Pesticide Toxicology Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

For many years organophosphate pesticides considered the main option for a lot of people in many countries to manage different pests. It's more than 70 years now and OPs still use with certain purposes in gardens, fields and greenhouses... more

For many years organophosphate pesticides considered the main option for a lot of people in many countries to
manage different pests. It's more than 70 years now and OPs still use with certain purposes in gardens, fields and greenhouses as crop protection agents, or even at houses as public health agents. Thus, year after year and with the repeating usage of organophosphate agents many problems were appeared as a result to excessive use of pesticides. The adverse effects of
pesticides usage represented in the effects on human health, environment, pesticides residue in crops and soil & water
contaminated by these pesticides. Therefore, it was necessary to throw a light on the risks that generated by irresponsible usage of organophosphate pesticides.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the deleterious effects of Lambda Cyhalothrin (LTC) on biochemical, hematologi-cal and hepato pathological parameters and the potential ameliorative effect of flavonoid naringin on male Wistar... more

The objective of the study is to evaluate the deleterious effects of Lambda Cyhalothrin (LTC) on biochemical, hematologi-cal and hepato pathological parameters and the potential ameliorative effect of flavonoid naringin on male Wistar rats. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four different groups. Group I served as control; group II received lambda cyhalothrin at a dose of 8mg/kg BW (1/10 LD50) dissolved in water for 21days orally; group III received both lambda cyhalothrin and naringin (100mg/kg BW orally). Group IV received naringin alone (100mg/kg BW orally). LTC-evoked increased in hepatic marker enzymes like aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, along with increased Lipid Peroxidation (LPO), Protein Oxidation (PO) and significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the levels of enzymic antioxidants in serum evidenced oxidative stress is the molecular mechanism of LTC induced hepatic damage and it is further confirmed by histological alterations like hepatic vascular congestion, inflammation, hypertrophy, hyalinization and degenerated hepatocytes. Administration of flavonoid naringin significantly reduced the hepatic marker enzymes, LPO, PO and significantly improves the antioxidant status proves naringin has hepato protective activity. The results of the haematological parameters of LTC induced rats shown significant (P<0.05) decreased in the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, packed cell volume, mean corpus-cular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, On the other hand a noticeable increase in white blood cells count, lymphocytes, mean corpuscular volume and polymorph neutrophils. Supplementation of flavonoid naringin significantly regulates the all the hematological parameters and their functional indices to near normal level. Results indicate that LTC exerts significant harmful effects on biochemical, haematological, hepato-pathological parameters and that administration of flavonoid naringin reduced the detrimental effects of LTC.

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with... more

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright

Lambda cyhalothrin (LTC) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, widely used to control insect pests in agriculture, public health, and homes and gardens. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the effect of lambda... more

Lambda cyhalothrin (LTC) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, widely used to control insect pests in agriculture, public health, and homes and gardens. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the effect of lambda cyhalothrin on biochemical, hematological parameters and ameliorating effects of palm dates (Phoenix dactylifera) in male wistar rat. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four different groups. Group I served as control; group II received lambda cyhalothrin at a dose of 8 mg/kg (1/10 LD50) dissolved in water for 21 days orally; group III received P. dactylifera (200 mg/kg BW for 21 days) orally; group IV P. dactylifera alone treated. LTC-induced liver toxicity was measured by the increased activities of serum hepatic marker enzymes like aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, along with increased elevation of lipid peroxidation and reduction in the levels of enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants levels. Lambda cyhalothrin exposure leads to adverse effects on hematological parameters including erythrocyte (RBCs) and leukocyte (WBCs) counts, hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) and blood indices (MCV and MCH). However, treatment with P. dactylifera normalized the levels of hepatic markers, antioxidant and non-enzymic antioxidant, lipid peroxidation products and all the hematological parameters. These findings highlight the efficacy of P. dactylifera as protective effects against lambda cyhalothrin induced toxicity.

The mixed salts of imidazolium derivatives stabilized with beta-glycerophosphoric acid expressed synergetic joint action against benomyl-sensitive Botrytis cinerea. These salts efficiently inhibited benomyl tolerant B. cinerea strain on... more

The mixed salts of imidazolium derivatives stabilized with beta-glycerophosphoric acid expressed synergetic joint action against benomyl-sensitive Botrytis cinerea. These salts efficiently inhibited benomyl tolerant B. cinerea strain on grape berries, however, the synergy took place only in the case of penconazole+carbendazim mixed salt. The application of carbendazim+chlotrimazole binary salt is particularly interesting, due to low mammalian toxicity of ingredients. The use of beta-glycerophosphoric acid has great advantages due to its compatibility to living tissues. Its binary salt of carbendazim and azol-derivatives efficiently can control populations of B. cinerea built up of benomyl-tolerant and benomyl-sensitive strains.

The study aims to evaluate the potential reproductive toxicity induced by mancozeb fungicide in male rabbits and to examine the ameliorative effect of glutathione (GSH), a non-enzymatic antioxidant, against mancozeb reproductive toxicity.... more

The study aims to evaluate the potential reproductive toxicity induced by mancozeb fungicide in male rabbits and to examine the ameliorative effect of glutathione (GSH), a non-enzymatic antioxidant, against mancozeb reproductive toxicity. Mancozeb is a member of the dithiocarbamates group currently in use in the management of fungal diseases of plants. To achieve these aims, mature male White New-Zealand rabbits of 4-5 months old were randomly assigned to four groups of 9 animals each: control, mancozeb only, mancozeb and GSH, and GSH only. This study discovered a significant reduction in serum FSH, LH, testosterone and testicular LDH, ACP, and ALP levels in the groups of mancozeb-treated rabbits compared with control. The mancozeb-treated groups also showed significant losses in sperm viability, along with a significant increase in the number of abnormal sperms. Finally, an upregulation in steroidogenic 3β-HSD enzyme activity was noted in mancozeb-treated rabbits. Histopathological inspection of the testicles established disruption of the germinal epithelium with vacuolization of Leydig cells and reduced spermatogenic cells. GSH co-administration increased serum concentrations of FSH, LH, testosterone, and levels of the testicular enzymes: LDH, ACP, and ALP. Improved steroidogenesis was indicated in this group by a significant improvement in the testicular 3β-HSD enzyme, by a significant increase in sperm viability, and by a significant decrease in the number of abnormal sperms. The findings of this study suggest that mancozeb exposure has anti-spermatogenic and anti-steroidogenic adverse effects in rabbits and administration of GSH may alleviate the reproductive toxicity.

Considering the antioxidant properties of sodium selenite (Na 2 SeO 3) and the involvement of oxidative stress events in paraquat-induced neurotoxicity, this study investigated the protective effect of dietary Na 2 SeO 3 on biochemical... more

Considering the antioxidant properties of sodium selenite (Na 2 SeO 3) and the involvement of oxidative stress events in paraquat-induced neurotoxicity, this study investigated the protective effect of dietary Na 2 SeO 3 on biochemical and behavioral parameters of zebrafish exposed to paraquat (PQ). Fish were pretreated with a Na 2 SeO 3 diet for 21 days and then PQ (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally with six injections for 16 days. In the novel tank test, the Na 2 SeO 3 diet prevented the locomotor impairments, as well as the increase in the time spent in the top area of the tank, and the exacerbation of freezing episodes. In the preference for conspecifics and in the mirror-induced aggression (MIA) tasks, Na 2 SeO 3 prevented the increase in the latency to enter the area closer to conspecifics and the agonistic behavior of PQ-treated animals, respectively. Na 2 SeO 3 prevented the increase of carbonylated protein (CP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels, as well as the decrease in non-protein thiols (NPSH) levels. Regarding the antioxi-dant enzymatic defenses, Na 2 SeO 3 prevented the increase in catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities caused by PQ. Altogether, dietary Na 2 SeO 3 improves behav-ioral and biochemical function impaired by PQ treatment in zebrafish, by modulating not only redox parameters, but also anxiety-and aggressive-like phenotypes in zebrafish.

This paper explores Spanish pesticide policy with a focus on developments during the last decade. Spain is one of the greatest global consumers of conventional pesticides and leader in various related rankings among European Union... more

This paper explores Spanish pesticide policy with a focus on developments during the last decade. Spain is one of the greatest global consumers of conventional pesticides and leader in various related rankings among European Union countries. However, reviews of pesticide policies examining the key plans, facts, strategies and stakeholders are largely lacking. In providing an overview of Spanish responses to the European Directive 2009/128/EC on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides, this article contributes to flling this research gap. Spanish National Action Plans lack measurable quantitative objectives for reduction in the use of conventional pesticides and further implementation of Integrated Pest Management. Spanish National Action Plans also lack strategies for informing citizens about pesticide residues, and effcient means of keeping up to date with the authorisation of new active substances and delivery of pesticide use and sales data, in time and form. Moreover, there are no clear trends in conventional pesticide use reduction and sales, despite a significant reduction in the use of the more toxic active substances. Overall, this paper reveals various important shortcomings and incongruences in Spanish pesticide policy, which deserve further scholarly exploration and should be a matter of concern for public bodies.

A B S T R A C T The use of commercial pesticides combinations increases the risk of intoxication in non-target aquatic organisms. Here, we investigate the potential of a commercial pesticide formulation containing (CYP) plus chlorpyrifos... more

A B S T R A C T The use of commercial pesticides combinations increases the risk of intoxication in non-target aquatic organisms. Here, we investigate the potential of a commercial pesticide formulation containing (CYP) plus chlorpyrifos (CPF) to induce oxidative damage on two fish species (common carp and zebrafish). Carp and zebrafish were exposed for 96 h under laboratory conditions. Fish were divided in three different groups: CTL, 0.3 μg L −1 or 0.6 μg L −1 of CYP and 0.5 or 1 μg L −1 of CPF in commercial formulation. Both carp and zebrafish showed an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity when compared to control group. Other oxidative parameters responded differently to exposure in carp and zebrafish. There were an increase in ascorbic acid (ASA) levels and decrease in catalase (CAT) activity and non-protein thiols (NPSH) levels in treated groups of carps. In the other hand, zebrafish showed significant decrease in ASA and increase in CAT activity and NPSH levels. Overall, we demonstrate noxious effects on redox parameters in two fish experimental models and different effects were observe in each fish species exposed to commercial pesticide formulation. This difference responses observed can be related with specific mechanisms of detoxification and antioxidant defense system of each species.

Pesticide safety is a significant global health concern. This study explored factors associated with the risk divide, a term used to describe disparities in injuries and fatalities between majority and minority workers. Forty (40) farm... more

Pesticide safety is a significant global health concern. This study explored factors associated with the risk divide, a term used to describe disparities in injuries and fatalities between majority and minority workers. Forty (40) farm workers from the South-Atlantic region of the United States were recruited. Results revealed significant differences between ethnic groups on several measured constructs. Latino migrant workers (from the Americas) reported lower perceived control of their work environment and higher risk perception compared to Americans of European descent. Preliminary recommendations relevant to cultural ergonomics, risk communication usability, and safety climate are provided. Implications relevant to farm and manufacturing settings are discussed.

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with... more

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights

Propiconazole is one of the major triazole fungicide, use to treat the standing crops from the disease like leaf spot, powdery mildew and leaf and stem rust. The present work evaluates the impact of propiconazole on the DNA, RNA and... more

Propiconazole is one of the major triazole fungicide, use to treat the standing crops from the disease like leaf spot, powdery mildew and leaf and stem rust. The present work evaluates the impact of propiconazole on the DNA, RNA and protein contents of propiconazole resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa PS-4 strain in different concentrations (10, 20 and 30 µg/l) and durations. Additionally, the expression of protein under the stress condition was studied by the SDS PAGE analysis. The results indicate that, the higher concentrations (20 and 30 µg/l) of propiconazole were found to be toxic for nucleic acid and protein composition of PS-4 strain and the induction of different protein spots were observed in a pesticide treated group. Moreover, the DNA, RNA and protein contents in the PS-4 strain was found maximum in 10 µg/l of concentration at 24 hrs, it was further decreased after 72 hrs of exposure to propiconazole. Furthermore, the protein banding pattern was observed to be similar in all the propiconazole treated groups and maximum protein spots were observed at 66 to 44 kDa. Results of present investigation exhibits that, the higher dose of toxicant may cause damage to bacteria. Proteins, however, which were expressed under the stress conditions may have the adverse impact on the bacterial strain to resist under certain stress conditions and helps to gain the resistance over toxicants.

The protective effect of naringin on deltamethrin poisoning in human erythrocyte was studied using an in vitro model. Hemolysis, percentage met-hemoglobin, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, antioxidant enzymes and erythrocyte ghost protein... more

The protective effect of naringin on deltamethrin poisoning in human erythrocyte was studied using an in vitro model. Hemolysis, percentage met-hemoglobin, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, antioxidant enzymes and erythrocyte ghost protein pattern were assessed to investigate the effect of naringin. Eryth-rocytes at a hematocrit of 10% were incubated with 500 ppm of deltamethrin and/or 0.1 M naringin under physiological conditions of temperature and pH for 2 h. Deltamethrin significantly increased the percentage of hemolysis and met-hemoglobin in human erythrocytes as compared to the control erythrocytes and naringin significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the percentage of hemolysis and met-hemoglobin. The levels of lipid peroxides and conjugated diene increased whereas the level of glutathione decreased significantly (P < 0.05) by deltamethrin-incubated erythrocytes. Naringin significantly inhibited the formation of lipid peroxides and conjugated diene while increased the glutathione level in erythrocytes incubated with deltamethrin. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymic antioxidants were decreased in erythrocytes incubated with deltamethrin whereas naringin improved the activities of these antioxidant and non-enzymic antioxidants. SDS–PAGE of erythrocyte ghost protein pattern showed an alteration in the protein bands by deltamethrin poisoning but naringin significantly inhibited the alteration in protein profile. The present study divulges that naringin can reduce the abnormalities of deltamethrin poisoning by ameliorating oxidative stress. This finding raises the possibility that naringin may provide protection from pesticide poisoning.

Infestations of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) have increased substantially in the United States in the past 10–15 years. The housing authority in Harrisonburg, Virginia, conducts heat-treatments after bed bugs are detected in... more

Infestations of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) have increased substantially in the United States in the past 10–15 years. The housing authority in Harrisonburg, Virginia, conducts heat-treatments after bed bugs are detected in a lower-income housing complex, by treating each infested unit at 60°C for 4–6 hours. However, a high frequency of recurrent infestations called into question the efficacy of this strategy. Genetic analysis using Bayes-ian clustering of polymorphic microsatellite loci from 123 bed bugs collected from 23 units from May 2012 to April 2013 in one building indicated that (a) 16/21 (73%) infestations were genetically similar, suggesting ineffective heat-treatments or reintroductions from within the building or from a common external source, followed by local spread of existing populations; and (b) up to 5 of the infestations represented new genotypes, indicating that 5 new populations were introduced into this building in one year, assuming they were not missed in earlier screens. There was little to no gene flow among the 8 genetic clusters identified in the building. Bed bugs in the U.S. often possess one or both point mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel, termed knockdown resistance (kdr), from valine to leucine (V419L) and leucine to isoleucine (L925I) that confer target-site resistance against pyrethroid insecticides. We found that 48/121 (40%) bed bugs were homozygous for both kdr mutations (L419/I925), and a further 59% possessed at least one of the kdr mutations. We conclude that ineffective heat treatments, new introductions, reintroductions and local spread, and an exceptionally high frequency of pyrethroid resistance are responsible for chronic

For many years organophosphate pesticides considered the main option for a lot of people in many countries to manage different pests. It's more than 70 years now and OPs still use with certain purposes in gardens, fields and... more

For many years organophosphate pesticides considered the main option for a lot of people in many countries to manage different pests. It's more than 70 years now and OPs still use with certain purposes in gardens, fields and greenhouses as crop protection agents, or even at houses as public health agents. Thus, year after year and with the repeating usage of organophosphate agents many problems were appeared as a result to excessive use of pesticides. The adverse effects of pesticides usage represented in the effects on human health, environment, pesticides residue in crops and soil & water contaminated by these pesticides. Therefore, it was necessary to throw a light on the risks that generated by irresponsible usage of organophosphate pesticides.

Paraquat (PQ) administration consists in a chemical model that mimics phenotypes observed in Parkinson's disease (PD), due to its ability to induce changes in dopaminergic system and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate... more

Paraquat (PQ) administration consists in a chemical model that mimics phenotypes observed in Parkinson's disease (PD), due to its ability to induce changes in dopaminergic system and oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the actions of PQ in behavioral functions of adult zebrafish and its influence on oxidative stress biomarkers in brain samples. PQ (20 mg/kg) was administered intraperito-neally with six injections for 16 days (one injection every 3 days). PQ-treated group showed a significant decrease in the time spent in the bottom section and a shorter latency to enter the top area in the novel tank test. Moreover, PQ-exposed fish showed a significant decrease in the number and duration of risk assessment episodes in the light–dark test, as well as an increase in the agonistic behavior in the mirror-induced aggression (MIA) test. PQ induced brain damage by decreasing mitochondrial viability. Concerning the antioxi-dant defense system, PQ increased catalase (CAT) and gluta-thione peroxidase (GPx) activities, as well as the non-protein sulfhydryl content (NPSH), but did not change ROS formation and decreased lipid peroxidation. We demonstrate, for the first time, that PQ induces an increase in aggressive behavior, alters non-motor patterns associated to defensive behaviors, and changes redox parameters in zebrafish brain. Overall, our findings may serve as useful tools to investigate the interaction between behavioral and neurochemical impairments triggered by PQ administration in zebrafish.

Although designed to control pests selectively, there is some evidence that environmental contamination by pesticides increases risks for humans and wildlife. In the present study, we evaluated biomarkers of oxidative stress in Astyanax... more

Although designed to control pests selectively, there is some evidence that environmental contamination by pesticides increases risks for humans and wildlife. In the present study, we evaluated biomarkers of oxidative stress in Astyanax jacuhiensis exposed to (5, 15 and 30 µg L −1) of carbamate Propoxur (PPX) for 96 h. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) in liver and gills showed reduced activity in all PPX concentrations tested. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities reduced in brain and muscle at concentrations 15 and 30 µg L −1 of PPX. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) had no significant differences. In the brain, protein carbonyl (PC) increased in all groups treated with PPX. Although PPX is a selective pesticide, it causes oxidative damage and enzyme alteration in fish. This study pointed out some biomarkers that could be used to assess effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of pesticides, and infer about studies using fish as bioindicator.