Toilet Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This chapter is concerned with people's behavior experience of bodily evacuation between enand leaving the toilet, across the full specof private to public toilets in the Roman world.l Our written sources for this aspect of latrine use,... more

This chapter is concerned with people's behavior experience of bodily evacuation between enand leaving the toilet, across the full specof private to public toilets in the Roman world.l Our written sources for this aspect of latrine use, while of some help, are relatively meagre (see Thiiry, chapter 4.1, pp. 43-47), and much of the reconstruction has to rely on a close reading of the archaeological evidence. Inevitably, this is weighted towards the multi-seater public latrines (joricae), since being larger and more monumentally built they are more likely to preserve incidental details that can provide clues to behavior, but many of the insights thus gained can be transferred to less public settings also.

Excavations conducted on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority at Tel Lachish exposed the southern half of the six-chambered gate in Level III. In the eastern chamber, a gate shrine was uncovered. The shrine was split in two: a... more

Excavations conducted on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority at Tel Lachish exposed the
southern half of the six-chambered gate in Level III. In the eastern chamber, a gate shrine was
uncovered. The shrine was split in two: a larger northern room and a smaller southern room.
The southern room, which served as the holy of holies, had a niche in its southern wall in front of
which a double altar was placed. Dozens of bowls and oil lamps were revealed inside the shrine.
At some point, evidently prior to the destruction of Level III by Sennacherib in 701 b.c.e., the
shrine was desecrated and sealed. This act was evident in the breakage of the altar’s horns and
the placement of a latrine in the holy of holies. The available data suggests that the desecration of
the shrine should be associated with Hezekiah’s cultic reform (2 Kgs 18:4).

Japanese advanced toilets are the paragon of global standards and continue to garner international attention. However, few realize that Japan's history of flushable toilets is surprisingly new – they did not come into widespread use until... more

Japanese advanced toilets are the paragon of global standards and continue to garner international attention. However, few realize that Japan's history of flushable toilets is surprisingly new – they did not come into widespread use until the 1960s, at which time only 6% of the population was connected to sewage lines. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Japan's transition from night soil to Washlet and thereby fills the research gap on Japanese toilets, which have, to date, remained largely unexplored. Using historical and literary sources, as well as visual aids, I highlight the developments that facilitated this complex and gradual transition and give a sense of the context surrounding the toilet habits of each time period discussed. I conclude that Western influences are the common theme accompanying each stage of the process and that the formation of Japanese toilet culture was an outgrowth of Japan's power struggle with the West.

Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation Standard (WE-Stand)... more

Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation Standard (WE-Stand) set forth by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO). This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual use on the community's organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water, sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems , resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.

To study the relationship of toilet training and weaning practices to personality, 50 children were administered Early School Personality Questionnaire (ESPQ) and mother of these children were given questionnaires on toilet training and... more

To study the relationship of toilet training and weaning practices to personality, 50 children were administered Early School Personality Questionnaire (ESPQ) and mother of these children were given questionnaires on toilet training and weaning. Chi Square analysis reveals a significant association with age of weaning and children's intelligence, emotional stability or instability and tenseness, frustration or relaxed un frustration. Type of weaning was found to be related to dependence or independence characteristics of personality.

Behavior of open defecation is defecation in open areas (fields, gardens, rivers). The most important problem in the behavior of open defecation is actually a stool, as if the human who produced it suffered from the digestive tract, then... more

Behavior of open defecation is defecation in open areas (fields, gardens, rivers). The most important problem in the behavior of open defecation is actually a stool, as if the human who produced it suffered from the digestive tract, then the sludge may be contaminated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) and fecal streptococci which are often found in the human digestive tract. When E. coli is entered on disease transmission media such as food and drinking water, and enter in the digestive tract that are declining immunity would make a person is suffering from diarrhea. The research objective was to determine the relationship between knowledge and availability of toilet with behavior of open defecation. This research methods is correlational analytic with cross sectional approach. The population is community in Oesao Village East Kupang Sub-District, Camplong II Village Fatuleu Sub-District and Noelbaki Village Central Kupang Sub-District, by simple random sampling technique samples obta...

Using a system analysis approach compares different systems for handling and treatment of toilet waste and organic household waste. Design issues considered are source separation of urine, use of vacuum toilets and advanced nutrient... more

Using a system analysis approach compares different systems for handling and treatment of toilet waste and organic household waste. Design issues considered are source separation of urine, use of vacuum toilets and advanced nutrient recovery processes such as Reverse Osmosis (RO). All of the studied systems have low emissions of eutrophying compounds. Other environmental effects are mainly related to the amount of exergy used at each system. Source separating of urine is favourable if only a moderate (> 50 %) recycling potential for nutrients such as N and K is required. However, if higher recycling potential is required systems using nutrient recovery processes such as RO/evaporator are probably to prefer. For vacuum systems, the maximum amounts of flush water must be below 10 lit/p,d to make them reasonable efficient in terms of exergy consumption. The low-flush systems are less sensitive to the use of flush water.

Sanitation is described as providing facilities and services to dispose of human urine and faeces safely. Clean water and sanitation facilities during menstruation are essential for women to take care of themselves hygienically and... more

Sanitation is described as providing facilities and services to dispose of human urine and faeces safely. Clean water and sanitation facilities during menstruation are essential for women to take care of themselves hygienically and confidently. To achieve the goal, a descriptive cross-sectional study of menstruation women in the selected areas was suggested. First, data on cleanliness and menstrual hygiene were obtained from 435 non-tribal and 353 tribal women who were menstruating. Following that, the data is arranged in a comparative analytical fashion. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0, which included descriptive and inferential statistics. Gender disparity, discriminatory social norms, cultural taboos, poverty, and a lack of basic conveniences such as latrine and sanitary products may cause menstrual health complicated. The shortage of toilet, water, and waste disposal facilities in their homes and workplaces make the sit...

Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation Standard (WE-Stand)... more

Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation Standard (WE-Stand) set forth by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO). This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual use on the community's organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water, sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems, resulting in l...