Other Backward Class (original) (raw)
- Unter dem Begriff Other Backward Classes (englisch „andere zurückgebliebene Klassen“, OBC) werden in Indien bestimmte staatlich spezifizierte Bevölkerungsgruppen verstanden, die sozioökonomisch benachteiligt sind und deswegen eine besondere staatliche Förderung beanspruchen dürfen. Der Begriff ist in gewisser Hinsicht komplementär zu den Begriffen der Scheduled Castes und Scheduled Tribes. Der Bevölkerungsanteil der Other Backward Classes ist bisher aufgrund fehlender statistischer Daten nicht genau bestimmbar und wurde auf 36 bis 52 % geschätzt. (de)
- En Inde, les autres classes en retard (Other Backward Classes, OBC) sont les castes qui sont défavorisées sur le plan éducatif ou social. Cette expression est employée par le gouvernement. C'est l'une des nombreuses classifications officielles de la population de l'Inde, avec la classe générale, et les castes et tribus répertoriées. Selon le rapport de la Commission Mandal de 1980, les OBC représentent 52% de la population du pays. En 2006, un sondage estime leur proportion à 41%. En Inde, le nombre d'OBC est objet de débat. Les Other Backward Classes et les castes répertoriées sont toutes deux des castes "en retard" que le système de castes traite de la même manière. Dans la Constitution de l'Inde, les OBC sont décrits comme des «classes en retard sur le plan social et éducatif». Sur ces plans, le gouvernement est invité à assurer leur développement. Par exemple, 27% des places dans le secteur public et l'enseignement supérieur sont réservées aux OBC. La liste des OBC maintenue par le ministère indien de la justice sociale et de l'autodétermination est dynamique, les castes et les communautés étant ajoutées ou supprimées en fonction de facteurs sociaux, éducatifs et économiques. En réponse à une question posée à Lok Sabha, le ministre de l'Union, Jitendra Singh, déclare que, comme en janvier 2016, le pourcentage des OBC dans les services du gouvernement central est de 21,57% et a tendance à augmenter depuis septembre 1993. De même, en 2015, dans les établissements d'enseignement, les fonds destinés aux étudiants OBC sont sous-utilisés ou mal utilisés. Les infrastructures ne sont pas modernisées le quota de 49% de recrutement des enseignants, pas respecté. Jusqu'en 1985, les affaires des classes en retard sont gérées par la cellule des classes en retard du ministère de l'Intérieur. Un ministère distinct de la protection sociale est créé en 1985 (renommé en 1998 en ministère de la justice sociale et de l'autonomisation) pour s'occuper des questions relatives aux castes répertoriées, aux tribus répertoriées et aux OBC La Division des classes en retard du ministère s'occupe de la politique, de la planification et de la mise en œuvre des programmes relatifs à l'autonomisation sociale et économique des OBC, et des questions relatives à deux institutions créées pour le bien-être des OBC, la National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation et la Commission Nationale des Classes en Retard. (fr)
- The Other Backward Class is a collective term used by the Government of India to classify castes which are educationally or socially backward. It is one of several official classifications of the population of India, along with General castes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs). The OBCs were found to comprise 52% of the country's population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980, and were determined to be 41% in 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation took place. There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India; it is generally estimated to be sizable, but many believe that it is higher than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey. In the Indian Constitution, OBCs are described as socially and educationally backward classes (SEBC), and the Government of India is enjoined to ensure their social and educational development — for example, the OBCs are entitled to 27% reservations in public sector employment and higher education. The list of OBCs maintained by the Indian Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is dynamic, with castes and communities being added or removed depending on social, educational and economic factors. In a reply to a question in Lok Sabha, Union Minister Jitendra Singh informed that as in January 2016, the percentage of OBCs in central government services is 21.57% and has shown an increasing trend since September, 1993. Likewise, in 2015, at educational institutions, funds meant for OBC students under the reservation policy were not used properly or were underused in cases of upgrading infrastructure as well as in violation of faculty recruitment of OBCs according to the 49% reservation policy. Until 1985, the affairs of the Backward Classes were looked after by the Backward Classes Cell in the Ministry of Home Affairs. A separate Ministry of Welfare was established in 1985 (renamed in 1998 to the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment) to attend to matters relating to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and OBCs. The Backward Classes Division of the Ministry looks after the policy, planning and implementation of programmes relating to social and economic empowerment of OBCs, and matters relating to two institutions set up for the welfare of OBCs, the National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation and the National Commission for Backward Classes. (en)
- Other Backward Class (OBC) (Klasy Upośledzone, Inne Kasty Prześladowane) – pojęcie prawne w legislacji indyjskiej, dotyczące upośledzonych społecznie i ekonomicznie grup ludności, które nie zostały zakwalifikowane do Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. (pl)
- 其他落後階層,是印度政府對社會和教育方面處於劣勢的種姓的統稱。 (zh)
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- Unter dem Begriff Other Backward Classes (englisch „andere zurückgebliebene Klassen“, OBC) werden in Indien bestimmte staatlich spezifizierte Bevölkerungsgruppen verstanden, die sozioökonomisch benachteiligt sind und deswegen eine besondere staatliche Förderung beanspruchen dürfen. Der Begriff ist in gewisser Hinsicht komplementär zu den Begriffen der Scheduled Castes und Scheduled Tribes. Der Bevölkerungsanteil der Other Backward Classes ist bisher aufgrund fehlender statistischer Daten nicht genau bestimmbar und wurde auf 36 bis 52 % geschätzt. (de)
- Other Backward Class (OBC) (Klasy Upośledzone, Inne Kasty Prześladowane) – pojęcie prawne w legislacji indyjskiej, dotyczące upośledzonych społecznie i ekonomicznie grup ludności, które nie zostały zakwalifikowane do Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. (pl)
- 其他落後階層,是印度政府對社會和教育方面處於劣勢的種姓的統稱。 (zh)
- En Inde, les autres classes en retard (Other Backward Classes, OBC) sont les castes qui sont défavorisées sur le plan éducatif ou social. Cette expression est employée par le gouvernement. C'est l'une des nombreuses classifications officielles de la population de l'Inde, avec la classe générale, et les castes et tribus répertoriées. Selon le rapport de la Commission Mandal de 1980, les OBC représentent 52% de la population du pays. En 2006, un sondage estime leur proportion à 41%. En Inde, le nombre d'OBC est objet de débat. Les Other Backward Classes et les castes répertoriées sont toutes deux des castes "en retard" que le système de castes traite de la même manière. (fr)
- The Other Backward Class is a collective term used by the Government of India to classify castes which are educationally or socially backward. It is one of several official classifications of the population of India, along with General castes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs). The OBCs were found to comprise 52% of the country's population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980, and were determined to be 41% in 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation took place. There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India; it is generally estimated to be sizable, but many believe that it is higher than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey. (en)
- Other Backward Classes (de)
- Other Backward Classes (fr)
- Other Backward Class (en)
- Other Backward Classes (pl)
- 其他落後階層 (zh)
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