for liver fascioliasis allover 2016. Macroscopic fascioliasis was detected from a total of 2251 basing on animals specie, sex, season, and Fasciola spp. in addition to microscopic examination of blood, fecal samples which collected from female cattle and buffalo (50 each). Results: The total prevalence rate of Fasciola sp. infection occurs in the study area were about 695/2251 (30.88%) from the total cattle and bovine slaughtered carcasses. The incidence of fascioliasis was 4/12 (33.33%) and 678/2200 (30.82%) for females and males cattle carcasses, respectively, while the infection rate in buffalo carcasses was 1/4 (25.00%) and 12/35 (34.29%) for females and males buffalo carcasses, respectively. Conclusion: The moderate fasciolosis infection in cattle and buffaloes slaughtered at the municipal abattoir of El-Kharga, Egypt. The highest fascioliasis infection was recorded during winter and autumn. It constitutes a major cause of economic losses at El-Kharga abattoir and threat public health.

Askariasis merupakan infeksi cacing yang disebabkan oleh Ascaris lumbricoides, salah satu dari 16 cacing STH. Ascaris lumbricoides merupakan cacing golongan Nematoda dengan ukuran terbesar yakni panjang 15-35 cm dan diameter 0,5 cm. Cacing ini bersifat kosmopolitan, tetapi jumlahnya lebih banyak didaerah tropis. Parasit ini berbentuk silinder memanjang dan bewarna krem. Ukuran tubuh betina umumnya lebih besar dibandingkan tubuh jantan dan memiliki struktur yang disebut sebagai cincin kopulasi. Selain itu, betina dari cacing ini memiliki ekor meruncing sedangkan jantan memiliki ekor yang melingkar

- by Rizky Telaumbanua
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- Parasitology, Medical Education, Intestinal Parasites, Parasitic Helminths

Intestinal parasitic infections remain an important public health problem in Nigeria causing diarrhoea and other health conditions. The method involved in collecting and processing of stool samples in agreement with standard parasitological technique. Stool samples collected were analyzed using formal ether concentration techniques (FECT). Two hundred and forty (240) stool samples from pupils age 6-14 years were examined from two schools, located in Bosso local Government area. Overall prevalence rate of 178(74.2%) were observed for various intestinal parasitic infection which included Ascaris lumbricoides 83(34.6%), which has the highest prevalence, Necator americanus 49(20.4%), Taenia saginata 22(9.2%), Entamoeba hystolytica 11(4.6%), Schizostoma mansoni 7(2.9%) and Fasciola gigantica 6(2.5%) with the least occurrence. Rate of infection was high among children of 6-8 and 9-11years of age. Overall infection rate was high among female children having higher prevalence than the males. Statistically, the result of the research showed a significant difference (P<0.05) based on sex of the pupils while based on age, the results showed no significant difference (P>0.05). The prevalence rate of infection recorded in this study could become higher in years to come and consequently become more threatening due to boost in birth rate and other socioeconomic factors. The results of this study showed that pupils in both schools carry heavy intestinal parasitic infection burden which suggest prevailing unhygienic environment.

- by Chidiebere A Otuu
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- Parasitology, Public Health, Intestinal Parasites, Parasitic Helminths

Aim: Fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis are important parasitic diseases worldwide, causing significant financial losses due to decrease in production and viscera condemnation in animals. We performed the current research to assess the epidemiology of these infections and determine their significance from an economic perspective in Arak, Iran. Materials and Methods: In total, we evaluated 118,463 sheep, 207,652 goats, and 43,675 cattle through necropsic analysis at the slaughterhouses. The average weight of sheep, goat, and cattle liver was 1000, 900, and 5000 g, respectively. The average price of liver in the market was 8 USD/kg. Moreover, the elimination of fundamental nutrients and vitamins was evaluated in infected livers. The prevalence of fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis was determined. Analysis of variance test was applied for the statistical analysis, and the significance level was <0.05. Results: In total, Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum were detected in 0.56% (confidence interval CI, 0.54-0.59) and 0.77% (CI, 0.75-0.81) of the animals, respectively (p=0.1). The annual economic loss attributed to fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis was 26698.4 and 30479.2 USD, respectively. The total economic loss was 10,880, 9079.2, and 10,520 dollars in sheep, cattle, and goats, respectively. On the other hand, financial loss resulting from fasciolosis was 7160, 6098.4, and 13,440 dollars in sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. In addition, economic loss due to dicroceliasis was 10,880, 9079.2, and 10,520 dollars, respectively. Conclusion: Overall, fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis in Iran always remain common in sheep, goats, and cattle that afford major economic loss of all the country also exist in Arak province. The present study could provide basic information for further examination of liver fluke infections in Iran.

- by Veterinary World
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- Parasitology, Veterinary Parasitology, Parasitic Helminths, Helminthology

The spread of Helmints according to feces examination in sheeps going to pasture in Manisa region
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In Turkey, especially the number of the sheep and growing of sheep have incesed.
Manisa Provience having %2,5 of registered sheep number of Turkey is the eight place among
the other cities deping on the among the sheep. This investigation was made to obtain presence
of helminths found feces of sheepwhich have been feeded at postures.
In this work, six regions which have differnt geographich positions and conditions, have
been choosed. Those regions are the center Manisa Provience, Alasehir, Akhisar, Demirci, Kula
and Salihli. The presence of the sheep in the choosen regions is approximotely %63 of the
provience’s.
In this regionsi a hundred herd which having more than a hundred sheep, feding in
pastures at differnt geographic positions and different conditions are selected. The token fresh
feces samples which refer herd are seperated into four groups for sedimation, flototion, lung
nematods for Baerman-Wetzel and cultivation. Related methods are applied for every group. In
microbiological analyses, eggs and larva are examined.
As a result, at least are helminth infeciton was find out at %78 of examined herd.
According to gastrointestinal helminths presence Trichostrongylus sp. was found in 70 herd,
Ostertagia sp. was found in 56 herd, Oesophagostomum sp. was found in 53 herd, Haemonchus
sp. was found in 25 herd, Cooperia sp. was found in 17 herd, Nematodirus sp. was found in 13
herd, Moniezia sp. was found in 3 herd, Strongyloides sp. was found in 2 herd among a hundred
herd were find out. According to liver trematods presence, Fasciola sp. was found in 10 herd,
Dicrocoelium sp. was found in 8 herd among a hundred herd were find out. Among to lung
nematodes presence, Protostrongylus sp. which is the most widespread species was found in
15 herd, Dictyocaulus filaria was found in 12 herd, Muellerius capillaris was found found in 4
herd, Cystocaulus ocreatus was found in 2 herd among a hundred herd were found. This work
stated that the data of the widespread helminth presence in feces of sheep in Manisa. We hope
these results supply addition for region and land helminth fauna.

- by Ahmet FIRAT
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- Parasitology, Veterinary Medicine, Turkey, Parasitic Helminths

An overview on the major parasitic tapeworms, their life cycle, diseases, diagnosis and treatment

- by Dr. M . A.
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- Parasitology, Veterinary Parasitology, Intestinal Parasites, Parasitic Helminths

Aim: Aim of the present study was to carry out the partial purification and biochemical characterization of glutathione S-transferase (GST) from the somatic tissue of ruminal amphistome parasite, Gastrothylax crumenifer (Gc) infecting Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Materials and Methods: The crude somatic homogenate of Gc was subjected to progressive ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by size exclusion chromatography in a Sephacryl S 100-HR column. The partially purified GST was assayed spectrophotometrically, and the corresponding enzyme activity was also recorded in polyacrylamide gel. GST isolated from the amphistome parasite was also exposed to variable changes in temperature and the pH gradient of the assay mixture. Results: The precipitated amphistome GST molecules showed maximum activity in the sixth elution fraction. The GST subunit appeared as a single band in the reducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent molecular weight of 26 kDa. The GST proteins were found to be fairly stable up to 37°C, beyond this the activity got heavily impaired. Further, the GST obtained showed a pH optima of 7.5. Conclusion: Present findings showed that GST from Gc could be conveniently purified using gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme showed maximum stability and activity at 4°C.

- by Veterinary World
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- Veterinary Science, Veterinary Parasitology, Parasitic Helminths, Helminthology
- by David Bruce Conn
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- Parasitology, Developmental Biology, Invertebrate Biology, Cancer

From January to July 2011, a parasitical investigation was carried out on a selective sample of 10 Dicentrarchus labrax (Total Length 35 – 53 cm) from the Algerian western coast. Selective criteria concerned the freshness of the fishes, their sampling within the 12 hours following their gill-net catch, followed by an immediate dissection. We announce, for the first time in Algeria, the presence in Dicentrarchus labrax of 8 Helminth parasites; Diplectanum aequans, Serranicotyle labracis (Monogenea), Cainocreadium labracis, Bucephalus labracis, Bucephalus baeri, Bucephalus minimus (Digenea), larval stage of Tetraphyllidea (Cestoda) and larval stage L4 of Hysterothylacium aduncum (Nematoda) respectively with a prevalence of 20%, 10%, 90 %, 50%, 40%, 50%, 50% and 60%. The target of this investigation is to evaluate the parasitical threats towards the intensive sea farming of Dicentrarchus labrax in Algeria.

- by Abderrafik Meddour
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- Intestinal Parasites, Parasitic Helminths, Fish Parasites, Parasites

Se estudiaron las características morfológicas de microfilarias de Onchocerca vo/vulus de la Sierra Parima (Alto Orinoco, Venezuela), Togo y Liberia, procesadas con una técnica estandarizada de fijación y coloración y se determinaron los recuentos nucleares de mfs de Togo y Parima, de acuerdo con la técnica de Tada et al. (1981), comparándose las diferentes poblaciones por análisis de varianza. Los resultados demostraron diferencias significativas en todas las variables examinadas entre Parima y Liberia y en 6 de 9 variables entre Parima y Togo, así como en los recuentos nucleares. En Liberia se comprobó la existencia de una variedad fácilmente distinguible de las mfs de Parima y Togo. Los hallazgos preliminares apoyan la existencia de razas geográficas de O. volvulus asociadas a diferentes especies de simúlidos vectores y sugieren que podrían ser diferenciables morfológicamente en la fase de microfilaria.

- by Luis Yarzábal
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- Parasitic Helminths

Aim: The present research work was undertaken to describe various clinical signs and hematobiochemical alterations in dogs affected with Babesia gibsoni. Materials and Methods: Blood smears from a total of 79 suspected dogs of Anand region as well as Surat region of Gujarat state (India) were screened for detection of intraerythrocytic piroplasm of small form of Babesia. Diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical signs and demonstration of B. gibsoni organism in Giemsa-stained thin blood smears. The clinical signs were recorded at the time of presentation, and blood samples were subjected to estimation of hematobiochemical parameters by auto hematology analyzers at College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand. Statistical analysis, interpretation, and comparison of hematobiochemical changes with scientific literature were carried out to understand the pathophysiology of the disease. Results: Out of 79 dogs, 16 were positive for naturally occurring babesiosis based on the presence of intraerythrocytic piroplasm of small form of Babesia in blood smears. The clinical cases were manifested by wide variety of non-specific clinical signs. The hematological evaluation revealed that the mean values of hemoglobin and total erythrocyte counts in dogs with babesiosis decreased significantly (p<0.01) in comparison to healthy dogs. Among differential leukocyte count, mean values of neutrophils and eosinophils increased while lymphocytes decreased (p<0.01) in dogs with babesiosis in comparison to healthy dogs. Serum biochemistry revealed increase (p<0.01) value of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and globulin as well as decrease in albumin levels (p<0.05) in dogs with babesiosis as compared to healthy dogs. Conclusion: B. gibsoni is having multisystemic effects with atypical hematobiochemical changes in dog are discussed here, which would aid new insights in diagnosis of disease.

Last part of helminths series .this is about flatworms called Flukes

- by Dr. M . A.
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- Parasitology, Veterinary Parasitology, Experimental parasitology, Parasitic Helminths

Aim: This study aims to record and update the prevalence and intensity of external and internal parasites in working donkeys (Equus asinus) in Egypt during the period from January to December 2017. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 donkeys (10 donkeys each month) were examined at Giza zoo abattoir through bimonthly visits. The examined donkeys were obtained from five governorates (Giza [20], Fayoum [40], Beni Suef [30], Monofia [20], and Assiut [10]). The animals were grouped according to age and sex. Results: All examined donkeys were positive with at least one internal or even external parasitic species. The overall prevalence rate was 100%. A total of 11 helminths species (10 nematodes and 1 metacestode); 7 protozoal and 7 arthropod species were collected. The number of each parasite and intensity of infection with regard to age and sex was recorded. Conclusion: All examined donkeys were infected with parasites with an overall prevalence of 100%. So, we recommended following up and continuous treatment of such diseased animal.

- by Veterinary World
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- Veterinary Parasitology, Parasitic Helminths, Helminthology, Equus asinus

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of coinfection with malaria and intestinal parasites, as well as to determine its association with anaemia in children aged 10 years and below in Muyuka, Cameroon.
Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Participants were febrile children who were admitted to
the Muyuka district hospital between April and October 2012. Blood and stool samples were collected from those participants who gave consent to take part in the study. Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and complete blood count
(CBC) were performed using an automated haematology analyser (Mindray®, BC-2800). Giemsa-stained blood film was
examined to detect malaria parasites, while the formol-ether concentration technique was used to detect intestinal
parasitic infections (IPIs). The Pearson’s chi-square, Student’s T-test and correlation analysis were all performed as part of
the statistical analyses.
Results: Four hundred and eleven (411) children successfully took part in this study. The prevalence of malaria, IPIs, malaria and IPI coinfection, and anaemia observed were 98.5 %, 11.9 %, 11.9 % and 44.8 %, respectively. Anaemia and IPIs were significantly associated with age; anaemia was more prevalent in children under five years of age (p = 0.000), whereas IPIs were more prevalent in children aged between five and 10 years (p = 0.006). The parasite species isolated included Ascaris lumbricoides (36 [73.5 %]), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (9[18.4 %]) and hookworm (4 [8.2 %]). The mean Hb observed was 10.64 g/dl (±1.82). A significant negative correlation was observed between malaria parasite density and Hb. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of anaemia among children infected with malaria, IPIs, or malaria and IPI coinfection, or among non-infected children. Similarly, the mean Hb did not differ among infected and non-infected children.
Conclusion: This study showed that malaria and IPIs still constitute a major public health problem in the study area despite a lack of any significant association between these infections and anaemia. The findings suggest that there is a need for the implementation of control measures to curb the rate of malaria and IPIs in the study area.

- by Kwenti E Tebit
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- Microbiology, Parasitology, Health Sciences, Pediatrics
- by Andre Cutolo
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- Parasitology, Parasitic Helminths, Helminthology

Cestodiases are common parasitic diseases of animals and humans. As cestodes have complex lifecycles, hexacanth larvae, metacestodes (including cysticercoids), and adults produce proteins allowing them to establish invasion and to survive in the hostile environment of the host. Hymenolepis diminuta is the most commonly used model cestode in experimental parasitology. The aims of the present study were to perform a comparative proteomic analysis of two consecutive developmental stages of H. diminuta (cysticercoid and adult) and to distinguish proteins which might be characteristic for each of the stages from those shared by both stages. Somatic proteins of H. diminuta were isolated from 6-week-old cysticercoids and adult tapeworms. Cysticercoids were obtained from experimentally infected beetles, Tenebrio molitor, whereas adult worms were collected from experimentally infected rats. Proteins were separated by GeLC-MS/MS (one dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry). Additionally protein samples were digested in-liquid and identified by LC-MS/MS. The identified proteins were classified according to molecular function, cellular components and biological processes. Our study showed a number of differences and similarities in the protein profiles of cysticercoids and adults; 233 cysticercoid and 182 adult proteins were identified. From these proteins, 131 were present only in the cysticercoid and 80 only in the adult stage samples. Both developmental stages shared 102 proteins; among which six represented immunomodulators and one is a potential drug target. In-liquid digestion and LC-MS/MS complemented and confirmed some of the GeLC-MS/MS identifications. Possible roles and functions of proteins identified with both proteomic approaches are discussed.

- by David Bruce Conn and +1
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- Microbiology, Parasitology, Developmental Biology, Proteomics And Mass Spectrometry

One hundred and five (105) Camels were investigated at the Maiduguri abattoir, Nigeria using floatation and sedimentation techniques for helminth parasites and haematological indices with the microhaematocrit reader. Overall, prevalence of infection was 92.4 % [(Coccidia (8.5 %), Strongyloides (8.5 %), Trichuris (11.4 %), Ciliates (6.7 %), Ascaris sp. (3.8 %), Moniezia sp. (1.9 %), Amphistome sp. (0.9 %) and Balantidium sp. (0.9 %)]. There was no significant difference between infected and non-infected camels for blood parameters. There is need to regularly deworm camels and further study the impact of helminthes in the camel especially with respect to its zoonotic potentials in countries with significant population of camels.
Key words: Helminth parasites, Camelus Dromedarius, Camel, Nigeria

- by Pwaveno Huladeino Bamaiyi
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- Parasitology, Malaysia, Nigeria, Parasitic Helminths

Aim: Human cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus cestodes, is a globally distributed chronic disease that is an important socioeconomic and public health problem in humans and livestock in developing countries, including Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the overall seroprevalence of hydatid infection in the general population of Iran. Materials and Methods: This systematic review began by searching electronic databases in English (PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar) and Persian (Magiran, Scientific Information Database, Iran Medex, and Iran Doc). Results: Our search resulted in a total of 40 reports published from 1995 to 2015. Of 49,460 individuals surveyed, 3090 cases of hydatidosis were reported. Community-based studies showed that the seroprevalence of CE in the Iranian general population was 6.0% (95% confidence interval: 5.0-7.0%). The age group with the highest CE seroprevalence was 20-40 years, and the lowest one was in the under 20 year's group. The seroprevalence of hydatidosis in males was significantly higher than that in females. In addition, the intended rate was significantly higher in rural regions than in urban areas. Conclusion: Management program for developing more efficient diagnostic tests should be established. Further, cost-effective preventive approaches, including relevant research, should be considered. Finally, hydatid cyst control programs that are important for interrupting the transmission of human CE should be improved.

The functional ultrastructure of eggs and cellular organization of hexacanths from gravid proglottids of Thysanotaenia con-golensis, from black rats from Cape Verde, were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Mature eggs with fully formed hexacanths are grouped within parenchymatous capsules of gravid proglottids. Oncospheral envelopes surrounding mature hexacanths are reduced to a very thin membranous embryophore as their protective function is taken over by the parenchymatous capsules originating from the medullary parenchyma of immature proglottids and composed of three layers. Six major cell types are present: a bi-nucleate medullary centre; a six-nucleate U-shaped penetration gland; a second type of penetration gland; two neurosecretory-type nerve cells; about 30 somatic cells; and about 12 germinative cells. Present results on the functional ultrastructure of eggs and cellular organization of hexacanths support the phylogenetic distinction between T. congolensis and cestodes of the subfamily Anoplocephalinae.

- by David Bruce Conn and +1
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- Parasitology, Embryology, Invertebrate Biology, Invertebrate Zoology

Aim: Parasitic infections, especially of the zoonotic-parasitic type, are the most important health, economic, and social problems in developing countries, including Iran. The aim of this study was to review systematically the available data on gastrointestinal parasites of carnivores in Iran and their ability to infect humans. Materials and Methods: Studies reporting intestinal parasites of carnivores were systematically collected from nine electronic English and Persian databases and Proceedings of Iranian parasitology and veterinary congresses published between 1997 and 2015. A total of 26 studies issued from 1997 to 2015 met the eligibility criteria.

- by Veterinary World
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- Parasitology, Public Health, Parasitic Helminths, Helminthology

The course is designed for clinicians who wish to acquire basic skills in ultrasound of the abdomen and a general overview of Ultrasound in Tropical Medicine. Imaging specialists who want to acquire knowledge in the field of Infectious... more

The course is designed for clinicians who wish to
acquire basic skills in ultrasound of the abdomen
and a general overview of Ultrasound in Tropical
Medicine. Imaging specialists who want to acquire
knowledge in the field of Infectious Diseases and
Tropical Medicine can benefit from this course as
well.

- by ELIZABETH SALAZAR
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- Microbiology, Parasitology, Medical Microbiology, Fish Diseases

Our study investigates the amphibian infestation rates of the parasitic leech Placobdella picta in a number of ponds
from Arkansas. We also note differences in the sucker attachment on the host from what was previously published. The infestation
rates reflected large populations of P. picta at some ponds; whereas, we could find no evidence of it in other locations. Diagnosis
of picking injuries was easy and occurred on as many as 50% of some species. It also appears that this leech demonstrates host
and size preference in its tadpole prey. This study adds interesting details to the paucid database of life history information on P.
picta.

- by Malcolm McCallum
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- Parasitology, Herpetology, Parasitic Helminths, Helminthology

Indonesia merupakan negara yang memiliki kekayaan alam yang sangat melimpah yang belum dimanfaatkan sepenuhnya oleh sumber daya manusia yang ada di Indonesia. Kekayaan alam tersebut yaitu biji pepaya (Carica papaya L.) yang biasanya hanya digunakan sebagai benih untuk cocok tanam atau bahkan biasanya hanya dibuang karena belum terketahui khasiatnya. Ikan lele merupakan ikan yang dapat hidup di lingkungan yang kurang baik maupun dapat hidup di lingkungan yang berlumpur karena memiliki organ tambahahan yaitu Arborecent organt, pada penelitian Nadhirotul (2018) bahwa ditemukannya parasit dari jenis Ascaris lumbricoides pada saluran pencernaan dari ikan lele dari pasar jombang setelah diidentifikasi. Hal tersebut tidak menutup kemungkinan karena lingkungan yang didiami ikan lele tersebut bisa jadi tercemar maupun kurang baik, sehingga menyebabkan gejala klinis pada ikan seperti nafsu makan ikan menurun, berat badan menurun, nekrosis pada saluran pencernaan dan kematian. Selain hal tersebut sangat bersifat bahaya ketika ikan yang terinfeksi endoparasit tersebut termakan oleh manusia yang akan berdampak negatif. Dengan hal tersebut diperlukannya pengobatan herbal yang dapat menghambat atau membunuh parasit dari genus Ascaris tersebut. Gagasan dari penulis kali ini yaitu dengan memanfaatkan biji pepaya dengan cara ekstrak etanol biji pepaya yang diduga dapat mematikan pertumbuhan dari cacing Ascaris lumbricoides dengan sebanyak 16% selama satu jam. Mengacu dengan penelitian sebelumnya yang menggunakan ekstrak etanol biji pepaya hanya dengan sebanyak 5% selama 3 jam dapat membunuh parasit Ascaris lumbricoides dengan presentase 100%.

- by Achmad A R I F S
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- Parasitic Helminths, Catfish, Plant extracts, Helminths