Poverty reduction (original) (raw)
- الحد من الفقر، أو التخفيف من حدّة الفقر، هو مجموعة من التدابير الاقتصادية منها والإنسانية، بهدف إخراج الناس من الفقر بشكل دائم. إن التدابير، كتلك التي يروج لها هنري جورج في كتابه «التقدّم والفقر»، الاقتصادي الكلاسيكي، هي تلك التي تثير أو تهدف إلى إثارة سبل تمكين الفقراء من خلق ثروة لأنفسهم كوسيلة لإنهاء الفقر إلى الأبد. في العصر الحديث، يقترح خبراء اقتصاديّون مختلفون داخل الحركة الجورجيّة، تدابير مثل ضريبة قيمة الأرض لتعزيز الوصول إلى العالم الطبيعي للجميع. الفقر يحدث في كل من البلدان النامية، ويتخذ كلا النوعين من البلدان تدابير للحد من الفقر. لقد تمّ قبول الفقر تاريخيّاً في بعض أجزاء العالم على أنّه أمر لا مفرّ منه حيث أنّ الاقتصادات غير الصناعيّة لم تنتج إلا القليل جدّاً بنفس الوقت الذي ازداد فيه عدد السكّان بسرعة كبيرة، مما جعل الثروة شحيحة. كتب جيفري باركر: «في أنتويرب وليون، وهما اثنتان من أكبر المدن في أوروبا الغربيّة، بحلول عام 1600 كان ثلاثة أرباع مجموع السكّان فقراء لدرجة لا تسمح بدفع الضرائب، وبالتالي من المحتمل أن يحتاجوا إلى الإغاثة في أوقات الأزمات".» يتم الحدّ من الفقر بشكل كبير نتيجةً للنمو الاقتصادي العام. كان نقص الغذاء شائعاً قبل التكنولوجيا الزراعيّة الحديثة وفي الأماكن التي تفتقر إليها اليوم، مثل الأسمدة النيتروجينية والمبيدات وأساليب الري. أدّى فجر الثورة الصناعيّة إلى نمو اقتصادي عالٍ، والقضاء على الفقر الجماعي في ما يعتبر الآن العالم المتقدّم الناتج المحلّي الإجمالي العالمي للفرد الواحد خلال القرن العشرين. في عام 1820، كان 75% من البشر يعيشون على أقل من دولار واحد في اليوم، بينما في عام 2001، انخفضت النسبة إلى 20%. اليوم، التنمية الاقتصادية المستمرّة مقيّدة بسبب الافتقار إلى الحرّيات الاقتصاديّة. يتطلّب التحرير الاقتصادي توسيع حقوق الملكيّة للفقراء، وخاصةً الأراضي. يمكن توفير الخدمات المالية، لاسيّما المدّخرات للفقراء، من خلال التكنولوجيا، مثل الخدمات المصرفيّة عبر الهاتف المحمول. المؤسّسات غير الفعّالة، والفساد، وعدم الاستقرار السياسي يمكن أيضاً أن تكون سبباً في تثبيط الاستثمارات. يساعد الدعم الحكومي في الصحّة والتعليم والبنية التحتيّة، كما يساعد في النمو والازدهار من خلال زيادة رأس المال البشري والمادّي. ينطوي تخفيف الفقر أيضاً على تحسين الظروف المعيشيّة للأشخاص الفقراء أصلاً. المساعدات، لاسيّما في المجالات الطبيّة والعلميّة، أمر أساسي في توفير حياة أفضل، مثل الثورة الخضراء والقضاء على الجدري. تشمل المشاكل المتعلّقة بالمعونة الإنمائيّة الحاليّة نسبة عالية من المعونات المحدودة التي تفرض على الدول شراء منتجات غالباً تكون غالية الثمن ومصدرها حصراً البلدان المانحة لهذه المعونات. (ar)
- La reducción de la pobreza es el conjunto de medidas económicas y humanitarias que pretenden sacar permanentemente a personas de la pobreza. (es)
- Poverty reduction, poverty relief, or poverty alleviation, is a set of measures, both economic and humanitarian, that are intended to permanently lift people out of poverty. Measures, like those promoted by Henry George in his economics classic Progress and Poverty, are those that raise, or are intended to raise, ways of enabling the poor to create wealth for themselves as a conduit of ending poverty forever. In modern times, various economists within the Georgism movement propose measures like the land value tax to enhance access to the natural world for all. Poverty occurs in both developing countries and developed countries. While poverty is much more widespread in developing countries, both types of countries undertake poverty reduction measures. Poverty has been historically accepted in some parts of the world as inevitable as non-industrialized economies produced very little, while populations grew almost as fast, making wealth scarce. Geoffrey Parker wrote that: In Antwerp and Lyon, two of the largest cities in western Europe, by 1600 three-quarters of the total population were too poor to pay taxes, and therefore likely to need relief in times of crisis. Poverty reduction occurs largely as a result of overall economic growth. Food shortages were common before modern agricultural technology and in places that lack them today, such as nitrogen fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation methods. The dawn of the Industrial Revolution led to high economic growth, eliminating mass poverty in what is now considered the developed world. World GDP per person quintupled during the 20th century. In 1820, 75% of humanity lived on less than a dollar a day, while in 2001 only about 20% did. Today, continued economic development is constrained by the lack of economic freedoms. Economic liberalization requires extending property rights to the poor, especially to land. Financial services, notably savings, can be made accessible to the poor through technology, such as mobile banking. Inefficient institutions, corruption, and political instability can also discourage investment. Aid and government support in health, education, and infrastructure helps growth by increasing human and physical capital. Poverty alleviation also involves improving the living conditions of people who are already poor. Aid, particularly in the medical and scientific areas, is essential in providing better lives, such as the Green Revolution and the eradication of smallpox. Problems with today's development aid include the high proportion of tied aid, which mandates receiving nations to buy products, often more expensive, originating only from donor countries. Nevertheless, some believe (Peter Singer in his book The Life You Can Save) that small changes in the ways people in affluent nations live their lives could solve world poverty. (en)
- Pengentasan kemiskinan adalah seperangkat tindakan, baik ekonomi maupun kemanusiaan, yang dimaksudkan untuk mengangkat orang keluar dari kemiskinan secara permanen. Langkah-langkah, seperti yang dipromosikan oleh Henry George dalam ekonomi klasiknya Progress and Poverty, adalah langkah-langkah yang meningkatkan, atau dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan, cara-cara yang memungkinkan orang miskin untuk menciptakan kekayaan bagi diri mereka sendiri sebagai cara untuk mengakhiri kemiskinan selamanya. Di zaman modern, berbagai ekonom dalam gerakan Georgisme mengusulkan langkah-langkah seperti pajak bumi dan bangunan untuk meningkatkan akses ke alam untuk semua. Kemiskinan terjadi di negara berkembang dan negara maju. Sementara kemiskinan jauh lebih luas di negara-negara berkembang, kedua jenis negara melakukan langkah-langkah pengentasan kemiskinan. Secara historis, kemiskinan di beberapa bagian dunia tak terhindarkan dengan ekonomi non-industri menghasilkan sangat sedikit, sementara populasi tumbuh begitu secepat, membuat kekayaan menjadi langka. Geoffrey Parker menuliskan bahwa Di Antwerp dan Lyon, dua kota terbesar di Eropa barat, pada 1600, tiga perempat dari total populasi terlalu miskin untuk membayar pajak, dan karena itu cenderung membutuhkan pertolongan pada saat krisis.. Pengentasan kemiskinan sebagian besar terjadi sebagai akibat dari pertumbuhan ekonomi secara keseluruhan. Bencana kelaparan umum terjadi sebelum teknologi pertanian modern dan di tempat-tempat yang belum memilikinya saat ini, seperti pupuk nitrogen, pestisida, dan metode irigasi. Permulaan revolusi industri menyebabkan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat, menghilangkan kemiskinan massal di apa yang sekarang dianggap sebagai negara maju. PDB dunia per orang berlipat lima selama abad ke-20. Pada tahun 1820, 75% manusia hidup dengan kurang dari satu dolar sehari, sedangkan pada tahun 2001, hanya sekitar 20% yang demikian. (in)
- Riduzione della povertà è un termine che descrive la promozione di varie misure, sia economiche sia umanitarie, che dovrebbero alleviare permanentemente la povertà di una data popolazione e/o gruppo sociale. (it)
- Armoedebestrijding is een proces dat zich richt op het verminderen van armoede in een gemeenschap of groep van individuen. Armoedebestrijding kan betrekking hebben op absolute of relatieve armoede. Absolute armoede betekent dat iemand leeft op de rand van het bestaansminimum. Het ontbreekt hem aan voedsel, veilig drinkwater, sanitair, gezondheid, onderwijs, onderdak en informatie. Absolute armoede komt vooral voor in ontwikkelingslanden.Bij relatieve armoede worden de levensomstandigheden van een groep of persoon beoordeeld in verhouding met zijn omgeving. Het is dus feitelijk een index voor inkomensongelijkheid. Relatieve armoede komt overal voor. (nl)
- 脫貧又稱减贫或扶贫,是指各界做出的一系列旨在使人们永久擺脫貧窮的经济和人道主义措施。贫困在发展中国家和发达国家都有,但贫困在发展中国家更为普遍。这两类国家都采取了措施减少贫困,例如中華人民共和國在中共中央總書記習近平執政期間就提出了脫貧攻堅戰。 (zh)
- http://blog-pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2007/12/country-pfm-sys.html%23more
- https://www.oecd.org/dac/gender-development/SDC_Gender%20Policy.pdf
- https://womennewsnetwork.net/2007/08/28/educate-a-woman-you-educate-a-nation-south-africa-aims-to-improve-its-education-for-girls/
- https://www.ifpri.org/publication/information-and-communication-technologies-development-and-poverty-reduction
- http://www.thelifeyoucansave.org
- https://web.archive.org/web/20060406154431/http:/dcp2.org/main/Home.html
- https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/rule-of-law-and-development/
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- La reducción de la pobreza es el conjunto de medidas económicas y humanitarias que pretenden sacar permanentemente a personas de la pobreza. (es)
- Riduzione della povertà è un termine che descrive la promozione di varie misure, sia economiche sia umanitarie, che dovrebbero alleviare permanentemente la povertà di una data popolazione e/o gruppo sociale. (it)
- Armoedebestrijding is een proces dat zich richt op het verminderen van armoede in een gemeenschap of groep van individuen. Armoedebestrijding kan betrekking hebben op absolute of relatieve armoede. Absolute armoede betekent dat iemand leeft op de rand van het bestaansminimum. Het ontbreekt hem aan voedsel, veilig drinkwater, sanitair, gezondheid, onderwijs, onderdak en informatie. Absolute armoede komt vooral voor in ontwikkelingslanden.Bij relatieve armoede worden de levensomstandigheden van een groep of persoon beoordeeld in verhouding met zijn omgeving. Het is dus feitelijk een index voor inkomensongelijkheid. Relatieve armoede komt overal voor. (nl)
- 脫貧又稱减贫或扶贫,是指各界做出的一系列旨在使人们永久擺脫貧窮的经济和人道主义措施。贫困在发展中国家和发达国家都有,但贫困在发展中国家更为普遍。这两类国家都采取了措施减少贫困,例如中華人民共和國在中共中央總書記習近平執政期間就提出了脫貧攻堅戰。 (zh)
- الحد من الفقر، أو التخفيف من حدّة الفقر، هو مجموعة من التدابير الاقتصادية منها والإنسانية، بهدف إخراج الناس من الفقر بشكل دائم. إن التدابير، كتلك التي يروج لها هنري جورج في كتابه «التقدّم والفقر»، الاقتصادي الكلاسيكي، هي تلك التي تثير أو تهدف إلى إثارة سبل تمكين الفقراء من خلق ثروة لأنفسهم كوسيلة لإنهاء الفقر إلى الأبد. في العصر الحديث، يقترح خبراء اقتصاديّون مختلفون داخل الحركة الجورجيّة، تدابير مثل ضريبة قيمة الأرض لتعزيز الوصول إلى العالم الطبيعي للجميع. الفقر يحدث في كل من البلدان النامية، ويتخذ كلا النوعين من البلدان تدابير للحد من الفقر. كتب جيفري باركر: (ar)
- Poverty reduction, poverty relief, or poverty alleviation, is a set of measures, both economic and humanitarian, that are intended to permanently lift people out of poverty. Measures, like those promoted by Henry George in his economics classic Progress and Poverty, are those that raise, or are intended to raise, ways of enabling the poor to create wealth for themselves as a conduit of ending poverty forever. In modern times, various economists within the Georgism movement propose measures like the land value tax to enhance access to the natural world for all. Poverty occurs in both developing countries and developed countries. While poverty is much more widespread in developing countries, both types of countries undertake poverty reduction measures. (en)
- Pengentasan kemiskinan adalah seperangkat tindakan, baik ekonomi maupun kemanusiaan, yang dimaksudkan untuk mengangkat orang keluar dari kemiskinan secara permanen. Langkah-langkah, seperti yang dipromosikan oleh Henry George dalam ekonomi klasiknya Progress and Poverty, adalah langkah-langkah yang meningkatkan, atau dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan, cara-cara yang memungkinkan orang miskin untuk menciptakan kekayaan bagi diri mereka sendiri sebagai cara untuk mengakhiri kemiskinan selamanya. Di zaman modern, berbagai ekonom dalam gerakan Georgisme mengusulkan langkah-langkah seperti pajak bumi dan bangunan untuk meningkatkan akses ke alam untuk semua. Kemiskinan terjadi di negara berkembang dan negara maju. Sementara kemiskinan jauh lebih luas di negara-negara berkembang, kedua jenis negara (in)
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