Pillars of Ashoka (original) (raw)
Els pilars d'Aixoka són una sèrie de columnes disperses en tot el nord del subcontinent indi, erigides –o almenys inscrites amb edictes― per ordre del rei Aixoka (de la Dinastia Maurya) durant el seu regnat al segle III aC. Al principi, hi va haver moltíssims pilars, però solament dinou van sobreviure amb inscripcions, i solament sis tenen capitells de la figura d'algun animal, que van ser objectiu dels iconoclastes musulmans. Molts es conserven en un estat fragmentari.Els pilars de pedra tenien una mitjana d'entre 12 i 15 m d'altura i un pes de fins a 50 tones cadascun. En algunes ocasions els pilars van ser arrossegats centenars de quilòmetres, fins a on van ser erigits.
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| dbo:abstract | Els pilars d'Aixoka són una sèrie de columnes disperses en tot el nord del subcontinent indi, erigides –o almenys inscrites amb edictes― per ordre del rei Aixoka (de la Dinastia Maurya) durant el seu regnat al segle III aC. Al principi, hi va haver moltíssims pilars, però solament dinou van sobreviure amb inscripcions, i solament sis tenen capitells de la figura d'algun animal, que van ser objectiu dels iconoclastes musulmans. Molts es conserven en un estat fragmentari.Els pilars de pedra tenien una mitjana d'entre 12 i 15 m d'altura i un pes de fins a 50 tones cadascun. En algunes ocasions els pilars van ser arrossegats centenars de quilòmetres, fins a on van ser erigits. (ca) Jako Ašókovy sloupy se označují různé sloupy, které nechal v průběhu 3. století př. n. l. vztyčit maurjovský král Ašóka na severu Indického subkontinentu. Mnohé z nich se dochovaly dodnes. Na velkém množství těchto sloupů jsou vyryty nápisy (známé jako Ašókovy edikty), které měly často sloužit k šíření buddhismu, jehož stoupencem se Ašóka stal. Asi nejznámější Ašókův sloup byl vztyčen v Sarnáthu. Byl zakončen hlavicí se čtyřmi lvy, která se dnes nachází v sarnáthském muzeu. Hlavice se lvy byla však nalezena rozbitá na mnoho malých kousků a až posléze se ji podařilo znovu sestavit. Jeden z Ašókových sloupů ve Vaišálí Otázkou tedy zůstává, zda kamenné sochy lvů skutečně završovaly sloup. U sloupu se totiž nalezlo kamenné kolo symbolizující dharmu (dharmačakra; tento druh bývá označován jako Ašókova čakra) a je možné, že ještě nad lvy se nacházelo toto kamenné kolo. Např. dochovaný tchajwanský sloup je právě takto zakončen - hlavicí se lvy s Ašókovou čakrou nad jejich hlavami. Zobrazení čtyř lvů se stalo jedním ze symbolů Indie, mimo jiné se lvi objevili na indických bankovkách. Sarnáthský sloup byl vztyčen k uctění tohoto místa, jelikož to mělo být právě zde, kde Buddha Gautama poprvé vyložil dharmu. Další dochovaný sloup i s hlavicí se nachází ve Vaišálí. Ten je taktéž zakončen hlavicí, avšak tentokrát jen s jedním lvem a je tak od většiny dalších Ašókových sloupů odlišný. Vaišálský lev hledí směrem k severu do míst, kde měl Gautama Buddha vykonat svou poslední cestu. Další Ašókovy sloupy se nachází na různých místech a v různě zachovalém stavu, avšak vaišálský a sarnáthský sloup jsou jediné dva z Ašókových sloupů, které jsou zakončeny hlavicí a dosud stojí. Ostatní hlavice jsou často značně poničeny, pokud sloupy vůbec nějaké mají. Další sloupy nechal Ašóka vztyčit např. v Lumbiní. (cs) أعمدة أشوكا هي سلسلة من الأعمدة المنتشرة في جميع أنحاء شبه القارة الهندية، أقيمت من قبل الملك أشوكا أحد سلالة الإمبراطورية الماورية خلال فترة حكمه من 268 إلى 232 قبل الميلاد. تم نقل عمودان إلى دلهي من قبل السلطان فيروز شاه تغلق. كما نقلت عدة أعمدة في وقت لاحق من قبل الإمبراطورية المغولية. ويبلغ ارتفاعها من 12 إلى 15 مترا ويزن 50 طن تقريبا. أعمدة أشوكا هي من أقدم التماثيل الحجرية المعروفة في الهند. بنيت جميع أعمدة أشوكا في الأديرة البوذية، والعديد من المواقع الهامة من حياة بوذا وأماكن الحج. بعض الأعمدة تحمل نقوش موجهة إلى الرهبان والراهبات. تم نصب بعض للاحتفال بزيارات من أشوكا. (ar) La kolonoj de Aŝoko estas kolonoj starigitaj tra hinda subkontinento de la imperiestro Aŝoko de la Maŭrja dinastio inter ĉ. la jaroj –268 kaj –232. Por priskribi siajn kolonojn, la imperiestro Aŝoko uzis la esprimon dhaṃma thaṃbhā (darma ), kolonoj de la darmo. Ĉiu kolono de Aŝoko estis starigita ĉe bikŝuejoj, gravaj lokoj de la vivo de la budho Gotamo kaj budhismaj pilgrimejoj. Kelkaj kolonoj havas skribaĵon adresitan al la bikŝuoj. La kapiteloj de la kolonoj de Aŝoko, nomataj lāt, estas nuntempe unu el la simboloj de la barata respubliko. Ili bildiĝas en la nacia emblemo. La simboligita rado de Aŝoko krome bildiĝas en la flago de Barato. (eo) Los pilares de Ashoka son una serie de columnas dispersas en todo el norte del subcontinente indio, erigidas ―o al menos inscritas con edictos― por orden del rey Ashoka (de la Dinastía mauria) durante su reinado en el siglo III a. C. En un principio, tiene que haber habido muchísimos pilares, pero solo diecinueve sobrevivieron con inscripciones, y solo seis tienen capiteles de la figura de algún animal, que fueron objetivo de los iconoclastas musulmanes. Muchos se conservan en un estado fragmentario.Los pilares de piedra tenían un promedio de entre 12 y 15 m de altura y un peso de hasta 50 toneladas cada uno. En algunas ocasiones los pilares fueron arrastrados a veces cientos de kilómetros, hasta donde fueron erigidos. (es) Les piliers d'Ashoka sont une série de colonnes dispersées dans toute la partie nord du sous-continent indien, érigées ou du moins gravées par édit du roi maurya Ashoka pendant son règne au IIIe siècle av. J.-C. Originellement, il devait y avoir de très nombreux piliers, mais seulement dix-neuf comportant des inscriptions gravées subsistent encore, dont six surmontés d'un chapiteau décoré d'animaux. D'une hauteur moyenne de douze à quinze mètres et pesant jusqu'à cinquante tonnes, ces piliers ont été traînés, parfois sur des centaines de kilomètres, jusqu'à l'endroit où ils ont été érigés. Un des plus connus est celui de Sarnath, qui marque l'endroit où Gautama Bouddha aurait enseigné pour la première fois son dharma et marque donc le début du Sangha bouddhiste. Le chapiteau de ce pilier est devenu l'emblème national de l'Inde. (fr) The pillars of Ashoka are a series of monolithic columns dispersed throughout the Indian subcontinent, erected or at least inscribed with edicts by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka during his reign from c. 268 to 232 BCE. Ashoka used the expression Dhaṃma thaṃbhā (Dharma stambha), i.e. "pillars of the Dharma" to describe his own pillars. These pillars constitute important monuments of the architecture of India, most of them exhibiting the characteristic Mauryan polish. Of the pillars erected by Ashoka, twenty still survive including those with inscriptions of his edicts. Only a few with animal capitals survive of which seven complete specimens are known. Two pillars were relocated by Firuz Shah Tughlaq to Delhi. Several pillars were relocated later by Mughal Empire rulers, the animal capitals being removed. Averaging between 12 and 15 m (40 and 50 ft) in height, and weighing up to 50 tons each, the pillars were dragged, sometimes hundreds of miles, to where they were erected. The pillars of Ashoka are among the earliest known stone sculptural remains from India. Only another pillar fragment, the Pataliputra capital, is possibly from a slightly earlier date. It is thought that before the 3rd century BCE, wood rather than stone was used as the main material for Indian architectural constructions, and that stone may have been adopted following interaction with the Persians and the Greeks. A graphic representation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka from the column there was adopted as the official State Emblem of India in 1950. All the pillars of Ashoka were built at Buddhist monasteries, many important sites from the life of the Buddha and places of pilgrimage. Some of the columns carry inscriptions addressed to the monks and nuns. Some were erected to commemorate visits by Ashoka. Major pillars are present in the Indian States of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and some parts of Haryana. (en) Pilar-Pilar Asoka adalah serangkaian dari tiang-tiang yang tersebar di seluruh anak benua India, didirikan atau setidaknya bertuliskan dekret oleh raja Maurya, Asoka selama pemerintahannya pada abad ke-3 SM. Aslinya, pasti terdapat banyak pilar tetapi hanya sembilan belas yang bertahan dengan prasasti, dan hanya enam dengan kepala hewan, yang merupakan sasaran bagi ikonoklasme Muslim. Banyak yang dilindungi dalam keadaan terpisah-pisah. Rata-rata memiliki ketinggian antara 12 hingga 15 m (40 hingga 50 ft), dan beratnya masing-masing mencapai 50 ton, pilar-pilar ini diseret, kadang-kadang sampai ratusan mil, ke tempat mereka didirikan. (in) 아소카의 기둥(pillars of Ashoka)은 기원전 268년부터 232년까지 인도의 마우리아 제국을 다스렸던 아소카의 칙령이 새겨진, 혹은 아소카 대제의 치세 기간 동안에 돌로 제작되어 세워진 기둥으로 인도 대륙 전역에 걸쳐 흩어져 있다. 아소카는 자신의 이름이 붙은 기둥을 가리킬 때 담마 텀바(Dhaṃma thaṃbhā), 즉 '법(담마)의 기둥'이라는 표현을 사용했다. 번역될 때는 아소카 석주(石柱)라고도 불리며, 신라의 승려 혜초(慧超)가 쓴 《왕오천축국전》(徃五天竺國傳)에는 당(幢)이라고 부르고 있다. 아소카의 기둥은 거의 모두 불교 사원, 석가모니 부처의 생애와 관련되어 있거나 그의 순례 장소 등 많은 중요한 유적지에 세워졌다. 그 기둥들 중 일부는 비구와 비구니들을 대상으로 하는 내용의 비문을 싣고 있으며 아쇼카 자신의 방문을 기념하기 위해 세운 것도 있다. 아소카가 세웠던 석주 가운데 그의 칙령을 기록한 것까지 포함하여 20주 가량의 기둥이 현존하고 있는데, 이 가운데 꼭대기의 동물 문양까지 온전하게 보존된 것은 7주밖에 되지 않으며 두 기둥이 투글루크 왕조의 피루즈 샤 투글루크(Firuz Shah Tughlaq)에 의해 델리로 옮겨진 이래로 무굴 제국의 통치자들에 의해 몇 개의 기둥들이 더 그 위치가 옮겨졌으며, 이 과정에서 꼭대기에 새겨져 있던 동물 문양은 제거되었다. 평균 높이는 12~15m(40~50자)이고, 무게는 각각 최소 50톤에서 60톤까지 나가며, 때때로 수백 마일의 거리를 운반되어 세워지기도 하였다. 아소카의 기둥은 인도에서 발견된 가장 오래된 석조 조각 유물 중 하나로써 인도 역사의 중요한 건축물이자, 마우리아 양식을 상징하는 기념물이기도 하다. 아소카의 기둥보다 더 오래된 것은 아소카의 기둥보다 조금 더 앞서 제작된 파탈리푸트라 기둥 장식밖에 없다. 기원전 3세기 이전 인도에서는 건축물의 주요 재료로 석재보다는 목재를 주로 사용했으며, 페르시아와 그리스(헬레니즘 제국)와의 상호작용에 따라 인도에서도 석재가 채택되었을 것으로 생각된다. 이 아소카의 기둥의 꼭대기 부분을 장식한 사자 모양의 장식을 그래픽으로 표현한 디자인이 1950년에 인도 공화국의 국장(國章)으로 채택되었다. 주요 기둥은 인도 비하르주, 우타르프라데시, 마디야프라데시, 하리아나 등의 주의 일부 지역에 있다. (ko) I pilastri di Ashoka sono una serie di colonne distribuite in tutto il subcontinente indiano, erette, o almeno corredate di iscrizioni, con gli Editti di Aśoka del re mauriano Ashoka durante il suo regno (dal 268 a.C. circa al 232 a.C.). Essi costituiscono importanti monumenti dell'architettura indiana, gran parte dei quali mostrano le caratteristiche della politica mauriana. Dei pilastri fatti erigere da Aśoka, rimangono ancora venti, compresi quelli con l'iscrizione dei suoi editti. Solo pochi però sono rimasti fra quelli dotati di capitelli con figure di animali: ne rimangono solo sette completi. Due pilastri furono spostati da Firuz Shah Tughlaq a Delhi. Molti pilastri sono stati successivamente spostati dai regnanti dell'Impero Maurya, anche con rimozione delle figure di animali. Mediamente alti fra i 12 e i 15 metri e pesanti fino a 50 tonnellate caduno, i pilastri vennero trascinati, spesso per centinaia di miglia, al posto ove dovevano venir eretti. I pilastri di Ashoka sono tra le più recenti sculture rimaste dall'India. Solo il frammento di un altro pilastro, il , risale forse ad una data più recente. Si ritiene che prima del III secolo a.C. si utilizzasse in India il legno piuttosto che la pietra come materiale principale di architettura e che la pietra possa essere stata adottata seguendo l'esempio di Persiani e Greci. Il capitello leonino di Sarnath. Una rappresentazione grafica del capitello leonino di Ashoka, dal suo pilastro, è stato adottato come emblema ufficiale dell'India nel 1950. Tutti i pilatri di Ashoka furono eretti presso monasteri buddisti, in località importanti per la vita di Budda e in luoghi di pellegrinaggio. Alcuni di essi recano iscrizioni indirizzate a monaci e monache. Alcuni furono eretti per commemorare visite del re Ashoka. (it) De pilaren van Ashoka staan verspreid over het noorden van India. Deze zijn hier waarschijnlijk neergezet door de Maurya-koning Ashoka die in de 3e eeuw v.Chr. over het het subcontinent regeerde. Een van de bekendste is die van Sarnath. Deze zou de plek markeren waar Gautama Boeddha voor het eerst zijn Dhamma zou hebben onderwezen en die het begin vormde van de Boeddhistische Sangha. Het kapiteel van deze pilaar is verwekt in het nationale embleem van India. (nl) Os Pilares de Açoca ou Asoca, são uma série de colunas dispersas por todo o norte do subcontinente indiano e erguida pelo imperador máuria Açoca, durante o seu reinado no século III a.C.. Inicialmente, os pilares de Açoca deveriam ser muitos, embora apenas dez com inscrições ainda existem. Medindo entre quarenta e cinquenta pés de altura, e pesando em torno de cinquenta toneladas cada, todos os pilares foram apedrejados em Chunar, sul de Varanasi e arrastados, algumas vezes centenas de quilômetros de onde foram erguidos. (pt) Колонны (столпы) Ашоки — каменные монументы в форме отдельно стоящего вертикального столба, установленные в середине III века до н.э. по приказу индийского царя Ашоки в ключевых центрах державы Маурьев. Надписи на колоннах, выполненные на брахми и расшифрованные Дж. Принсепом в 1837 году, являются древнейшими примерами индийской письменности. На вершинах колонн изначально были размещены скульптурные группы с изображениями священных животных. Также их украшали изображения колеса дхармы и свастики. Колонны делятся на малые и большие; последние имеют 12-15 метров в высоту и весят около 50 тонн. Колонны устанавливались в людных местах, иногда удалённых на сотни миль от того места, где их изготовили. Рядом с каждым монументом стоял служитель, разъяснявший смысл надписи неграмотному населению. Установка таких колонн была эффективным средством государственной пропаганды. Колонны Ашоки стали предметом подражания для последующих индийских правителей (см. колонна Гелиодора, железная колонна). За пределами Индии их копировал в XIII веке сиамский царь Менграй. Поскольку мусульманские правители Индии систематически уничтожали изваяния животных, до нашего времени дошли фрагменты только 19 колонн и только шесть скульптурных групп. Очевидно, в древности их было гораздо больше. Поваленные колонны были реконструированы в XIX веке британскими колониальными властями. Лучше других наверший сохранилась т. н. львиная капитель в Сарнатхе, чьё стилизованное изображение было объявлено в 1950 году национальной эмблемой Индии. Эту капитель обнаружил в 1851 году британский археолог А. Каннингем, которому принадлежит также честь открытия колонны в Санчи. Иератические изображения животных на колоннах отмечены влиянием искусства Ахеменидов. Это наиболее древние шедевры индийской скульптуры. К настоящему времени они перенесены в музеи, а на колоннах их заместили копии. (ru) 阿育王柱是公元前三世纪时，印度孔雀王朝君主阿育王在今北印度地区树立的一系列纪念佛教的石柱。现存的阿育王柱，含破损的共十九处。平均柱高10-13米，重可达50吨。阿育王柱的石料均采自比哈尔邦瓦拉纳西以南的小镇Chunar，距某些树立的地点远至数百公里。 * 印度目前已知的阿育王柱分布地點 * 鹿野苑阿育王柱柱頭的亞洲獅與法輪 (zh) Колони (стовпи) Ашоки — кам'яні монументи в формі окремого вертикального стовпа, встановлені в середині III століття до н. е. за наказом індійського царя Ашоки в ключових центрах держави Маур'їв. (uk) |
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| dbp:caption | Front decorative friezes of the Diamond Throne and the Sankissa pillar capital , both alternating flame palmettes, rosettes and lotuses. (en) Heliodorus pillar in Vidisha, India, 2nd Century BCE (en) Shunga horseman carrying portable garuda standard, Bharhut 2nd Century BCE (en) Sphinx of the Naxians, Delphi, c. 6th BCE. (en) Highly polished Achaemenid load-bearing column with lotus capital and ashvins, Persepolis, c. 5th-4th BCE. (en) Side decorative bands of the Diamond Throne and the Sanchi pillar capital , both featuring geese and flame palmettes. (en) Discovery of Ashoka's Diamond throne in Bodh Gaya, near the spot of the Buddha's illumination and the Boddhi tree. (en) |
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| dbp:footer | Left image: Vaishali lion of Ashoka. Right image: Assyrian relief of a lion at Nineveh . Many stylistic elements point to similarities. (en) Top image: Abacus of the Allahabad pillar, with lotuses alternating with "flame palmettes" over a bead and reel pattern. (en) Bottom image: A quite similar frieze from Delphi, 525 BCE. (en) |
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| dbp:header | Floral designs (en) Lion designs (en) Pillar as Dhvaja, military standard (en) |
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| dbp:image | Achaemenid_capital_Persepolis.jpg (en) Naxos_Sphinx_with_humans_for_size.jpg (en) Heliodorus pillar.jpg (en) Decorative bands of the Diamond Throne and the Sanchi pillar capital .jpg (en) Diamond_throne_discovery.jpg (en) Frieze of capital of Lat at Allahabad.jpg (en) Nineveh lion.jpg (en) Siphnians Treasure frieze 525 BCE detail.jpg (en) Sunga horseman Bharhut.jpg (en) Vaishali lion detail.jpg (en) Decorative friezes of the Diamond Throne and the Sankissal pillar capital .jpg (en) |
| dbp:imageCaption | One of the Pillars of Ashoka, in Vaishali (en) |
| dbp:material | Polished sandstone (en) |
| dbp:name | Pillars of Ashoka (en) |
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| dbp:title | Possible sources of inspiration (en) The Buddha's Diamond Throne and the Pillars of Ashoka (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Els pilars d'Aixoka són una sèrie de columnes disperses en tot el nord del subcontinent indi, erigides –o almenys inscrites amb edictes― per ordre del rei Aixoka (de la Dinastia Maurya) durant el seu regnat al segle III aC. Al principi, hi va haver moltíssims pilars, però solament dinou van sobreviure amb inscripcions, i solament sis tenen capitells de la figura d'algun animal, que van ser objectiu dels iconoclastes musulmans. Molts es conserven en un estat fragmentari.Els pilars de pedra tenien una mitjana d'entre 12 i 15 m d'altura i un pes de fins a 50 tones cadascun. En algunes ocasions els pilars van ser arrossegats centenars de quilòmetres, fins a on van ser erigits. (ca) أعمدة أشوكا هي سلسلة من الأعمدة المنتشرة في جميع أنحاء شبه القارة الهندية، أقيمت من قبل الملك أشوكا أحد سلالة الإمبراطورية الماورية خلال فترة حكمه من 268 إلى 232 قبل الميلاد. تم نقل عمودان إلى دلهي من قبل السلطان فيروز شاه تغلق. كما نقلت عدة أعمدة في وقت لاحق من قبل الإمبراطورية المغولية. ويبلغ ارتفاعها من 12 إلى 15 مترا ويزن 50 طن تقريبا. أعمدة أشوكا هي من أقدم التماثيل الحجرية المعروفة في الهند. بنيت جميع أعمدة أشوكا في الأديرة البوذية، والعديد من المواقع الهامة من حياة بوذا وأماكن الحج. بعض الأعمدة تحمل نقوش موجهة إلى الرهبان والراهبات. تم نصب بعض للاحتفال بزيارات من أشوكا. (ar) Los pilares de Ashoka son una serie de columnas dispersas en todo el norte del subcontinente indio, erigidas ―o al menos inscritas con edictos― por orden del rey Ashoka (de la Dinastía mauria) durante su reinado en el siglo III a. C. En un principio, tiene que haber habido muchísimos pilares, pero solo diecinueve sobrevivieron con inscripciones, y solo seis tienen capiteles de la figura de algún animal, que fueron objetivo de los iconoclastas musulmanes. Muchos se conservan en un estado fragmentario.Los pilares de piedra tenían un promedio de entre 12 y 15 m de altura y un peso de hasta 50 toneladas cada uno. En algunas ocasiones los pilares fueron arrastrados a veces cientos de kilómetros, hasta donde fueron erigidos. (es) Pilar-Pilar Asoka adalah serangkaian dari tiang-tiang yang tersebar di seluruh anak benua India, didirikan atau setidaknya bertuliskan dekret oleh raja Maurya, Asoka selama pemerintahannya pada abad ke-3 SM. Aslinya, pasti terdapat banyak pilar tetapi hanya sembilan belas yang bertahan dengan prasasti, dan hanya enam dengan kepala hewan, yang merupakan sasaran bagi ikonoklasme Muslim. Banyak yang dilindungi dalam keadaan terpisah-pisah. Rata-rata memiliki ketinggian antara 12 hingga 15 m (40 hingga 50 ft), dan beratnya masing-masing mencapai 50 ton, pilar-pilar ini diseret, kadang-kadang sampai ratusan mil, ke tempat mereka didirikan. (in) De pilaren van Ashoka staan verspreid over het noorden van India. Deze zijn hier waarschijnlijk neergezet door de Maurya-koning Ashoka die in de 3e eeuw v.Chr. over het het subcontinent regeerde. Een van de bekendste is die van Sarnath. Deze zou de plek markeren waar Gautama Boeddha voor het eerst zijn Dhamma zou hebben onderwezen en die het begin vormde van de Boeddhistische Sangha. Het kapiteel van deze pilaar is verwekt in het nationale embleem van India. (nl) Os Pilares de Açoca ou Asoca, são uma série de colunas dispersas por todo o norte do subcontinente indiano e erguida pelo imperador máuria Açoca, durante o seu reinado no século III a.C.. Inicialmente, os pilares de Açoca deveriam ser muitos, embora apenas dez com inscrições ainda existem. Medindo entre quarenta e cinquenta pés de altura, e pesando em torno de cinquenta toneladas cada, todos os pilares foram apedrejados em Chunar, sul de Varanasi e arrastados, algumas vezes centenas de quilômetros de onde foram erguidos. (pt) 阿育王柱是公元前三世纪时，印度孔雀王朝君主阿育王在今北印度地区树立的一系列纪念佛教的石柱。现存的阿育王柱，含破损的共十九处。平均柱高10-13米，重可达50吨。阿育王柱的石料均采自比哈尔邦瓦拉纳西以南的小镇Chunar，距某些树立的地点远至数百公里。 * 印度目前已知的阿育王柱分布地點 * 鹿野苑阿育王柱柱頭的亞洲獅與法輪 (zh) Колони (стовпи) Ашоки — кам'яні монументи в формі окремого вертикального стовпа, встановлені в середині III століття до н. е. за наказом індійського царя Ашоки в ключових центрах держави Маур'їв. (uk) Jako Ašókovy sloupy se označují různé sloupy, které nechal v průběhu 3. století př. n. l. vztyčit maurjovský král Ašóka na severu Indického subkontinentu. Mnohé z nich se dochovaly dodnes. Na velkém množství těchto sloupů jsou vyryty nápisy (známé jako Ašókovy edikty), které měly často sloužit k šíření buddhismu, jehož stoupencem se Ašóka stal. Asi nejznámější Ašókův sloup byl vztyčen v Sarnáthu. Byl zakončen hlavicí se čtyřmi lvy, která se dnes nachází v sarnáthském muzeu. Hlavice se lvy byla však nalezena rozbitá na mnoho malých kousků a až posléze se ji podařilo znovu sestavit. (cs) La kolonoj de Aŝoko estas kolonoj starigitaj tra hinda subkontinento de la imperiestro Aŝoko de la Maŭrja dinastio inter ĉ. la jaroj –268 kaj –232. Por priskribi siajn kolonojn, la imperiestro Aŝoko uzis la esprimon dhaṃma thaṃbhā (darma ), kolonoj de la darmo. Ĉiu kolono de Aŝoko estis starigita ĉe bikŝuejoj, gravaj lokoj de la vivo de la budho Gotamo kaj budhismaj pilgrimejoj. Kelkaj kolonoj havas skribaĵon adresitan al la bikŝuoj. (eo) The pillars of Ashoka are a series of monolithic columns dispersed throughout the Indian subcontinent, erected or at least inscribed with edicts by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka during his reign from c. 268 to 232 BCE. Ashoka used the expression Dhaṃma thaṃbhā (Dharma stambha), i.e. "pillars of the Dharma" to describe his own pillars. These pillars constitute important monuments of the architecture of India, most of them exhibiting the characteristic Mauryan polish. Of the pillars erected by Ashoka, twenty still survive including those with inscriptions of his edicts. Only a few with animal capitals survive of which seven complete specimens are known. Two pillars were relocated by Firuz Shah Tughlaq to Delhi. Several pillars were relocated later by Mughal Empire rulers, the animal capitals b (en) Les piliers d'Ashoka sont une série de colonnes dispersées dans toute la partie nord du sous-continent indien, érigées ou du moins gravées par édit du roi maurya Ashoka pendant son règne au IIIe siècle av. J.-C. Originellement, il devait y avoir de très nombreux piliers, mais seulement dix-neuf comportant des inscriptions gravées subsistent encore, dont six surmontés d'un chapiteau décoré d'animaux. D'une hauteur moyenne de douze à quinze mètres et pesant jusqu'à cinquante tonnes, ces piliers ont été traînés, parfois sur des centaines de kilomètres, jusqu'à l'endroit où ils ont été érigés. (fr) I pilastri di Ashoka sono una serie di colonne distribuite in tutto il subcontinente indiano, erette, o almeno corredate di iscrizioni, con gli Editti di Aśoka del re mauriano Ashoka durante il suo regno (dal 268 a.C. circa al 232 a.C.). Essi costituiscono importanti monumenti dell'architettura indiana, gran parte dei quali mostrano le caratteristiche della politica mauriana. Dei pilastri fatti erigere da Aśoka, rimangono ancora venti, compresi quelli con l'iscrizione dei suoi editti. Solo pochi però sono rimasti fra quelli dotati di capitelli con figure di animali: ne rimangono solo sette completi. Due pilastri furono spostati da Firuz Shah Tughlaq a Delhi. Molti pilastri sono stati successivamente spostati dai regnanti dell'Impero Maurya, anche con rimozione delle figure di animali. Medi (it) 아소카의 기둥(pillars of Ashoka)은 기원전 268년부터 232년까지 인도의 마우리아 제국을 다스렸던 아소카의 칙령이 새겨진, 혹은 아소카 대제의 치세 기간 동안에 돌로 제작되어 세워진 기둥으로 인도 대륙 전역에 걸쳐 흩어져 있다. 아소카는 자신의 이름이 붙은 기둥을 가리킬 때 담마 텀바(Dhaṃma thaṃbhā), 즉 '법(담마)의 기둥'이라는 표현을 사용했다. 번역될 때는 아소카 석주(石柱)라고도 불리며, 신라의 승려 혜초(慧超)가 쓴 《왕오천축국전》(徃五天竺國傳)에는 당(幢)이라고 부르고 있다. 아소카의 기둥은 거의 모두 불교 사원, 석가모니 부처의 생애와 관련되어 있거나 그의 순례 장소 등 많은 중요한 유적지에 세워졌다. 그 기둥들 중 일부는 비구와 비구니들을 대상으로 하는 내용의 비문을 싣고 있으며 아쇼카 자신의 방문을 기념하기 위해 세운 것도 있다. 주요 기둥은 인도 비하르주, 우타르프라데시, 마디야프라데시, 하리아나 등의 주의 일부 지역에 있다. (ko) Колонны (столпы) Ашоки — каменные монументы в форме отдельно стоящего вертикального столба, установленные в середине III века до н.э. по приказу индийского царя Ашоки в ключевых центрах державы Маурьев. Надписи на колоннах, выполненные на брахми и расшифрованные Дж. Принсепом в 1837 году, являются древнейшими примерами индийской письменности. На вершинах колонн изначально были размещены скульптурные группы с изображениями священных животных. Также их украшали изображения колеса дхармы и свастики. (ru) |
| rdfs:label | أعمدة أشوكا (ar) Pilars d'Aixoka (ca) Ašókovy sloupy (cs) Kolonoj de Aŝoko (eo) Pilares de Ashoka (es) Pilar-Pilar Asoka (in) Piliers d'Ashoka (fr) Pilastri di Ashoka (it) 아소카의 기둥 (ko) Pilaren van Ashoka (nl) Pillars of Ashoka (en) Pilares de Açoca (pt) Колонны Ашоки (ru) 阿育王柱 (zh) Колони Ашоки (uk) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Mauryan_polish |
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