Pid Controller Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

PID controllers are widely used to control the industrial plants because of their robustness and simple structures. Tuning of the controller's parameters to get a desired response is difficult and time consuming. The main purpose of this paper is to sue wireless technology and design a Knowledge Based expert system to tune the parameters of the PID controller without using any mathematical model of the plant. The designed expert system uses pattern recognition techniques to tune the parameters of the controller, as a human expert does. The expert system uses input output to and from the plant under control, using wireless technology. The expert system uses a number of tuning rules to change the parameters of the controller based on the shape of the closed-loop step response to get a desired performance, which has been set by the control engineer. The developed expert system is able to tune the parameters of the controller for fixed, time-varying, time-delayed and noisy plants. The performance of the expert system has been examined using a laboratory ri. .

- by
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- Expert Systems, Control Engineering, Pattern Recognition, Robust control

Electronic throttle is a DC motor driven valve that regulates air inflow into the engine's combustion system. The goal of the throttle control system is twofold: to achieve fast and accurate valve plate angle reference tracking, and to preserve outwearing of the throttle by constraining physical variables to their normal-operation domains. These high quality control demands are hard to accomplish since the plant is burdened with a strong nonlinear effects of friction and limp-home nonlinearity. For the purpose of controller synthesis first a discrete-time piecewise affine model of the throttle was developed and then a time-optimal model predictive control problem was solved. We propose a procedure to model friction in a discrete-time piecewise affine form that is suitable for simulation and control. The optimal controller action computation can be restated as a mixed-integer program. However, due to the small sampling time, solving such a program on-line (in a receding horizon fashion) is very prohibitive. In this paper we use recent theoretical results that enable off-line pre-computation of the optimal control law in the form of a look-up table. The technique employs invariant set computation and reachability analysis using multi-parametric programming. Finally, we compare experimental results of our approach with the performance of a tuned PID controller coupled with a feedforward compensation of the nonlinearities. We achieve more than two times faster transients while preserving the quality regarding the absence of an overshoot and static accuracy within the measurement resolution.

- by Nedjeljko Peric
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- Engineering, Optimal Control, Computational Modeling, Model Predictive Control

In an industrial gas-phase polyethylene reactor, the safe operating range of temperature is rather narrow. Even within this temperature range, temperature excursions must be avoided because they can result in low catalyst productivity and significant changes in product properties. In previous work, using a first-principles model, including the recycle stream and the heat exchange system, a PID temperature controller with robust performance was designed via optimization in the frequency domain for different operating points. For the reactor total pressure, ethylene partial pressure, H2/C2 and C4/C2 molar ratios, PI controllers were designed. In the PID temperature controller, if the manipulated variable (cooling water valve opening) saturates then the reactor operates without a feedback temperature controller, leading to oscillatory behaviour and limit cycles. It has been demonstrated that the manipulated variable saturation and the nonlinear dynamic behaviour are removed when auxiliary manipulated variables, obtained by bifurcation analysis, are used in a multivariable control strategy for the reactor temperature control. In this work, two control structures are compared to define the most suitable proposal for implementation in an industrial reactor and the impact of these control structures in the reactor production and in the polymer melt index are analyzed. The first control structure considers the control problem using the designed PID controller for the reactor temperature and includes a switching strategy with a PI controller for the auxiliary manipulated variables. The second control structure considers the control problem also using the designed PID controller for the reactor temperature, however including a MPC controller for the auxiliary manipulated variables.

- by Argimiro R. Secchi
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- Chemical Engineering, Process Control, Stability, Process

The position control study of DC servo motors is very important since they are extensively deployed in various servomechanisms. Normally PID controllers are used to improve the transient response of DC servo motors. At present, most tuning methods are designed to provide workable initial values, which are then further manually optimized for a specific requirement. This paper presents a flexible and fast tuning method based on genetic algorithm (GA) to determine the optimal parameters of the PID controller for the desired system specifications. Simulation results show that a wide range of requirements are satisfied with the proposed tuning method. Keywords— DC servomotor, Genetic Algorithm, Optimization, PID controller, PID Tuning, Transient response.

- by Mini K. Namboothiripad
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- Computer Science, Genetic Algorithm, Optimization, Pid Controller

Normally, Reverse Osmosis desalination plants (RO plants) include one or two PID (Proportional, Integral, and Derivative) controllers. These controllers usually are not optimally tuned because models are not constant for a long time due to the fact that plant parameters change often. In the current work, the PID controller of the flow rate control loop for permeate is designed by using multi-objective parametric optimization so that the control loop is less sensitive to parameter changes of the plant. Simulation results on a model of a real plant show that the proposed method yields satisfactory performance for wide range of operation conditions.

- by Adrian Gambier
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- Robust control, Multi objective optimization, Pid Controller, Reverse osmosis

In recent years, rapid economic development has increased the ownership of cars and as result road accidents have grown rapidly. However, autonomous cars can reduce roads accidents effectively by maintaining a safety distance from the vehicle ahead. The core of such vehicles are sensors, which provide information about cars surrounding, as well as control systems that employ sensor input to adjust driving parameters. The main purpose of this paper is designing and implementation of reversing sensor and control system for an autonomous model car. The operational principle behind the design is to have a flashing LED, the light of which is reflected back from a close proximity object into a photodiode. The signal detected from the photodiode is fed via signal conditioning electronics, which includes circuits for current to voltage converter, signal amplification and filtering, into a digital PID controller to control the speed of the vehicle. Multisim and Matlab simulations were perfor...

- by Younis Dawood
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- Autonomous Vehicles, PID controller design, digital PID controller, Pid Controller

A NPID (nonlinear PID) control algorithm is applied to a class of truck ABS (anti-lock brake system) problems. The NPID algorithm combines the advantages of robust control and easy tuning. Simulation results at various situations using TruckSim show that NPID controller has shorter stopping distance and better velocity performance than the conventional PID controller and a loop-shaping controller

- by Fangjun Jiang
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- Vehicle Dynamics, Robust control, Stability, Control Systems

In this work, an output-feedback control for the regulation of distillate purity via manipulations of the reflux ratio in reactive batch distillation is designed. The approach is based on an approximate model of the composition dynamics and makes use of a reduced-order observer to estimate the modeling error. An input/output linearizing feedback is proposed where the estimated modeling error is included to achieve robust tracking of a composition reference. It is shown that the resulting controller has the structure of a proportional-integral derivative (PID) controller with antireset windup. The controller performance is tested using a simulation example including strong uncertainties in the reaction model. An interesting finding is that the required reflux ratio policy to reach asymptotically a constant reference resembles the reflux ratio policy obtained from posing an optimization technique (

- by Rosendo Monroy-Loperena
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- Engineering, Mathematics, Process Control, Control system

Introduction: A methodology was developed for implementing closed-loop control algorithms and for evaluating the behavior of a system, considering certain component restrictions used in laboratory implementation. Methods: Mathematical functions representing a model of the biological system were used for knee extension/fl exion movements. A Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller and another one using the root locus method were designed to control a patient's leg position by applying functional electrical stimulation (FES). The controllers were simulated in Matlab and ISIS Proteus. After the simulations were performed, the codes were embedded in a microcontroller, and tests were conducted on a paraplegic volunteer. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the fi rst time that ISIS Proteus software resources have been used prior to implementing a closed-loop system designed to control the leg position of patients. Results: This method obviates the application of initial controller tests directly to patients. The response obtained in the experiment with a paraplegic patient complied with the specifi cations set in terms of the steady-state error, the settling time, and the percentage overshoot. The proposed procedure was successfully applied for the implementation of a controller used to control the leg position of a paraplegic person by electrical muscle stimulation. Conclusion: The methodology presented in this manuscript can contribute to the implementation of analog and digital controllers because hardware limitations are typically not taken into account in the design of controllers.

- by Edno Gentilho Jr.
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- digital PID controller, Microcontroller, Pid Controller

invited paper): In gas-phase ethylene polymerization reactors, tight temperature control is of utmost importance to ensure that the temperature in the reaction zone is kept above the dew point of reactants, yet below the melt point of the polymer. Another important point is that if the temperature was under open-loop conditions, these reactors are prone to instability and limit cycles, however can be easily stabilized with an appropriate temperature controller. In this work, a detailed study of the dynamic behavior of an industrial fluidized-bed polymerization reactor is carried out, with the location of bifurcation points and system stabilization by PID controller designed via optimization in the frequency domain.

- by Jorge Trierweiler
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- Fluidized Bed, Pid Controller, Temperature Control

A new approach for robust fixed-order H∞ controller design by convex optimization is proposed. Linear timeinvariant single-input single-output systems represented by a finite set of complex values in the frequency domain are considered. It is shown that the H∞ robust performance condition can be approximated by a set of linear or convex constraints with respect to the parameters of a linearly parameterized controller in the Nyquist diagram. Multimodel and frequency-domain uncertainty can be directly considered in the proposed approach by increasing the number of constraints. The proposed method is compared with the standard H∞ control problem. It is shown by an example that for an unstable uncertain model, a PID controller can be designed with the proposed approach which gives better H∞ performance than a 7th order unstable controller obtained by the standard H∞ solution.

- by Alireza Karimi
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- Convex Optimization, Controller Design, Numerical Method, Control system

High level control of dynamic positioning systems on marine vessels using hybrid controller are developed to extend the operational weather window for marine operations to harsh environments. The types of hybrid controller considered are multi-output PID controllers with position measurements, and multi-output PID and acceleration feedback controllers with position and acceleration measurements. Numerical simulations and experiments in addition to stability

- by Asgeir J. Sørensen
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- Engineering, Numerical Simulation, Mathematical Sciences, Automatica
- by Abdel Badie Sharkawy
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- Engineering, Nonlinear dynamics, Genetic Algorithm, Control system

Monitoring and controlling the depth of anesthesia during a surgery is really important since over dosing and under dosing can be dangerous for the patients. The model which is used for describing the relationship between input anesthetic agents and output patient endpoint variables is pharmacokineticpharmacodynamic model which included the most significant covariates such as age and weight. Bispectral index (BIS) is one of the best criteria for evaluating the depth of Anesthesia. In this research we used BIS as a patient endpoint and Propofol as an anesthetic agent. As there is a large variety between the patients, we need a controller which should be robust against the disturbances and because the anesthesia process is nonlinear and contains a time delay, model predictive controllers (MPCs) seems act very well for it. In this paper we tried to use a constrained generalized predictive control (GPC) method for controlling the depth of Anesthesia. For comparison a PID controller has been designed. The results showed that the performance of GPC with or without presence of the noise and disturbance was much better than PID controller and also it was more robust.

- by Farzad Towhidkhah and +1
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- Time Delay, Pid Controller, Depth of Anesthesia

This manuscript deals with the simulation of DC-DC Zeta converter for high power drive application with greater efficiency, lesser losses and power factor correction. It involves simpler control circuitry with less external components. The explanation of Fundamental function of Zeta converter is given in this paper. To condense the harmonic content the PI, PID and Fuzzy Logic controller are used. The operation of Zeta converter in open loop, closed loop is obtained. Closed loop system of zeta converter proves better performance over open loop system. Open and closed loop circuits are simulated by using MATLAB simulink. By giving disturbance in closed loop and open loop systems, feat of Zeta converter is compared

In the field of civil engineering, wireless sensor networks are conceived to be deployed in structural monitoring systems. In the structural control applications, the requirement of continuous and real-time sensing represents the main challenge for the wireless sensor network due to the problem of data loss. In this paper, the authors attempt to introduce wireless links and a digital controller into a structural control system for a reduced-scale three-story steel frame mounted on a shaking table. The structural control system mainly consists of four accelerometers, a structural controller, and an active mass damper as actuator. The designed wireless sensors are based on the use of recent lowpower System-on-Chip wireless CC1110 transceivers, which integrate an 8051 microcontroller core and are able to operate in most of the license-free ISM (Industrial, Scientific and Medical) frequency bands. The active mass damper is driven by a newly designed digital PID (proportional, integral, and derivative) direct-current motor controller, which is based on the high integration power amplifier LMD18200 and the enhanced 8051 core in CC1110.

Maximum sensitivity, M5, is a closed-loop design specification that satisfies many of the requirements of a useful and practical PID controller tuning method. A variety of PID tuning methods using this specification have been developed with the majority being developed primarily for auto-tuning purposes. This contribution examines the general applicability of a number of the tuning methods by comparing their performance on some benchmark process plant models.

- by Ming Tham
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- Process Control, Pid Controller, Boolean Satisfiability

With the entry of Tasmania into the national electricity market, equipment upgrades are required in many parts of the existing power system. This presents an opportunity to embrace new technology, in order to enhance the current efficiency and productivity of the system. One area is that of hydro-turbine speed governors, an integral part of maintaining the frequency of the output. This paper analyses the current standard control algorithm for turbine governors, the PID controller. It illustrates the processes involved, tuning and their limitations. Finally, alternative control systems are discussed.

- by M. Negnevitsky
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- Engineering, Control Theory, Power System, Control system

In this study, a new adaptive controller based on modified feedback error learning (FEL) approaches is proposed for load frequency control (LFC) problem. The FEL strategy consists of intelligent and conventional controllers in feedforward and feedback paths, respectively. In this strategy, a conventional feedback controller (CFC), i.e. proportional, integral and derivative (PID) controller, is essential to guarantee global asymptotic stability of the overall system; and an intelligent feedforward controller (INFC) is adopted to learn the inverse of the controlled system. Therefore, when the INFC learns the inverse of controlled system, the tracking of reference signal is done properly. Generally, the CFC is designed at nominal operating conditions of the system and, therefore, fails to provide the best control performance as well as global stability over a wide range of changes in the operating conditions of the system. So, in this study a supervised controller (SC), a lookup table based controller, is addressed for tuning of the CFC. During abrupt changes of the power system parameters, the SC adjusts the PID parameters according to these operating conditions. Moreover, for improving the performance of overall system, a recurrent fuzzy neural network (RFNN) is adopted in INFC instead of the conventional neural network, which was used in past studies. The proposed FEL controller has been compared with the conventional feedback error learning controller (CFEL) and the PID controller through some performance indices.

- by Vijitha Karandagolle
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- Power Electronics, Power System, Adaptive Control, Comparative Study

A PID temperature control system was designed with the LabVIEW graphical programming language and the PID toolkit. Data collection, PID control, data record and data check were experimented to the practicable instrument with the purchased programming power supply and data collection record system. Operate the hardware and software of the computer with the virtual instrument and realize the smooth control of the system temperature with the accuracy of 1‰.

- by Jian Tian
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- Engineering, Pid Controller

A power system network generates, distributes and transmits the electricity. The reliable, as well as safe power systems,
are very significant for successful operation. However, various losses and faults occur in power system which prevents the power
system to work efficiently and also causes various damages. Overcurrent is a very critical fault as it results in extreme production
of heat, and the possibility of fire or device damage, if not tripped timely. In order to protect the equipment from overcurrent, the
overcurrent relays were designed. In the existing system, the Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) over-current relay was
used for purpose of over-current protection. However, it consists of various drawbacks such as, they take more time to trip which
can lead to damage in equipments. Also, the IDMT over-current relay faces the issue of fault severity variation. Thus, in order to
overcome the previous issues, the PID based relay is designed in the proposed work which will perform fast tripping and perform
well for different faulty conditions. In this paper, the simulation has been performed to ensure the efficiency of the proposed
approach over the conventional one.

- by IJRASET Publication
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- Pid Controller

This note improves the results of Zheng, Wang, and Lee (Automatica 38 (2002) 517) on the design of multivariable PID controllers via LMI approach. The idea of the improvement is to transform the problem of PID controller design to that of static output feedback (SOF) controller design for a system in descriptor form. The merits of the present result are: (1) The present condition removes the invertibility constraint on the controllers in and incorporates it to the matrix inequality to be solved. (2) Once the SOF matrix is obtained, the PID gains are ready in hand and no additional computation is needed. (3) The present approach can deal with the case of some system parameters subject to perturbations. ?

- by Chong Lin
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- Engineering, Controller Design, Linear Matrix Inequalities, Mathematical Sciences

In recent years, it is remarkable to see the increasing number of studies related to the theory and application of fractional order controller (FOC), specially controller, in many areas of science and engineering. Research activities are focused on developing new analysis and design methods for fractional order controllers as an extension of classical control theory. In this paper, a new tuning method for fractional order proportional and derivative ( ) or FO-PD controller is proposed for a class of typical second-order plants. The tuned FO-PD controller can ensure that the given gain crossover frequency and phase margin are fulfilled, and furthermore, the phase derivative w. r. t. the frequency is zero, i.e., the phase Bode plot is flat at the given gain crossover frequency. Consequently, the closed-loop system is robust to gain variations. The FOC design method proposed in the paper is practical and simple to apply. Simulation and experimental results show that the closed-loop system can achieve favorable dynamic performance and robustness.

- by Amjad Khashan
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- Applied Mathematics, Control Theory, Design Methods, Adaptive Control

This paper presents a simple and e!ective nonlinear friction compensation method which is derived from an adaptive control strategy and its practical application to a linear actuator. The proposed adaptive friction compensation method is shown to be equivalent to the reversed integral controller that is easily applied to the conventional PID controller. The reversed integral controller reverses the sign of the integrator output as the sign of the velocity changes. It analyzes how the reversed control action can compensate for friction. The e!ectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by experiments on a 3-PRPS (Prismatic-Revolute-Prismatic-Spherical joints) in-parallel 6-DOF manipulator.

- by Dong-soo Kwon
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- Mechanical Engineering, Applied Mathematics, Adaptive Control, Pid Controller

The minimum rule base Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Fuzzy Computed Torque Controller with application to spherical motor is presented in this research. The popularity of PID Fuzzy Computed Torque Controller can be attributed to their robust performance in a wide range of operating conditions and partly to their functional simplicity. PID methodology has three inputs and if any input is described with seven linguistic values, and any rule has three conditions we will need 343 rules. It is too much work to write 343 rules and have lots of problem to design embedded control system e.g., Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). In this research the PID-like fuzzy controller can be constructed as a parallel structure of a PD-like fuzzy controller and a conventional PI controller to have the minimum rule base and acceptable trajectory follow disturbance to control of spherical motor. However computed torque controller is work based on cancelling decoupling and nonlinear terms of dynamic parameters for each direction of three degree of freedom spherical motor, this controller is work based on motor dynamic model and this technique is highly sensitive to the knowledge of all parameters of nonlinear spherical motor‟s dynamic equation. This research is used to reduce or eliminate the computed torque controller problem based on minimum rule base fuzzy logic theory to control of three degrees of freedom spherical motor system and testing of the quality of process control in the simulation environment of MATLAB/SIMULINK Simulator.
Index Term—PID

- by FARZIN PILTAN and +1
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- Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Robotics, Control Systems Engineering

PID controllers are widely used in industrial plants because it is simple and robust. Industrial processes are subjected to variation in parameters and parameter perturbations, which when significant makes the system unstable. So the control engineers are on look for automatic tuning procedures. In this paper, the parameters of PID controller are tuned for controlling the armature controlled DC motor. Continuous cycling method & Z-N step response method are the conventional methods whose performance have been compared and analyzed with the intelligent tuning techniques like Genetic algorithm, Evolutionary programming and particle swarm optimization. GA, EP and PSO based tuning methods have proved their excellence in giving better results by improving the steady state characteristics and performance indices.

- by rampriya nagaraj
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- Control Engineering, Soft Computing, Genetic Algorithm, Dc Motor

The behavior of an aircraft can be described with a set Pfth

- by Amit manocha
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- Machine Learning, Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Algorithm, Control Systems

Tuning formulas for PI/PID controllers for integrating processes are presented in this paper. The controller parameters are obtained by minimizing various integral performance index. Bacterial Foraging strategy, a new entrant to the family of evolutionary algorithms is used for minimization to avoid the local minima in the optimization procedure. A setpoint filter is used to reduce the large overshoot, and a significant improvement in control performance is obtained when compared to recently reported methods. Simulation results for an assumed perturbation in the plant delay are also given to illustrate the robustness of the proposed controller design method.

Practical requirements on the design of control systems, especially process control systems, are usually specified in terms of time-domain response, such as overshoot and rise time, or frequency-domain response, such as resonance peak and stability margin. Although numerous methods have been developed for the design of the proportional-integralderivative ͑PID͒ controller, little work has been done in relation to the quantitative time-domain and frequency-domain responses. In this paper, we study the following problem: Given a nominal stable process with time delay, we design a suboptimal PID controller to achieve the required time-domain response or frequency-domain response for the nominal system or the uncertain system. An H ϱ PID controller is developed based on optimal control theory and the parameters are derived analytically. Its properties are investigated and compared with that of two developed suboptimal controllers: an H 2 PID controller and a Maclaurin PID controller. It is shown that all three controllers can provide the quantitative time-domain and frequency-domain responses.

- by Isa Tran
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- Optimal Control, Linear models, Numerical Method, Control system

Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.

- by PRANJUL DUBEY
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- Computer Science, PID controller design, Pid Controller, BLDC Motor

Tuning of PID controllers is one of the important ways to achieve desired performance of a system. PMSM drives are the upcoming parts in the field of Hybrid Electric Vehicles, etc., Many methods are available for the tuning of PID controllers. In this paper an online tuning of PID controllers using Zeigler-Nichol's method for PMSM drives is presented to improve

- by sumit sah
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- Power Control, Transfer Function, Pid Controller, Mathematical Model

Many investigations have been done on tuning proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers in single-input single-output (SISO) systems. However, only a few investigations have been carried out on tuning PID controllers in cascade control systems. In this paper, a new approach, namely the use of a Smith predictor in the outer loop of a cascade control system, is investigated. The method can be used in temperature control problems where the secondary part of the process (the inner loop) may have a negligible delay while the primary loop (the outer loop) has a time-delay. Two different approaches, including an autotuning method, to ®nd the controller parameters are proposed. It is shown by some examples that the proposed structure as expected can provide better performance than conventional cascade control, a Smith predictor scheme or single feedback control system. #

- by ibrahim kaya
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- Process Control, Manufacturing Engineering, Time Delay, Feedback Control

This paper presents an intelligent control technique for the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of a photovoltaic (PV) system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) under variable solar irradiation conditions. The MXS 60 PV Module specifications is considered for the analysis and models of solar PV module and a DC/DC Boost converter are developed in MATLA/SIMULINK environment. Initially, an MPPT controller is designed using Perturb and Observe (P&O) method. However, this conventional method cannot track rapid changes in the solar irradiation effectively. Hence, an intelligent controller is designed using ANFIS which draws much energy and fast response under continuously changing operating conditions. The PV module with proposed MPPT controller is analyzed in stand-alone mode. The major disadvantage with PV system is its uncertain and intermittent power output which depends on weather conditions. PV module alone cannot supply reliable power to the isolated load effectively. To overcome this, PV module can be connected to the grid. It serves two purposes; in case of deficit solar irradiation, power can be taken from the grid and when there is surplus irradiation, power can be fed to the grid. In order to predict the power supplied to the load and grid under different operating conditions sensitivity analysis has been carried out for the PV system with designed MPPT controller is simulated using HOMER Pro Software.

The paper presents design, fabrication and feedback control of a 1-Degree-of-Freedom (1-DOF)
attractive type electromagnetic levitation of a pivoted-free ferromagnetic rigid beam (PFB).
Previous work primarily utilizes single electromagnet as opposed to the one presented here. The
difficult problem of stabilizing an open loop unstable PFB between the two electromagnets (EM)
that are mounted above and below PFB with equal air gap is considered. A current controller
circuit is developed to precisely regulate the switching of control current to the EM. The EM
exhibit a nonlinear force-current-displacement behaviour, hence to design a linear controller, the
total range for displacement of PFB at the levitated end is restricted to a small gap around the
equilibrium position. The force-current-air-gap relationship is linearized and a stabilizing
classical Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is designed and implemented in realtime
on a 1-DOF PFB test rig. The closed loop responses for command tracking and disturbance
rejection from simulated and experimental studies are also presented.
Keywords — Electromagnetic levitation, pivoted-free ferromagnetic rigid beam (PFB), electromechanical
system modelling, classical control, current controller.

- by Rizwan siddiqui
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- Feedback Control, Pid Controller, Electromagnetic Levitation

The stabilization of fluid catalytic cracking reactors is tackled in this paper. A robust PID control law is developed in order to control the outlet reactor temperature. The suggested control is based on a reduced order model of the reactor given by a system of ordinary differential equations. The controller is synthesized using an input/output linearizing control law coupled to a proportional-derivative reduced order observer to infer on-line the unknown heat of reaction. The proposed control algorithm leads to a classical PID structure. New tuning rules are given, based on the system structure, estimations and closed-loop time constants. This control strategy turns out to be robust against model uncertainties, noisy temperature measurements and set point changes. The performance of the reaction temperature in a tubular riser reactor is numerically compared when the proposed control scheme and standard PID controllers are applied. #

- by Rafael Maya-Yescas
- •
- Chemical Engineering, Process Control, Process, Fluid Catalytic Cracking

Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers are widely used in process control, and consequently they are described in most of the textbooks on automatic control. However, rather than presenting the overall design process, the examples given in such textbooks are intended to illuminate specific focused aspects of selection, tuning and implementation of the controller. This paper describes in detail the design of a PID controller for temperature control of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) microreactor showing how different aspects, which necessarily are taught separately, interact in a real-world design. After setting the design targets by taking the hardware limitations into consideration, a continuous time controller, having two degrees of freedom, is designed by placing its dominant pair of poles using the root locus technique. Then, the integrator wind-up is addressed, the controller is translated into a discrete time version and, after implementation, the experimental performances are measured.

- by Mihai Dinca
- •
- Engineering, Education, Design, Engineering Education

This paper proposes the design and experimentation of digital control of soft-switched interleaved boost converter using FPGA for Telecommunication System. The switching devices in the proposed converter are turned on and off with Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) and Zero Current Switching (ZCS) respectively. The circuit is operated in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) with various load ranges having duty cycle of more than 50%. The proposed converter is studied by developing the simulation module in MATLAB/SIMULINK. A PI controller is designed and implemented in FPGA to obtain a regulated DC output for line and load variations. Simulation and experimentation results are verified with a prototype development of the proposed converter. The results indicate that the converter performance is enhanced with closed loop control.

This tutorial paper looks back at almost 50 years of adaptive control trying to establish how much more we need to be able to offer the industrial community an adaptive controller which will be used and referred to with the same ease as existing PID controllers. Since the first commercial adaptive controller, significant progress in the design and analysis of these controllers has been achieved. Various forms of adaptive controllers are now readily available targeting a significant range of industries from process to aerospace. A general overview of adaptive control will allow the reader to place on the map several industrial architectures for such controllers, all with the aim of bridging the gap between academic and industrial views of the topic. Such a presentation of design and analysis tools currently opens a more philosophical question "Has the critical mass in adaptive control been reached?".

- by Guy Dumont
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- Adaptive Control, Nonlinear Control, Control system, Critical Mass

Bu çalışmada, sınırlı akım döngülü çift çevrim destekli PID denetleyici ile sürekli mıknatıslı doğru akım (SMDA) motor kontrolü gerçekleştirilmiştir. Doğru akım (DA) motor modeli MATLAB/Simulink kullanılarak ortaya koyulmuştur. Önerilen sistem denetim mekanizmasının benzetimi MATLAB/ Simulink/SimPowerSystems yazılımı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sistemin dinamik performansı, sabit hız referansı ve değişken hız referans yolu için gözlemlenmiştir.

- by Emre Ozkop
- •
- PID controller design, DC motors, Pid Controller, Double Loop
- by Victor M Becerra
- •
- Engineering, Mathematical Sciences, Automatica, Pid Controller
- by Il Jae Woo
- •
- Control Systems Engineering, Control, Motor Control, Control Systems

The modeling, numerical simulation and control of a HVAC (heating, ventilating and air-conditioning) system having two different zones with variable flow-rate were performed by considering the ambient temperature in this study. The sub-models of the system were obtained by deriving to heat transfer equations of heat loss of two zones by conduction and convection, cooling unit and fan. All models

- by Mehmet Karakose
- •
- Heat Transfer, Adaptive Control, Numerical Simulation, Pid Controller

This paper presents the use of meta-heuristic technique to obtain three parameters (KP, KI and KD) of PID controller for Coupled Tank System (CTS). Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is chosen and Sum Squared Error is selected as objective function. This PSO is implemented for controlling desired liquid level of CTS. Then, the performances of the system are compared to various conventional techniques which are Trial and Error, Auto-Tuning, Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) and Cohen-Coon (C-C) method. Simulation is conducted within Matlab environment to verify the transient response specifications in terms of Rise Time (TR), Settling Time (TS), Steady State Error (SSE) and Overshoot (OS). Result obtained shows that performance of CTS can be improved via PSO as PID tuning methods.

The regulation by sliding mode control (SMC) is recognized for its qualities of robustness and dynamic response. This article will briefly talk about the regulation principles by sliding mode as well as the application of this approach to the adjustment of a speed control DC motor bench using the TY36A/EV unit. This unit, from Electronica Veneta products, uses a PID controller to control the speed and position of the DC motor. Our purpose is to improve the set time answer and the robustness of the system when disturbances take place. The experimental results show very good performances of the proposed approach relatively to the PID.

- by meryl rino
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- Control Systems Engineering, Control Systems, Lyapunov Stability, Sliding mode control

A new design method for PID controllers is presented, based on optimisation of load disturbance rejection with constraints on robustness to model uncertainties. The design also delivers parameters to deal with measurement noise and set point response. Thus, the formulation of the design problem captures four essential aspects of industrial control problems, leading to a constrained optimisation problem which can be solved iteratively.

- by Tore Hägglund
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- Mechanical Engineering, Applied Mathematics, Control Theory, Pid Controller

Ship autopilots are usually designed based on Proportional Differential (PD) and Proportional Integrate Differential (PID) controllers because of their simplicity, reliability, and ease of construction. However, their performance in various environmental conditions is not as good as desired. This disadvantage can be overcome by adjusting works or constructing adaptive controllers, although these methods are complex and not easy. This article presents a new method for constructing a ship autopilot based on the combination of fuzzy logic control (FLC) and linear control theory (PID control). The new ship autopilot has the advantages of both the PID and FLC control methodologies: ease of construction, and optimal control laws can be established based on ship master knowledge. Therefore, the new ship autopilot can be well adapted with parameter variations and strong environment effects. Simulation using MATLAB software for a ship with real parameters showed high effectiveness of the fuzzy PID autopilot in course-keeping and course-changing maneuvers in comparison with the ordinary PID ship autopilots.

- by Lan Anh
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- Control Theory, Optimal Control, Fuzzy Logic Control, Sliding mode control