Prebiotic Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Self-ordering phenomena should not be confused with self-organization. Self-ordering events occur spontaneously according to natural “law” propensities and are purely physicodynamic. Crystallization and the spontaneously forming... more

Self-ordering phenomena should not be confused with self-organization. Self-ordering events occur spontaneously according to natural “law” propensities and are purely physicodynamic. Crystallization and the spontaneously forming dissipative structures of Prigogine are examples of self-ordering. Self-ordering phenomena involve no decision nodes, no dynamically-inert configurable switches, no logic gates, no steering toward algorithmic success or “computational halting.” Hypercycles, genetic and evolutionary algorithms, neural nets, and cellular automata have not been shown to self-organize spontaneously into nontrivial functions. Laws and fractals are both compression algorithms containing minimal complexity and information. Organization typically contains large quantities of prescriptive information. Prescriptive information either instructs or directly produces nontrivial optimized algorithmic function at its destination. Prescription requires choice contingency rather than chance contingency or necessity. Organization requires prescription, and is abstract, conceptual, formal, and algorithmic. Organization utilizes a sign/symbol/token system to represent many configurable switch settings. Physical switch settings allow instantiation of nonphysical selections for function into physicality. Switch settings represent choices at successive decision nodes that integrate circuits and instantiate cooperative management into conceptual physical systems. Switch positions must be freely selectable to function as logic gates. Switches must be set according to rules, not laws. Inanimacy cannot “organize” itself. Inanimacy can only self-order. “Self-organization” is without empirical and prediction-fulfilling support. No falsifiable theory of self-organization exists. “Self-organization” provides no mechanism and offers no detailed verifiable explanatory power. Care should be taken not to use the term “self-organization” erroneously to refer to low-informational, natural-process, self-ordering events, especially when discussing genetic information.

If life is not necessary in the universe and life did not arise by chance, then where and how did the complex genetic instruction set programmed into DNA come into existence? The genetic set may have arisen elsewhere and was transported... more

If life is not necessary in the universe and life did not arise by chance, then where and how did the complex genetic instruction set programmed into DNA come into existence? The genetic set may have arisen elsewhere and was transported to the Earth. If not, it arose on the Earth, and became the genetic code in a previous lifeless, physical-chemical world. Even if RNA or DNA were inserted into a lifeless world, they would not contain any genetic instructions unless each nucleotide selection in the sequence was programmed for function. Even then, a predetermined communication system would have had to be in place for any message to be understood at the destination. Transcription and translation would not necessarily have been needed in an RNA world. Ribozymes could have accomplished some of the simpler functions of current protein enzymes. Templating of single RNA strands followed by retemplating back to a sense strand could have occurred. But this process does not explain the derivation of “sense” in any strand. “Sense” means algorithmic function achieved through sequences of certain decision-node switch settings. These particular primary structures determine secondary and tertiary structures. Each sequence determines minimum free-energy folding propensities, binding site specificity, and function. Minimal metabolism would be needed for cells to be capable of growth and division. All known metabolism is cybernetic¾that is, it is programmatically and algorithmically organized and controlled.

This study aims to investigate the effects of inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) supplementation on the viability, storage stability, and in vitro gastrointestinal tolerance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in different sugar systems... more

This study aims to investigate the effects of inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) supplementation on the viability, storage stability, and in vitro gastrointestinal tolerance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in different sugar systems using 24 h growth and 10 days survival studies at 37 °C, inulin, and FOS (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%) supplementation in 2%, 3%, and 4% glucose, fructose, lactose, and sucrose systems. Based on the highest percentage increase in growth index, sucrose and lactose were more suitable sugar substrates for inulin and FOS supplementation. In survival studies, based on cell viability, inulin supplementation showed a better protective effect than FOS in 3% and 4% sucrose and lactose systems. Four selected sucrose and lactose systems supplemented with inulin and FOS were used in a 12-week storage stability study at 4 °C. Inulin (3%, 4%) and FOS (2%, 4%) supplementation in sucrose and lactose systems greatly enhanced the refrigerated storage stability of L....

Copyright: © 2014 Mahrous H, et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the... more

Copyright: © 2014 Mahrous H, et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Food companies put many expectations in food products made to meet the consumers ’ demand for a healthy life. In this meaning, ‘Functional Foods ’ play special roles for primary health outcomes have been microbiological in normal limits. Oats is becoming more popular as part of a healthy diet; Oat attends to the human’s energy and nutritional demands, as well as functional. This study aimed to: 1) develop probiotic yoghurt containing oat; 2) study the effect of selected prebiotic addition on rheological properties and syneresis of bio-yoghurt during refrigerated storage; 3) determine the effect of this synbiotic feeding on mice. Our results revealed that the formulae of yoghurt with 0.75 % oat had presented excelle...

There is a consensus that the interaction of organic molecules with the surfaces of naturally-occurring minerals might have played a crucial role in chemical evolution and complexification in a prebiotic era. The hurdle of an overly... more

There is a consensus that the interaction of organic molecules with the surfaces of naturally-occurring minerals might have played a crucial role in chemical evolution and complexification in a prebiotic era. The hurdle of an overly diluted primordial soup occurring in the free ocean may have been overcome by the adsorption and concentration of relevant molecules on the surface of abundant minerals at the sea shore. Specific organic–mineral interactions could, at the same time, organize adsorbed molecules in well-defined orientations and activate them toward chemical reactions, bringing to an increase in chemical complexity. As experimental approaches cannot easily provide details at atomic resolution, the role of in silico computer simulations may fill that gap by providing structures and reactive energy profiles at the organic–mineral interface regions. Accordingly, numerous computational studies devoted to prebiotic chemical evolution induced by organic–mineral interactions have ...

Research objective: to increase the effectiveness of bacterial vaginosis (BV) treatment in women of reproductive age. Materials and methods. The study involved 64 women of reproductive age with BV. After a course of local antibiotic... more

Research objective: to increase the effectiveness of bacterial vaginosis (BV) treatment in women of reproductive age.
Materials and methods. The study involved 64 women of reproductive age with BV. After a course of local antibiotic therapy participants were divided into 2 groups: patients of group I were not prescribed local remedies to restore the vaginal microflora, patients of group II were prescribed vaginal prebiotic suppositories Folial № 10. No additional drugs were used in subgroups IA and IIA, while oral probiotic Maxibalance was prescribed in subgroups IB and IIB. The effectiveness of BV treatment was evaluated at the first, third and sixth months of the observation period according to the results of clinical examination and vaginal pH evaluation by litmus strips.
Results. The course of BV in subgroup IA was characterized by prevailing number of relapses and their early appearance. 1 case of BV recurrence was found among patients of subgroup IA at the 1st month of follow-up, 6 and 8 BV episodes were found at 3 and 6 months of follow-up respectively. Sequential treatment with antibiotics and oral probiotics (subgroup IIB) was associated with the onset of 3 BV relapses on 4–5 months from baseline. Local prebiotic (subgroup IIA) after the vaginal sanation was associated with BV reoccurrence in only one patient at the end of the study. No relapses of BV were detected in subgroup IIB during the study.
Conclusions. Permanent imbalance of vaginal normocenosis creates optimal conditions for chronic and recurrent diseases of dysbiosis nature, especially BV. Despite the sensitivity of the anaerobic flora to the recommended antibacterial medications, their use as monotherapy in BV treatment is often insufficient. The results of the study demonstrate a significant anti-relapse efficiency of consecutive treatment by antibacterial drugs and a complex of probiotic + prebiotic. This effect is probably based on the restoration of vaginal immunity and metabolism by stable colonization of the vaginal mucosa with live lactobacilli of eubiotic origin.

The origin of stable self-replicating molecules represents a fundamental obstacle to the origin of life. The low fidelity of primordial replicators places restrictions on the quantity of information encoded in a primi-tive nucleic acid... more

The origin of stable self-replicating molecules represents a fundamental obstacle to the origin of life. The low fidelity of primordial replicators places restrictions on the quantity of information encoded in a primi-tive nucleic acid alphabet. Further difficulties for the origin of life are the role of drift in small primordial populations, reducing the rate of fixation of superior replicators, and the hostile conditions increasing developmental noise. Thus, mutation, noise and drift are three different stochastic effects that are assumed to make the evolution of life improbable. Here we show, to the contrary, how noise present in hostile early environments can increase the probability of faithful replication, by amplifying selection in finite populations. Noise has negative consequences in infinite populations, whereas in finite populations, we observe a synergistic interaction among noise sources. Hence, two factors formerly considered inimical to the origin of life—developmenta...

A randomized double blind clinical trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of a special infant formula containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus LMG P-22799 (probiotic: 5 x 10(8) CFU/100mL), inulin (prebiotic: 0.15 g/100mL), dietary fiber... more

A randomized double blind clinical trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of a special infant formula containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus LMG P-22799 (probiotic: 5 x 10(8) CFU/100mL), inulin (prebiotic: 0.15 g/100mL), dietary fiber (soy polysaccharides: 0.2 g/100mL) and increased amounts of zinc+iron (+0.4 and +0.6 mg/100mL, respectively) as active ingredients for the early dietary management of 58 Indonesian well-nourished male infants aged 3-12 months suffering from acute diarrhea with moderate dehydration. After adequate oral rehydration, the patients were randomly assigned to receive either a low lactose infant formula supplemented with added precooked rice (1.5 g/100mL) with the above active ingredients (study group) or a low lactose infant formula with added precooked rice without the above active ingredient supplement (control group). No antibiotic, anti-secretory drug or antiemetic was given at all. Both study and control groups showed similar outcomes for weight gain and...

Recombinant beta-galactosidase from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, homologously over-expressed in L. plantarum, was purified to apparent homogeneity using p-aminobenzyl 1-thio-beta-d-galactopyranoside affinity chromatography and... more

Recombinant beta-galactosidase from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, homologously over-expressed in L. plantarum, was purified to apparent homogeneity using p-aminobenzyl 1-thio-beta-d-galactopyranoside affinity chromatography and subsequently characterized. The enzyme is a heterodimer of the LacLM-family type, consisting of a small subunit of 35kDa and a large subunit of 72kDa. The optimum pH for hydrolysis of its preferred substrates o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (oNPG) and lactose is 7.5 and 7.0, and optimum temperature for these reactions is 55 and 60 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme is most stable in the pH range of 6.5-8.0. The K(m), k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) values for oNPG and lactose are 0.9mM, 92s(-1), 130mM(-1)s(-1) and 29mM, 98s(-1), 3.3mM(-1)s(-1), respectively. The L. plantarum beta-galactosidase possesses a high transgalactosylation activity and was used for the synthesis of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS). The resulting GOS mixture was analyzed in detail, and major components were identified by using high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) as well as capillary electrophoresis. The maximal GOS yield was 41% (w/w) of total sugars at 85% lactose conversion (600mM initial lactose concentration). The enzyme showed a strong preference for the formation of beta-(1-->6) linkages in its transgalactosylation mode, while…

The salivary glands actively concentrate plasma nitrate, leading to high salivary nitrate concentrations (5–8 mM) after a nitrate-rich vegetable meal. Nitrate is an ecological factor that can induce rapid changes in structure and function... more

The salivary glands actively concentrate plasma nitrate, leading to high salivary nitrate concentrations (5–8 mM) after a nitrate-rich vegetable meal. Nitrate is an ecological factor that can induce rapid changes in structure and function of polymicrobial communities, but the effects on the oral microbiota have not been clarified. To test this, saliva of 12 healthy donors was collected to grow in vitro biofilms with and without 6.5 mM nitrate. Samples were taken at 5 h (most nitrate reduced) and 9 h (all nitrate reduced) of biofilm formation for ammonium, lactate and pH measurements, as well as 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing. Nitrate did not affect biofilm growth significantly, but reduced lactate production, while increasing the observed ammonium production and pH (all p

The emerging role of a microbiota‐gut‐brain axis in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suggests that modulating gut microbial composition may offer a tractable approach to addressing the lifelong challenges of ASD. The aim of this systematic... more

The emerging role of a microbiota‐gut‐brain axis in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suggests that modulating gut microbial composition may offer a tractable approach to addressing the lifelong challenges of ASD. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview and critically evaluate the current evidence on the efficacy and safety of probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotic, and fecal microbiota transplantation therapies for core and co‐occurring behavioral symptoms in individuals with ASD. Comprehensive searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were performed from inception to March 5, 2020, and two update searches were completed on October 25, 2020, and April 22, 2021, respectively. A total of 4306 publications were identified, of which 14 articles met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers using a preconstructed form. Results of probiotic studies do not confirm the supposed beneficial effect of probiotics on ASD, whereas prebiotics and synbiotic combinations appear to be efficacious in selective behavioral symptoms. Evidence of the efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in ASD is still scarce but supports further research. Overall, the current evidence base to suggest beneficial effects of these modalities in ASD is limited and inconclusive. More clinical trials are currently looking at the use of microbial‐based therapies in ASD. With a robust double‐blind randomized controlled protocol to investigate the efficacy, these trials should provide significant and definitive results.

Background: Isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO) were enzymatically produced from rice (rIMO) alone or in combination with product (instant rice porridge mixed rIMO) demonstrated bifidogenic and butyrogenic effects in in vitro studies. The... more

Background: Isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO) were enzymatically produced from rice (rIMO) alone or in combination with product (instant rice porridge mixed rIMO) demonstrated bifidogenic and butyrogenic effects in in vitro studies. The potential use of IMO from rice for pharma-nutraceuticals to prevent or risk reduction of colon cancer was further investigated in rats in this study.Objective: To investigate potential use of IMO from rice on prevention or risk reduction of colon cancer and gut microbiota modulation in rats, colonic polyp formation, histological changes, gut microbiota modulation, and butyrogenic properties were evaluated.Methods: An acute toxicity test was performed in ICR mice with a single dose of 2,000 mg/kg of tested IMO. The effects of rIMO were performed in AOM/DSS-induced Wistar rats. The animals were divided in 8 groups and treated three times a week with vehicle, three doses of rIMO, cIMO, and product (instant rice porridge mixed rIMO) before and after carcin...

Background: Isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO) were enzymatically produced from rice (rIMO) alone or in combination with product (instant rice porridge mixed rIMO) demonstrated bifidogenic and butyrogenic effects in in vitro studies. The... more

Background: Isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO) were enzymatically produced from rice (rIMO) alone or in combination with product (instant rice porridge mixed rIMO) demonstrated bifidogenic and butyrogenic effects in in vitro studies. The potential use of IMO from rice for pharma-nutraceuticals to prevent or risk reduction of colon cancer was further investigated in rats in this study.
Objective: To investigate potential use of IMO from rice on prevention or risk reduction of colon cancer and gut microbiota modulation in rats, colonic polyp formation, histological changes, gut microbiota modulation, and butyrogenic properties were evaluated.
Methods: An acute toxicity test was performed in ICR mice with a single dose of 2,000 mg/kg of tested IMO. The effects of rIMO were performed in AOM/DSS-induced Wistar rats. The animals were divided in 8 groups and treated three times a week with vehicle, three doses of rIMO, cIMO, and product (instant rice porridge mixed rIMO) before and after carcinogen administration. Animals were sacrificed at the end of 19th week.
Results: Oral administration at up to 2,000 mg/kg of rIMO and product containing rIMO could be considered safe. Additionally, the animals chemically induced with AOM/DSS and treated with rIMO (1,500 mg/kg) and product containing rIMO significantly lower the occurrence of colonic polyps about 60%. There were no changes in other blood hematologic and biochemistry values but an improved gut barrier function when compared with animals in control and vehicle groups. AOM/DSS-induced rats supplemented with product containing rIMO could retard the reduction of beneficial bacteria and butyric acid production and thereby suppres the increase of harmful bacteria through the AOM/DSS post-induction phase.
Conclusion: The results of this in vivo study suggest that consumption of rIMO alone or in combination with brown rice porridge could potentially help protect histological changes and risk reduction of developing for colon cancer. IMO from rice has potential use for pharma-nutraceuticals for risk reduction of colon cancer.