Anti-Comintern Pact (original) (raw)

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La antikominterna pakto estis komence alianco inter Japanio kaj la Germana Imperio por kontraŭbatali la Komunistan Internacion (Kominterno). Ttiu alianco estis subskribita la 25-an de novembro en 1936 de la japana ambasadoro Kintomo Muŝanokoĝi kaj de Joachim von Ribbentrop en Berlino. La celo de la kontrakto estis batalo kontraŭ la Kominterno, kio devis realiĝi per kunlaboro kaj ŝanĝo de informoj. Al la pakto aliĝis en 1937 Italio, en februaro de 1939 Hungario kaj Manĝukuo, en marto Hispanio, novembre de 1941 Kroatio, Danio, Finnlando, Rumanio, Bulgario, Slovakio kaj la Nankina pupregistaro de la japanoj.

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dbo:abstract Pakt proti Kominterně (Komunistické internacionále) byl pakt uzavřený 25. listopadu 1936 v Berlíně mezi * Třetí říší a * Japonskem. * Zhruba o rok později 6. listopadu 1937 se k paktu připojila i Itálie. Za Německo podepsal ministr zahraničí Joachim von Ribbentrop, za Japonsko vyslanec Mušanokódži Kintomo. Na dobu pěti let se obě země zavázaly společně bojovat proti komunistické propagandě (z důvodu zachování vztahů se SSSR ne přímo proti socialistickému státu). V tajném dodatku se pak dohodly, že v případě útoku jednoho ze signatářů na SSSR zachovají neutralitu a neuzavřou se Sovětským svazem žádné smlouvy, které by odporovaly duchu paktu. V roce 1941 byl pakt prodloužen o dalších šest let a připojilo se k němu dalších třináct signatářů: * Především němečtí spojenci a satelity: Maďarsko, Rumunsko, Slovensko, Bulharsko, Chorvatsko, Dánsko, Finsko, Španělsko a dvě japonské loutkové vlády: Mandžusko a Čína. (cs) حلف مناهضة الكومينترن اتفاق أبرمته ألمانيا النازية مع إمبراطورية اليابان - انضمت لهما في وقت لاحق بلدان أخرى - في 25 نوفمبر سنة 1936 وكان موجهًا ضد الأممية الشيوعية (الكومنترن) بصفة عامة، والاتحاد السوفياتي بشكل خاص. كان الموقعون اليابانيون يتطلعون إلى أن يتحول حلف مناهضة الكومنترن إلى تحالف فعّال ضد الاتحاد السوفييتي، وبالتأكيد هذا أيضًا ما كان يراه الاتحاد السوفييتي في الحلف. كذلك تضمن الميثاق بروتوكولًا سريًا إضافيًا يحدّد سياسة عمل مشتركة بين ألمانيا واليابان موجّهة ضد الاتحاد السوفييتي. لكن بعد انضمام إيطاليا للحلف وخصوصًا بعد التقارب الألماني السوفييتي التالي لاتفاق مولوتوف-ريبنتروب فقد بدأ الحلف يتخذ وبشكل متزايد هوية معادية للغرب ولبريطانيا أيضًا. بعد أغسطس عام 1939، نأت اليابان بنفسها عن ألمانيا بعد قيام الأخيرة بتوقيع معاهدة عدم الاعتداء مع الاتحاد السوفييتي. استُبدل حلف مناهضة الكومنترن في شهر سبتمبر 1940 بالاتفاق الثلاثي الذي وصف الولايات المتحدة بكونها تمثّل التهديد الرئيسي بدلًا عن الاتحاد السوفييتي، كانت هذه هي الوثيقة الرئيسية التي وحدت مصالح دول المحور. بعد ذلك أصبحت عملية تنسيب الأعضاء في حلف مناهضة الكومنترن عملية شكلية إلى حد كبير، وقد شهد تجديد المعاهدة في نوفمبر من عام 1941 انضمام عدد من الأعضاء الجدد إلى الحلف. مضمون المعاهدة 1936 كانت المعاهدة التي حددت السياسة الألمانية اليابانية في مواجهة أنشطة الشيوعية الدولية سارية بشكل مبدئي لمدة خمس سنوات حتى نوفمبر 1941. وقع المتفقون على بروتوكولين إضافيين أحدهما كان عامًا، بينما كان الآخر سريًا وهو الموجه ضد الاتحاد السوفييتي تحديدًا. وُقعت المعاهدة في مكاتب وكالة ريبنتروب Dienststelle Ribbentrop بدلًا من وزارة الخارجية الألمانية. فسّر ريبنتروب ذلك عند إدلائه بشهادته في نورمبرغ برغبة هتلر في تجنب استعمال القنوات السياسة الألمانية الرسمية فيما وصفه ريبنتروب بأنه «سؤال إيديولوجي» وليس سياسيًا. (ar) El Pacte Antikomintern o Tractat Antikomintern va ser signat el 25 de novembre de 1936 entre l'Imperi del Japó i l'Alemanya nazi. Segons els termes d'aquest acord, ambdues nacions es comprometien a prendre mesures per salvaguardar-se de l'amenaça de la III Internacional o Komintern, liderada per la Unió Soviètica. Un mes després que es formalitzés l'Eix Roma-Berlín (octubre de 1936), l'Imperi del Japó signa amb l'Alemanya nazi el 'Pacte Antikomintern ', on els dos països s'alien contra la Unió de Repúbliques Socialistes Soviètiques (URSS) i es reconeix Manxukuo, l'estat titella originat durant l'ocupació japonesa de la regió xinesa de Manxúria. Un any després s'incorpora a aquest pacte Itàlia, i després els governs d'Espanya i Hongria. D'aquesta forma els grans blocs basats en doctrines feixistes a Europa i un dels països més importants d'Àsia, el Japó imperial, es recolzen mútuament en contra de la influència de les doctrines de l'internacionalisme comunista promogut internacionalment pel govern de la Unió Soviètica. El Pacte Antikomintern va ser un intent de Hitler d'aïllar l'URSS, que no comptava amb aliats a Europa, sense que impliqués necessàriament ajuda militar. El 1941, quan es va iniciar la invasió de la Unió Soviètica, els països membres del Pacte eren: * Alemanya (1936) * Imperi del Japó (1936) * Regne d'Itàlia (1937) * Regne de Bulgària * Estat Independent de Croàcia * Regne de Dinamarca * Espanya (1939) * República de Finlàndia * Regne d'Hongria * Manxukuo * Regne de Romania * República Eslovaca * (govern de Wang Jingwei) (ca) Το Σύμφωνο Αντικομιντέρν (γερμανικά: Antikominternpakt, ιαπωνικά: 防共協定, Bōkyō kyōtei), ή Σύμφωνο κατά της Κομμουνιστικής Διεθνούς (γερμανικά: Abkommen gegen die Kommunistische Internationale‎) όπως ήταν ο πλήρης τίτλος του, ήταν συμφωνία μεταξύ της ναζιστικής Γερμανίας και την Ιαπωνίας που στρεφόταν κατά της Κομμουνιστικής Διεθνούς. Υπογράφηκε στις 25 Νοεμβρίου 1936 από τον γενικό πρεσβευτή της Γερμανίας Γιοάχιμ φον Ρίμπεντροπ και τον Ιάπωνα πρεσβευτή στη Γερμανία Kintomo Mushanokōji. Η Ιταλία προσχώρησε το 1937, ακολούθησαν η Ισπανία και η Ουγγαρία το 1939. Οι Ιάπωνες ήλπιζαν ότι το Σύμφωνο κατά της Κομιντέρν θα αποτελούσε ουσιαστικά μια συμμαχία ενάντια στη Σοβιετική Ένωση, όπως σίγουρα το αντιλαμβάνονταν οι Σοβιετικοί. Ωστόσο, μετά την ένταξη της Ιταλίας στο σύμφωνο και μετά το Σύμφωνο Μολότοφ-Ρίμπεντροπ, απέκτησε μια ολοένα και πιο αντι-Δυτική και αντιβρετανική υπόσταση. Μετά την υπογραφή του Γερμανοσοβετικού συμφώνου μη επιθέσεως του 1939, η Ιαπωνία αποστασιοποιήθηκε από τη Γερμανία και στην ουσία κατέστη ανενεργό. Το Σύμφωνο ανανεώθηκε στη συνέχεια τον Νοέμβριο του 1941 με την είσοδο πολλών νέων μελών, όπως της Βουλγαρίας και της Φινλανδίας. (el) The Anti-Comintern Pact, officially the Agreement against the Communist International was an anti-Communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan on 25 November 1936 and was directed against the Communist International (Comintern). It was signed by German ambassador-at-large Joachim von Ribbentrop and Japanese ambassador to Germany Kintomo Mushanokōji. Italy joined in 1937, but it was legally recognised as an original signatory by the terms of her entry. Spain and Hungary joined in 1939. Other countries joined during World War II. The Japanese signatories had hoped that the Anti-Comintern Pact would effectively be an alliance against the Soviet Union, which is certainly how the Soviets perceived it. There was also a secret additional protocol which specified a joint German-Japanese policy specifically aimed against the Soviet Union. However, after the accession of Fascist Italy to the pact and especially the German-Soviet rapprochement after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, it gained an increasingly anti-Western and anti-British identity as well. After August 1939, Japan distanced itself from Germany as a result of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. The Anti-Comintern Pact was followed by the September 1940 Tripartite Pact, which identified the United States as the primary threat rather than the Soviet Union, however by December 1941 this too was virtually inoperative. The Anti-Comintern Pact was subsequently renewed in November 1941 and saw the entry of several new members into the pact. The Nazi regime saw signing of the Anti-Comintern Pact as a "litmus test of loyalty". The Anti-Comintern Pact ceased to exist with the end of World War II. (en) La antikominterna pakto estis komence alianco inter Japanio kaj la Germana Imperio por kontraŭbatali la Komunistan Internacion (Kominterno). Ttiu alianco estis subskribita la 25-an de novembro en 1936 de la japana ambasadoro Kintomo Muŝanokoĝi kaj de Joachim von Ribbentrop en Berlino. La celo de la kontrakto estis batalo kontraŭ la Kominterno, kio devis realiĝi per kunlaboro kaj ŝanĝo de informoj. Al la pakto aliĝis en 1937 Italio, en februaro de 1939 Hungario kaj Manĝukuo, en marto Hispanio, novembre de 1941 Kroatio, Danio, Finnlando, Rumanio, Bulgario, Slovakio kaj la Nankina pupregistaro de la japanoj. (eo) Der Antikominternpakt 1936 war ein völkerrechtlicher Vertrag zwischen dem Deutschen Reich und dem Japanischen Kaiserreich mit der Hauptzielsetzung der Bekämpfung der Kommunistischen Internationale (Komintern). Ihm traten später weitere Staaten, unter anderem das faschistische Italien, bei. (de) Antikomintern Ituna 1936an Japoniak eta Alemaniak sinatutako ituna da. Itun honek komunismoaren mehatxuari aurre egitea zuen helburu eta Hitleren saiakera izan zen SESB isolatuta uzteko. Italia eta Espainia ere ziren itun honetako partaide. Hungria ere kide egin zenean, SESB-rekin zituen erlazio diplomatikoak ezabatu egin zituen. (eu) El Pacto Antikomintern o Tratado Antikomintern (oficialmente Acuerdo contra la Internacional Comunista ) fue firmado el 25 de noviembre de 1936 entre el Imperio del Japón y la Alemania nazi, siendo el documento relanzado y de nuevo firmado el 25 de noviembre de 1941, tras la invasión de la URSS por Alemania. En el documento, las naciones firmantes se comprometían a tomar medidas para salvaguardarse de la amenaza de la Internacional Comunista o Komintern, liderada por la Unión Soviética.​ (es) Le pacte anti-Komintern est un traité signé le 25 novembre 1936 entre l'Allemagne nazie et l'Empire du Japon, lesquels sont ensuite rejoints par d'autres États ayant des gouvernements fascistes, à tendances fascistes ou soutenant l'Axe pour des raisons politiques. (fr) Pakta Anti-Komintern merupakan persetujuan antara Jerman Nazi dan Kekaisaran Jepang (negara-negara lain kemudian juga bergabung) pada tanggal 25 November 1936. Pakta ini secara umum merupakan perlawanan yang ditujukan terhadap Komunis Internasional (Komintern), dan secara khusus terhadap Uni Soviet. "menyadari bahwa tujuan dari Komunis Internasional, yang dikenal sebagai Komintern, adalah untuk memecah-belah dan menaklukkan Negara-Negara yang telah ada dengan semua daya upaya yang dapat dilakukannya; meyakini bahwa toleransi atas campur tangan oleh Komunis Internasional dalam urusan internal bangsa-bangsa tidak hanya membahayakan kedamaian internal dan kesejahteraan sosial mereka, tetapi juga merupakan ancaman bagi perdamaian dunia yang berkeinginan untuk bekerja sama dalam pertahanan terhadap kegiatan-kegiatan subversif Komunis" (in) 방공 협정(反共協定) 또는 반코민테른 협정(反 - 協定, 독일어: antikominternpakt, 이탈리아어: patto anticomintern, 일본어: 防共協定, 영어: Anti-Comintern Pact, Agreement against the Communist International)은 1936년 10월 25일 나치 독일과 일본 제국이 코민테른과 소련에 대항하기 위해 맺은 협정으로 독일이나 일본이 소련의 침략을 받을 경우 양국 모두의 이익을 보호하기 위해 특별한 조치를 취한다는 내용을 담고 있다. 1937년 11월 6일 이탈리아 왕국이 협정에 서명하면서 추축국이 형성되었으며 1941년 11월 25일을 기해 개정된 새 협정에 따라 유효 기간이 5년 연장되었다. 1941년 당시 새로 개정된 방공 협정에 서명했던 나라는 다음과 같다. * 나치 독일(1936년) * 일본 제국(1936년) * 이탈리아 왕국(1937년) * 헝가리 왕국(1939년) * 만주국(1939년) * 스페인(1939년) * 슬로바키아 공화국(1941년) * 핀란드(1941년) * 루마니아 왕국(1941년) * 불가리아 왕국(1941년) * 크로아티아 독립국(1941년) * 덴마크(1941년) * 난징 국민정부(1941년) (ko) 防共協定（ぼうきょうきょうてい、ドイツ語: Antikominternpakt）は、1936年（昭和11年）11月25日に日本とドイツの間で調印された、国際共産主義運動を指導するコミンテルンに対抗する共同防衛をうたった条約。正文である日本語における条約名は共産「インターナショナル」ニ対スル協定（きょうさん「インターナショナル」ニたいスルきょうてい）。同じく正文であるドイツ語条約名はAbkommen gegen die Kommunistische Internationale。 締結当初は二国間協定である日独防共協定（にちどくぼうきょうきょうてい）と呼ばれ、1937年（昭和12年）11月にイタリアが原署名国として加盟し、日独伊防共協定（にちどくいぼうきょうきょうてい）と呼ばれる三国協定となり、1939年（昭和14年）にはハンガリーと満州国、スペインが参加したことによって6カ国による協定となった。 しかし、同年8月23日締結の独ソ不可侵条約によって事実上の空文となった。その後、1941年（昭和16年）5月の独ソ戦開始により反共という概念が再び利用され、11月25日には本協定の改定が実施されるとともに、ブルガリア王国、ルーマニア王国、デンマーク、スロバキア、クロアチア独立国、フィンランド、中華民国南京政府（汪兆銘政権）が加盟している。1945年5月のドイツの降伏によって事実上失効した。 (ja) Het Anti-Kominternpact was een pact dat op 25 november 1936 door het Japanse Keizerrijk en nazi-Duitsland werd gesloten en gericht was tegen het communisme, in het bijzonder de Sovjet-Unie. In 1937 voegde Italië zich bij dit pact, waarmee de asmogendheden gevormd werden. Later sloten de nieuwe leden van de asmogendheden en Spanje zich hierbij aan. Het verdrag was bedoeld, volgens de ondertekenaars, om de wereldsamenleving te beveiligen tegen het communisme. Iedere partij en ieder land dat bij het Komintern, de Communistische internationale, was aangesloten was dus bijna automatisch een vijand van Japan en Duitsland. In geval van een aanval door de Sovjet-Unie op Duitsland of Japan, zouden de beide landen samen beslissen wat voor maatregelen nodig waren. Daarnaast kwamen de landen overeen dat ze geen politieke verdragen zouden sluiten met de Sovjet-Unie en Duitsland erkende de Japanse vazalstaat Mantsjoekwo, die op Chinees grondgebied lag. (nl) Il Patto anticomintern fu un trattato di alleanza politica, diretto contro l'Unione Sovietica, concluso il 25 novembre 1936 a Berlino tra il governo del Terzo Reich tedesco e quello dell'Impero giapponese, cui si aggiunsero, successivamente, l'Italia ed altri Paesi. (it) O Pacto Anticomintern foi assinado em 25 de novembro de 1936 entre o Império do Japão e a Alemanha nazista, onde ambas as nações se comprometeram a tomar medidas para se protegerem contra a ameaça da União das Repúblicas Socialistas Sov­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­iéticas (Comintern). O pacto, basicamente, era específico para garantir a capacidade do "Eixo" de atacar uma potencial ameaça soviética em duas frentes: ao Leste com a Alemanha e ao Oeste com o Japão, tentando impedir o avanço da União Soviética e de revoluções pró-União Soviética na Ásia. (pt) Antikominternpakten undertecknades av Tyskland och Japan den 25 november 1936 och innebar, att man samfällt ville bekämpa den internationella kommunismen, vars frontorganisation var Komintern. Det fascistiska Italien anslöt sig 1937. Pakten förlängdes på ytterligare fem år 24 november 1941. Efter Nazitysklands anfall på Sovjetunionen i juni 1941 (Operation Barbarossa) var det viktigt av propagandaskäl att få med så många länder som möjligt i Antikomintern. Ett antal länder som under kriget hamnat i beroendeställning till Tyskland och Japan sattes under press att ansluta sig och följande länder skrev under fördraget: Tyskland, Japan, Italien, Ungern, Spanien, Manchukuo, Bulgarien, Kroatien, Danmark, Finland, Rumänien, Slovakien och Nanking-regimen i Kina – men även El Salvador. Turkiet skrev aldrig under avtalet men erhöll observatörsstatus. Paktens upphovsman var den blivande tyske utrikesministern Joachim von Ribbentrop. (sv) Pakt antykominternowski – układ podpisany 25 listopada 1936 roku w Berlinie przez przedstawicieli rządów Niemiec i Japonii. (pl) Антикомінте́рнівський пакт — договір, укладений 25 листопада 1936 в Берліні між Третім Рейхом і Японською імперією з метою боротьби проти Комінтерну. Японська назва: «Японсько-німецький договір про спільну оборону». (uk) 《反共產國際協定》（又稱防共協定，德語：Antikominternpakt，日语：防共協定）是納粹德國與大日本帝國在1936年11月25日簽訂的反對共產國際及蘇聯的協定，由德国外交部长约阿希姆·冯·里宾特洛甫和日本驻德国大使签署。此協定後來陸續有其他國家加入。在1937年至1940年間簽署國只有義大利王國、匈牙利王國、滿洲國和西班牙國。1941年時，這個協定的簽署國包括了保加利亞王國、汪精衛國民政府、克羅地亞獨立国、丹麥保護国、芬蘭、羅馬尼亞王國、斯洛伐克。 協定包括3條正文、附屬議定書和秘密附屬檔案。主要內容有：締約國相約互通關於共產國際活動的情報，並緊密合作，協定和採取必要的防止措施；對“受共產國際威脅的第三國”採取防止措施，或共同邀請其加入本協定；設定常設委員會，協定反共事宜。秘密附屬檔案規定：當締約國一方遭到蘇聯進攻或進攻威脅時，另一方不得採取任何有利於蘇聯的行動並立即商討“保護共同利益”的措施；未經雙方同意，不得與蘇聯締結違背本協定精神的任何政治條約。該協定的簽訂是德、日、意法西斯為擴大對外侵略相互借重力量的產物，標誌著軸心國的初步形成。 (zh) «Антикоминтерновский пакт» (нем. Antikominternpakt, яп. 日独防共協定 «Японо-германское соглашение по обороне от коммунизма», дата заключения — 25 ноября 1936 года. Место заключения — Берлин) — международный договор (пакт), заключённый между Германией и Японией, создавший двусторонний блок этих государств, направленный против Коммунистического интернационала (Коминтерна, откуда, собственно, и название пакта) с целью не допустить дальнейшее распространение коммунистической идеологии в мире. Пакт был подписан Йоахимом фон Риббентропом и послом Японии в Германии Кинтомо Мусякодзи. Италия, Испания и другие страны присоединились к пакту до ноября 1941 года. Подписавшие пакт японцы надеялись, что Антикоминтерновский пакт станет альянсом против Советского Союза, что, безусловно, понимало руководство СССР. Был также секретный дополнительный протокол, который определял совместную германо-японскую политику, специально направленную против Советского Союза. Впрочем, после присоединения Италии к пакту и особенно германо-советского сближения после пакта Молотова — Риббентропа, он приобрёл всё более антизападную и антибританскую направленность. После германо-советского пакта о ненападении в августе 1939 года Япония дистанцировалась от Германии. Действие Антикоминтерновского пакта было приостановлено в сентябре 1940 года Трёхсторонним пактом, в котором главной угрозой были объявлены Соединённые Штаты, а не Советский Союз. Впоследствии членство в Антикоминтерновском пакте стало в значительной степени церемониальным, но в ноябре 1941 года возобновление его действия привело к вступлению в него нескольких новых членов. (ru)
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dbp:caption Japanese ambassador to Germany Kintomo Mushanokōji and the German ambassador-at-large Joachim von Ribbentrop sign the Anti-Comintern Pact. (en)
dbp:dateDrafted 1936-10-23 (xsd:date)
dbp:dateSigned 1936-11-25 (xsd:date)
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dbp:name Anti-Comintern Pact (en)
dbp:quote 0001-11-25 (xsd:gMonthDay) 0001-11-27 (xsd:gMonthDay) Cooperative diplomacy will not solve the present emergency, which is not an isolated incident but represents a world emergency that has come about despite the great efforts that have been made by all countries since the World War. Japan must take advantage of the glorious challenge posed by the Manchurian Incident and our withdrawal from the League of Nations. We must accept our fate, firmly refusing to be weakened by avoiding the challenge, and must have the courage to use this opportunity to formulate a great plan for our country's next hundred years. (en) On the occasion of the signing today of the agreement against the Communist International, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have agreed as follows: a) The competent authorities of the two High Contracting States will work in close collaboration in matters concerning the exchange of information over the activities of the Communist International as well as investigatory and defensive measures against the Communist International. b) The competent authorities of the two High Contracting States will within the framework of the existing laws take severe measures against those who at home or abroad are engaged directly or indirectly in the service of the Communist International or promote its subversive activities. c) In order to facilitate the cooperation of the competent authorities provided for in paragraph a permanent committee will be set up. In this committee the further defensive measures necessary for the struggle against the subversive adivities of the Communist International will be considered and discussed. (en) The Govemment of the German Reich and the Imperial Japanese Govemment, recognizing that the aim of the Communist International, known as the Comintern, is to disintegrate and subdue existing States by all means at its command; convinced that the toleration of interference by the Communist International in the internal affairs of the nationsnot only endangers their internal peace and social well being, but is also a menace to the peace of the world; desirous of cooperating in the defence against Communist subversion; have agreed as follows Article 1: The High Contracting States agree to inform one another of the activities of the Communist International, to consult with one another on the necessary preventive measures and to carry these through in close collaboration. Article 2: The High Contracting Parties will jointly invite third States whose intemal peace is threatened by the subversive activities of the Communist:Intemational to adopt defensive measures in the spirit of this agreement or to take part in the present agreement. Article 3: The German as well as the Japanese text of the present agreement is to be deemed the original text. It comes into force on the day of signature and shall remain in force for a period of five years. Before the expiry of this period the High Contracting Parties will come to an understanding over the further methods of their cooperation. (en) Well-informed people refuse to believe that for the drawing of the two scanty published articles of the German-Japanese agreement it was necessary to conduct negotiations for fifteen months, and that on the Japanese side it was necessary to entrust these negotiations to an Army general, and on the German side to an important diplomat, and that it was necessary to conduct these negotiations in an atmosphere of the strictest secrecy. As regards the published [...] agreement, it is only a camouflage for another agreement which was simultaneously discussed and initially [...] in which the word 'Communism' is not even mentioned. (en) The Anti-Comintern Pact itself should be limited in its phraseology and should refer only to an exchange of information against the subversive activities of the Comintern. To include more than the foregoing in the pact would anger and alarm the Soviet Union unnecessarily and would provide other countries with an opportunity for engaging in propaganda activities against us. [...] Japanese-German collaboration must not be a cause of anxiety to any other powers, especially Britain. Anglo-Japanese relations are not friendly at present because of the China question and certain economic issues that cannot be adjusted as yet, but one of the keynotes of our foreign policy must be to improve our relations with Britain, which has substantial influence with other world powers, and we must at the very least avoid a face-to-face confrontation with it at all costs. (en) The Government of the German Reich and the Imperial Japanese Government, recognizing that the Government of the U.S.S.R. is working toward a realization of the aims of the Communist International and intends to employ its army for this purpose; convinced that this fact threatens not only the existence of the High Contracting States, but endangers world peace most seriously; in order to safeguard their common interests have agreed as follows: Article 1: Should one of the High Contracting States become the object of an unprovoked attack or threat of attack by the U.S.S.R., the other High Contracting State obligates itself to take no measures which would tend to ease the situation of the U.S.S.R. Should the case described in paragraph 1 occur, the High Contracting States will immediately consult on what measures to take to safeguard their common interests. Article 2: For the duration of the present agreement the High Contracting States will conclude no political treaties with the U.S.S.R. contrary to the spirit of this agreement without mutual consent. Article 3: The German as well as the Japanese text of the present agreement is to be deemed the original text. The agreement comes into force simultaneously with the agreement against the Communist International signed today and will remain in force for the same period. (en) In the face of the war provocations of the German fascists and Japanese militarists, and the speeding up of armaments by the war parties in the capitalist countries [...] the central slogan of the Communist Parties must be: struggle for peace. All those interested in the preservation of peace should be drawn into this vital front. The concentration of forces against the chief instigators of war at any given moment constitutes a most important task of the Communist Parties. (en) The Soviet Union's revolutionary pressure on Asia increases as it continues to strengthen its national defense and international position through a huge rearmament program. Its goal, a Red penetration of many areas, interferes with Japan's East Asia policy and poses a grave threat to our empire's defense. Thwarting the Soviet Union's aggressive intention therefore has become the most crucial element in our diplomacy. This goal must be achieved by diplomatic means and by completion of a defense buildup. [...] Germany has interests that closely parallels ours vis-a-vis the Soviet Union because of the special arrangement that exists between Russia and France. Hence, it is in Germany's interest to cooperate with us; and we in turn should promote close relations with Germany, leading to alliance between Japan and Germany. This relationship must be expanded to include Poland and other friendly European countries near the Soviet Union as well as other Asian and Islamic countries, as a further restraint on the Soviet Union. (en) Another development, hardly dangerous in itself, but portentous of things to come, was the conclusion of an Anti-Comintern Pact between Japan and Germany in November 1936. Though it was ostensibly a limited agreement for exchange of information and consultation concerning Communist subversion, it served to give a tangible basis for the belief that Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan were very much alike and linked together. (en) [T]he question arose as to how a way could be found at all to win over other countries to counter communistic tendencies. The problem, therefore, was an ideological one. In the year 1933, I believe, Hitler discussed with me for the first time, the question of whether a closer contact with Japan could be established in some form or other. I replied that I personally had certain connections with Japanese persons and would establish contact. When I did so it came to light that Japan had the same anti-Comintern attitude as Germany. Out of these conversations of the years 1933, 1934, 1935, I believe, the idea gradually crystallized that one might make these common efforts the subject of a pact. I believe it was one of my assistants who had the idea of concluding the Anti- Comintern Pact. I presented this idea to the Fuhrer and the Fuhrer approved of it. However, since it was, so to speak, an ideological question, he did not wish at that time that it be done through the official channels of German politics and therefore he instructed me to prepare this pact which then was concluded in my office in Berlin, as I believe, in the course of the year 1936. (en) The onward march of fascism was underlined by the anti-comintern pact concluded between Germany and Japan in November 1936, to combat the spread of communist regimes. It was ostensibly directed against the USSR, but the seemingly close relations established between the two governments also posed a serious threat to the British empire. This threat was magnified when Italy adhered to the pact in late 1937. (en)
dbp:signatories Denmark (en) ---- Before World War II (en) ---- During World War II (en) China-Nanjing (en) Initial signatories (en)
dbp:source 0001-11-10 (xsd:gMonthDay) Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal. 10. Nuremberg: International Military Tribunal. 1947. p. 240. (en) Ruth Henig: The Origins of the Second World War 1933–1941. . p. 30. (en) MGFA: The Build-up of German Aggression . . p. 639. (en) Ian Kershaw: Hitler 1936–45: Nemesis. . p. 27. (en) Paul W. Schroeder: The Axis Alliance and Japanese-American Relations 1941 . . p. 7. (en) Stratman, George John . "The Anti-Comintern Pact 1933–1936". Germany's diplomatic relations with Japan 1933–1941. Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 2450. University of Montana. p. 26. (en) Ohata, Tokushiro . "The Anti-Comintern Pact, 1935–1939". In Morley, James William . "Deterrent Diplomacy: Japan, Germany and the USSR, 1935–1940". p. 32 & 39. . (en) Ohata, Tokushiro . "The Anti-Comintern Pact, 1935–1939". In Morley, James William . "Deterrent Diplomacy: Japan, Germany and the USSR, 1935–1940". p. 31. . (en) Stratman, George John . Germany's diplomatic relations with Japan 1933–1941. Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 2450. University of Montana. p. 18. (en) Presseisen, Ernst L. . Germany and Japan: A Study in Totalitarian Diplomacy 1933–1941. Den Haag: Springer-Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-6590-9. . p. 327. (en) Presseisen, Ernst L. . Germany and Japan: A Study in Totalitarian Diplomacy 1933–1941. Den Haag: Springer-Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-6590-9. . pp. 327–328. (en) Ohata, Tokushiro . "The Anti-Comintern Pact, 1935–1939". In Morley, James William . "Deterrent Diplomacy: Japan, Germany and the USSR, 1935–1940". p. 12. . (en) Presseisen, Ernst L. . Germany and Japan: A Study in Totalitarian Diplomacy 1933–1941. Den Haag: Springer-Science + Business Media. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-6590-9. . p. 328. (en) German Federal Archives. 1937 – 1941 ; Die Kriegsjahre; 6 : 15. September bis 11. Dezember 1941. Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 1918–1945 aus dem Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes . D-13,2. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck + Ruprecht. pp. 671–672. (en)
dbp:title 0001-07-24 (xsd:gMonthDay) 0001-11-25 (xsd:gMonthDay) 0001-11-26 (xsd:gMonthDay) Supplementary Protocol [to the German-Japanese Agreement against the Communist International] [25 Nov 1936] (en) "The Foreign Policy of Imperial Japan" (en) Seventh World Congress declaration regarding the threat of Germany and Japan (en) Ribbentrop's testimony regarding the Anti-Comintern Pact's creation (en) The German-Japanese Agreement against the Communist International [25 Nov 1936] (en) Ian Kershaw, 2000 (en) Italian entry protocol (en) Manfred Messerschmidt, 1990 (en) "The Essence of National Defense and Proposals to Strengthen It" (en) Paul W. Schroeder, 1958 (en) Ruth Henig, 1985 (en) Text of the Secret Additional Protocol to the German-Japanese Agreement [25 Nov 1936] (en)
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rdfs:comment La antikominterna pakto estis komence alianco inter Japanio kaj la Germana Imperio por kontraŭbatali la Komunistan Internacion (Kominterno). Ttiu alianco estis subskribita la 25-an de novembro en 1936 de la japana ambasadoro Kintomo Muŝanokoĝi kaj de Joachim von Ribbentrop en Berlino. La celo de la kontrakto estis batalo kontraŭ la Kominterno, kio devis realiĝi per kunlaboro kaj ŝanĝo de informoj. Al la pakto aliĝis en 1937 Italio, en februaro de 1939 Hungario kaj Manĝukuo, en marto Hispanio, novembre de 1941 Kroatio, Danio, Finnlando, Rumanio, Bulgario, Slovakio kaj la Nankina pupregistaro de la japanoj. (eo) Der Antikominternpakt 1936 war ein völkerrechtlicher Vertrag zwischen dem Deutschen Reich und dem Japanischen Kaiserreich mit der Hauptzielsetzung der Bekämpfung der Kommunistischen Internationale (Komintern). Ihm traten später weitere Staaten, unter anderem das faschistische Italien, bei. (de) Antikomintern Ituna 1936an Japoniak eta Alemaniak sinatutako ituna da. Itun honek komunismoaren mehatxuari aurre egitea zuen helburu eta Hitleren saiakera izan zen SESB isolatuta uzteko. Italia eta Espainia ere ziren itun honetako partaide. Hungria ere kide egin zenean, SESB-rekin zituen erlazio diplomatikoak ezabatu egin zituen. (eu) El Pacto Antikomintern o Tratado Antikomintern (oficialmente Acuerdo contra la Internacional Comunista ) fue firmado el 25 de noviembre de 1936 entre el Imperio del Japón y la Alemania nazi, siendo el documento relanzado y de nuevo firmado el 25 de noviembre de 1941, tras la invasión de la URSS por Alemania. En el documento, las naciones firmantes se comprometían a tomar medidas para salvaguardarse de la amenaza de la Internacional Comunista o Komintern, liderada por la Unión Soviética.​ (es) Le pacte anti-Komintern est un traité signé le 25 novembre 1936 entre l'Allemagne nazie et l'Empire du Japon, lesquels sont ensuite rejoints par d'autres États ayant des gouvernements fascistes, à tendances fascistes ou soutenant l'Axe pour des raisons politiques. (fr) 防共協定（ぼうきょうきょうてい、ドイツ語: Antikominternpakt）は、1936年（昭和11年）11月25日に日本とドイツの間で調印された、国際共産主義運動を指導するコミンテルンに対抗する共同防衛をうたった条約。正文である日本語における条約名は共産「インターナショナル」ニ対スル協定（きょうさん「インターナショナル」ニたいスルきょうてい）。同じく正文であるドイツ語条約名はAbkommen gegen die Kommunistische Internationale。 締結当初は二国間協定である日独防共協定（にちどくぼうきょうきょうてい）と呼ばれ、1937年（昭和12年）11月にイタリアが原署名国として加盟し、日独伊防共協定（にちどくいぼうきょうきょうてい）と呼ばれる三国協定となり、1939年（昭和14年）にはハンガリーと満州国、スペインが参加したことによって6カ国による協定となった。 しかし、同年8月23日締結の独ソ不可侵条約によって事実上の空文となった。その後、1941年（昭和16年）5月の独ソ戦開始により反共という概念が再び利用され、11月25日には本協定の改定が実施されるとともに、ブルガリア王国、ルーマニア王国、デンマーク、スロバキア、クロアチア独立国、フィンランド、中華民国南京政府（汪兆銘政権）が加盟している。1945年5月のドイツの降伏によって事実上失効した。 (ja) Il Patto anticomintern fu un trattato di alleanza politica, diretto contro l'Unione Sovietica, concluso il 25 novembre 1936 a Berlino tra il governo del Terzo Reich tedesco e quello dell'Impero giapponese, cui si aggiunsero, successivamente, l'Italia ed altri Paesi. (it) O Pacto Anticomintern foi assinado em 25 de novembro de 1936 entre o Império do Japão e a Alemanha nazista, onde ambas as nações se comprometeram a tomar medidas para se protegerem contra a ameaça da União das Repúblicas Socialistas Sov­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­iéticas (Comintern). O pacto, basicamente, era específico para garantir a capacidade do "Eixo" de atacar uma potencial ameaça soviética em duas frentes: ao Leste com a Alemanha e ao Oeste com o Japão, tentando impedir o avanço da União Soviética e de revoluções pró-União Soviética na Ásia. (pt) Pakt antykominternowski – układ podpisany 25 listopada 1936 roku w Berlinie przez przedstawicieli rządów Niemiec i Japonii. (pl) Антикомінте́рнівський пакт — договір, укладений 25 листопада 1936 в Берліні між Третім Рейхом і Японською імперією з метою боротьби проти Комінтерну. Японська назва: «Японсько-німецький договір про спільну оборону». (uk) 《反共產國際協定》（又稱防共協定，德語：Antikominternpakt，日语：防共協定）是納粹德國與大日本帝國在1936年11月25日簽訂的反對共產國際及蘇聯的協定，由德国外交部长约阿希姆·冯·里宾特洛甫和日本驻德国大使签署。此協定後來陸續有其他國家加入。在1937年至1940年間簽署國只有義大利王國、匈牙利王國、滿洲國和西班牙國。1941年時，這個協定的簽署國包括了保加利亞王國、汪精衛國民政府、克羅地亞獨立国、丹麥保護国、芬蘭、羅馬尼亞王國、斯洛伐克。 協定包括3條正文、附屬議定書和秘密附屬檔案。主要內容有：締約國相約互通關於共產國際活動的情報，並緊密合作，協定和採取必要的防止措施；對“受共產國際威脅的第三國”採取防止措施，或共同邀請其加入本協定；設定常設委員會，協定反共事宜。秘密附屬檔案規定：當締約國一方遭到蘇聯進攻或進攻威脅時，另一方不得採取任何有利於蘇聯的行動並立即商討“保護共同利益”的措施；未經雙方同意，不得與蘇聯締結違背本協定精神的任何政治條約。該協定的簽訂是德、日、意法西斯為擴大對外侵略相互借重力量的產物，標誌著軸心國的初步形成。 (zh) حلف مناهضة الكومينترن اتفاق أبرمته ألمانيا النازية مع إمبراطورية اليابان - انضمت لهما في وقت لاحق بلدان أخرى - في 25 نوفمبر سنة 1936 وكان موجهًا ضد الأممية الشيوعية (الكومنترن) بصفة عامة، والاتحاد السوفياتي بشكل خاص. مضمون المعاهدة 1936 (ar) El Pacte Antikomintern o Tractat Antikomintern va ser signat el 25 de novembre de 1936 entre l'Imperi del Japó i l'Alemanya nazi. Segons els termes d'aquest acord, ambdues nacions es comprometien a prendre mesures per salvaguardar-se de l'amenaça de la III Internacional o Komintern, liderada per la Unió Soviètica. El Pacte Antikomintern va ser un intent de Hitler d'aïllar l'URSS, que no comptava amb aliats a Europa, sense que impliqués necessàriament ajuda militar. El 1941, quan es va iniciar la invasió de la Unió Soviètica, els països membres del Pacte eren: (ca) Pakt proti Kominterně (Komunistické internacionále) byl pakt uzavřený 25. listopadu 1936 v Berlíně mezi * Třetí říší a * Japonskem. * Zhruba o rok později 6. listopadu 1937 se k paktu připojila i Itálie. Za Německo podepsal ministr zahraničí Joachim von Ribbentrop, za Japonsko vyslanec Mušanokódži Kintomo. V roce 1941 byl pakt prodloužen o dalších šest let a připojilo se k němu dalších třináct signatářů: * Především němečtí spojenci a satelity: Maďarsko, Rumunsko, Slovensko, Bulharsko, Chorvatsko, Dánsko, Finsko, Španělsko a dvě japonské loutkové vlády: Mandžusko a Čína. (cs) Το Σύμφωνο Αντικομιντέρν (γερμανικά: Antikominternpakt, ιαπωνικά: 防共協定, Bōkyō kyōtei), ή Σύμφωνο κατά της Κομμουνιστικής Διεθνούς (γερμανικά: Abkommen gegen die Kommunistische Internationale‎) όπως ήταν ο πλήρης τίτλος του, ήταν συμφωνία μεταξύ της ναζιστικής Γερμανίας και την Ιαπωνίας που στρεφόταν κατά της Κομμουνιστικής Διεθνούς. Υπογράφηκε στις 25 Νοεμβρίου 1936 από τον γενικό πρεσβευτή της Γερμανίας Γιοάχιμ φον Ρίμπεντροπ και τον Ιάπωνα πρεσβευτή στη Γερμανία Kintomo Mushanokōji. Η Ιταλία προσχώρησε το 1937, ακολούθησαν η Ισπανία και η Ουγγαρία το 1939. (el) The Anti-Comintern Pact, officially the Agreement against the Communist International was an anti-Communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan on 25 November 1936 and was directed against the Communist International (Comintern). It was signed by German ambassador-at-large Joachim von Ribbentrop and Japanese ambassador to Germany Kintomo Mushanokōji. Italy joined in 1937, but it was legally recognised as an original signatory by the terms of her entry. Spain and Hungary joined in 1939. Other countries joined during World War II. (en) Pakta Anti-Komintern merupakan persetujuan antara Jerman Nazi dan Kekaisaran Jepang (negara-negara lain kemudian juga bergabung) pada tanggal 25 November 1936. Pakta ini secara umum merupakan perlawanan yang ditujukan terhadap Komunis Internasional (Komintern), dan secara khusus terhadap Uni Soviet. (in) 방공 협정(反共協定) 또는 반코민테른 협정(反 - 協定, 독일어: antikominternpakt, 이탈리아어: patto anticomintern, 일본어: 防共協定, 영어: Anti-Comintern Pact, Agreement against the Communist International)은 1936년 10월 25일 나치 독일과 일본 제국이 코민테른과 소련에 대항하기 위해 맺은 협정으로 독일이나 일본이 소련의 침략을 받을 경우 양국 모두의 이익을 보호하기 위해 특별한 조치를 취한다는 내용을 담고 있다. 1937년 11월 6일 이탈리아 왕국이 협정에 서명하면서 추축국이 형성되었으며 1941년 11월 25일을 기해 개정된 새 협정에 따라 유효 기간이 5년 연장되었다. 1941년 당시 새로 개정된 방공 협정에 서명했던 나라는 다음과 같다. (ko) Het Anti-Kominternpact was een pact dat op 25 november 1936 door het Japanse Keizerrijk en nazi-Duitsland werd gesloten en gericht was tegen het communisme, in het bijzonder de Sovjet-Unie. In 1937 voegde Italië zich bij dit pact, waarmee de asmogendheden gevormd werden. Later sloten de nieuwe leden van de asmogendheden en Spanje zich hierbij aan. (nl) Antikominternpakten undertecknades av Tyskland och Japan den 25 november 1936 och innebar, att man samfällt ville bekämpa den internationella kommunismen, vars frontorganisation var Komintern. Det fascistiska Italien anslöt sig 1937. Paktens upphovsman var den blivande tyske utrikesministern Joachim von Ribbentrop. (sv) «Антикоминтерновский пакт» (нем. Antikominternpakt, яп. 日独防共協定 «Японо-германское соглашение по обороне от коммунизма», дата заключения — 25 ноября 1936 года. Место заключения — Берлин) — международный договор (пакт), заключённый между Германией и Японией, создавший двусторонний блок этих государств, направленный против Коммунистического интернационала (Коминтерна, откуда, собственно, и название пакта) с целью не допустить дальнейшее распространение коммунистической идеологии в мире. Пакт был подписан Йоахимом фон Риббентропом и послом Японии в Германии Кинтомо Мусякодзи. Италия, Испания и другие страны присоединились к пакту до ноября 1941 года. (ru)
rdfs:label Anti-Comintern Pact (en) حلف مناهضة الكومنترن (ar) Pacte Anti-Komintern (ca) Pakt proti Kominterně (cs) Antikominternpakt (de) Σύμφωνο Αντικομιντέρν (el) Antikominterna pakto (eo) Pacto Antikomintern (es) Antikomintern Ituna (eu) Pakta Anti-Komintern (in) Pacte anti-Komintern (fr) Patto anticomintern (it) 방공 협정 (ko) 防共協定 (ja) Anti-Kominternpact (nl) Pacto Anticomintern (pt) Pakt antykominternowski (pl) Антикоминтерновский пакт (ru) Antikominternpakten (sv) 反共產國際協定 (zh) Антикомінтернівський пакт (uk)
rdfs:seeAlso dbr:Battle_of_France dbr:Bibliography_of_World_War_II dbr:ABC_countries dbr:Causes_of_World_War_II dbr:Interservice_rivalry dbr:Nazism dbr:German_involvement dbr:The_Spanish_Civil_War
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