Toilet Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation Standard (WE-Stand)... more
Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation Standard (WE-Stand) set forth by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO). This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual use on the community's organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water, sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems , resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.
To study the relationship of toilet training and weaning practices to personality, 50 children were administered Early School Personality Questionnaire (ESPQ) and mother of these children were given questionnaires on toilet training and... more
To study the relationship of toilet training and weaning practices to personality, 50 children were administered Early School Personality Questionnaire (ESPQ) and mother of these children were given questionnaires on toilet training and weaning. Chi Square analysis reveals a significant association with age of weaning and children's intelligence, emotional stability or instability and tenseness, frustration or relaxed un frustration. Type of weaning was found to be related to dependence or independence characteristics of personality.