Biafra (original) (raw)
جمهورية بيافرا هي جمهورية انفصالية سابقة دامت من 30 مايو 1967 حتى 15 يناير 1970. نشأت عندما حاول سكان إقليم بيافرا الانفصال عن نيجيريا وتكوين دولة مستقلة خاصة بعرقية الإيبو في فترة الحرب الأهلية النيجيرية.وقد حصلت الجمهورية الانفصالية على اعتراف عدد قليل من الدول وهم هايتي والجابون وساحل العاج وتنزانيا وزامبيا.وقد دعمت إسرائيل الانفصاليين بإمدادهم بالأسلحة السوفييتية الصنع التي استولت عليها من العرب. وكذلك دعمت البرتغال الانفصاليين نكاية في نيجيريا الداعمة لاستقلال المستعمرات البرتغالية في أفريقيا. و كانت جزيرتي ساو تومي وبرينسيب البرتغالية قاعدة للامدادت الإنسانية للدولة وكانت معظم مكاتب التمثيل الإارجي لجمهورية بيافرا توجد في لشبونة وكذلك تم طبع العملة المحلية لبيافرا في لشبونة.
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| dbo:abstract | جمهورية بيافرا هي جمهورية انفصالية سابقة دامت من 30 مايو 1967 حتى 15 يناير 1970. نشأت عندما حاول سكان إقليم بيافرا الانفصال عن نيجيريا وتكوين دولة مستقلة خاصة بعرقية الإيبو في فترة الحرب الأهلية النيجيرية.وقد حصلت الجمهورية الانفصالية على اعتراف عدد قليل من الدول وهم هايتي والجابون وساحل العاج وتنزانيا وزامبيا.وقد دعمت إسرائيل الانفصاليين بإمدادهم بالأسلحة السوفييتية الصنع التي استولت عليها من العرب. وكذلك دعمت البرتغال الانفصاليين نكاية في نيجيريا الداعمة لاستقلال المستعمرات البرتغالية في أفريقيا. و كانت جزيرتي ساو تومي وبرينسيب البرتغالية قاعدة للامدادت الإنسانية للدولة وكانت معظم مكاتب التمثيل الإارجي لجمهورية بيافرا توجد في لشبونة وكذلك تم طبع العملة المحلية لبيافرا في لشبونة. (ar) Biafra fou una regió Oriental de Nigèria (76.364 km²), en declarar-se independent el 30 de maig de 1967. En el rerefons de la secessió i de la guerra hi havia els enfrontaments interètnics entre els hausa, ètnia musulmana que ocupa especialment el nord de Nigèria i que detenia el control de l'estat, i els igbos, ètnia predominantment catòlica que es concentrava a la regió litoral Est, i que s'aguditzaren des de la independència de Nigèria el 1960. (ca) Republika Biafra (igbosky Bịafra) byl státní útvar existující v letech 1967–1970 na jihovýchodě Nigérie, potlačený federálními jednotkami v nigerijské občanské válce. Nezávislá Biafra se rozkládala přibližně na území dnešních nigerijských států , Rivers, , , Cross River a . (cs) Die Republik Biafra war ein Staat, der 1967 unter Federführung der Volksgruppe der Igbo (veraltet Ibo) die Unabhängigkeit von Nigeria erklärte. Der Staat umfasste den südöstlichen Teil Nigerias einschließlich großer Erdölvorkommen im Nigerdelta und wurde von vier afrikanischen Staaten sowie von Haiti anerkannt. Im Zuge des Biafra-Krieges von 1967 bis 1970 wurde Biafra wieder in Nigeria eingegliedert. Die damals verhängte Hungerblockade prägte das Bild des Biafra-Kindes als Symbol für Unterernährung und machte insbesondere Kwashiorkor als eine häufige Mangelerkrankung bekannt. (de) H Μπιάφρα, επισήμως Δημοκρατία της Μπιάφρα (Republic of Biafra), ήταν αποσχιστικό κράτος στη Δυτική Αφρική, το οποίο υπήρχε από τις 30 Μαΐου του 1967 έως τις 15 Ιανουαρίου του 1970. Δημιουργήθηκε από τις ανατολικές περιφέρειες της Νιγηρίας. Οι κάτοικοί της ήταν κυρίως της φυλής Ίγκμπο, οι οποίοι αποσχίστηκαν για οικονομικούς, εθνικούς, πολιτικούς και θρησκευτικούς λόγους και διαμάχες με άλλες φυλές της Νιγηρίας. Άλλες εθνικές ομάδες που αποτελούσαν το κράτος ήταν οι Έφικ, Ιμπίμπιο, Άνναγκ, Ετζαγκάμ, Εκέτ, Ιμπενό και οι Ίτζο. Πήρε το όνομά της από τον κόλπο Μπιάφρα. (el) Biafro estis sendependa lando dum 3 jaroj en Afriko. (eo) Biafra, officially the Republic of Biafra, was a partially recognised secessionist state in West Africa that declared independence from Nigeria and existed from 1967 until 1970. Its territory consisted of the predominantly Igbo-populated then Eastern Region of Nigeria which is now divided into the South-East and South-South regions of Nigeria. Biafra was established on 30 May 1967 by Igbo military officer C. Odumegwu Ojukwu under his leadership as the governor of the then Eastern region of Nigeria, following a series of ethnic tensions and military coups after Nigerian independence in 1960 that culminated in the 1966 massacres of Igbo people and other Eastern ethnic groups living in northern Nigeria. The military of Nigeria proceeded to invade Biafra shortly after its secession, resulting in the start of the Nigerian Civil War (also known as the Nigerian-Biafran War). Biafra was formally recognised by Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, and Zambia. Other nations, which did not give official recognition but provided support and assistance to Biafra, included France, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Vatican City. Biafra received aid from non-state actors, including Joint Church Aid, foreign mercenaries, Holy Ghost Fathers of Ireland, and under their direction Caritas Internationalis, and U.S. Catholic Relief Services. Médecins Sans Frontières also originated in response to the suffering. After two-and-a-half years of war, during which almost two million Biafran civilians (three-quarters of them small children) died from starvation caused by the total blockade of the region by the Nigerian government, Biafran forces under Nigeria's motto of "No-victor, No-vanquished" surrendered to the Nigerian Federal Military Government (FMG). The surrender was facilitated by the Biafran Vice President and Chief of General Staff, Major General Philip Effiong, who assumed leadership of the Republic of Biafra after the original President, Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, fled to Ivory Coast. After the surrender of Biafrans, some Igbos who had fled the conflict returned to their properties but were unable to claim them back from new occupants. This became law in the Abandoned Properties Act (28 September 1979). It was purported that at the start of the civil war, Igbos withdrew their funds from Nigerian banks and converted it to the Biafran currency. After the war, bank accounts owned by Biafrans were seized and a Nigerian panel resolved to give every Igbo person an account with only 20 pounds. Federal projects in Biafra were also greatly reduced compared to other parts of Nigeria. In an Intersociety study it was found that Nigerian security forces also extorted approximately $100 million per year from illegal roadblocks and other methods from Igboland – a cultural sub-region of Biafra in what is now southern Nigeria, causing the Igbo citizenry to trust the Nigerian security forces even less than before. (en) Biafra, ofizialki Biafrako Errepublika (ingelesez: Republic of Biafra) Nigeriako hego-ekialdean zegoen estatu izan zen. Biafran igbo herria bizi zen gehienbat eta 1967ko maiatzaren 30etik 1970eko urtarrilaren 15era iraun zuen. Igbo herriak inguruko beste herriekin arazo ekonomiko, etniko, kultural eta erlijiosoak zituenez independentzia aldarrikatu zuen. Errepublika berria izendatzeko, Biafrako golkoaren izena aukeratu zuten. Aldarrikapen horrek Nigeriako Gerra Zibila edo Nigeriar-Biafrar Gerra eragin zuen. Gabonek, Haitik, Boli Kostak, Tanzaniak eta Zambiak baino ez zuten ofizialki herrialde berria aintzatetsi; hala ere, Israel, Frantzia, Portugal, Rhodesia, Hegoafrika eta Vatikanoren laguntza jaso zuen. independentzia aldarrikatu zuenean, herrialdeak 76.400 km²-ko azalera eta 13 miloi biztanle zituen, erdiak igboak. (eu) Biafra fue el nombre que tomó la región sudoriental de Nigeria al proclamar su independencia de este país e instituirse como una república el 30 de mayo de 1967. Subsistió como Estado independiente hasta el 15 de enero de 1970, tras la capitulación oficial de las fuerzas biafreñas el 12 de enero. En el momento de su constitución, el Estado biafreño ocupaba unos 76 400 km² y estaba habitado por unos 13 millones de personas, la mitad de ellas de etnia igbo (también conocidos como igbos e iboleses). Recibió su nombre de la bahía de Biafra, que Nigeria renombraría tras el conflicto con los separatistas con el nombre de bahía de Bonny. (es) Le Biafra, en forme longue république du Biafra (en igbo : Bịafra ; en anglais : Republic of Biafra), est entre 1967 et 1970 un État sécessionniste d'Afrique de l'Ouest situé dans la partie sud-est du Nigeria, la plus riche en réserves de pétrole. Le nom Biafra vient du golfe du Biafra situé au sud, sur la côte atlantique, lui-même nommé d’après le nom — Biafara — de la capitale d'un État resté mystérieux mais localisé par les marins portugais au XVe siècle en retrait de la côte, entre l'ancien royaume du Bénin et le Loango. (fr) Ba stát dealuithe suite san Nigéir é Biafra. Fuair sé a ainm ón mBíochta Bhiafra (nó Bonny) atá suite ó dheas ó oirdheisceart na Nígéire agus siar ó Camaroun & Gabon. Sa bhliain 1967 fógraíodh cúige Oirthear na Nigéire iad fhéin neamhspleách agus thógadar Biarfar nó Poblacht Bhiafra ortha féin. Is sa cheantair seo a bhí an chuid misnéirí idir Sagairt & Mná Rialta ag obair. Theip air an ghluaiseacht agus tár éis dian chogadh cuireadh deireadh leis an stáit nua sa bhliain 1970. Ba den chine Igbo iad formhór na daoine. Bhí sagairt agus easpaig ó Chuallacht an Spioraid Naomh (C.S.Sp) ann ina measc ó thús an chéid sin. Cáil ar chuid acu an Easpag Joseph Shanahan (1871–1943)a chaith a shaol ann ó 1902. Bhí cualachtaí eile is meas na "treabhanna" eile sa cheantair - Efik, Ibibio, Annang, Ejagham, Eket, Ibeno agus na h-Ijaw. Cé go bhfuair an stáit nua aitheantas agus cabhair ó roinnt tíortha sa Aifric d'éirigh le Rialtas na Nigéire cosc a chuir le cabhair a thabhairt isteach sa agus tharla gorta mór ann. Fuair dhá mhilliúin bás ann sa cogadh nó sa ghorta. As sin d'éirigh an eagraíocht carthanachta atá fós ar an saol - "Concern". (ga) Republik Biafra adalah sebuah negara pecahan yang pernah ada di sebelah tenggara Nigeria selama jangka waktu sekitar tiga tahun antara 30 Mei 1967 hingga 15 Januari 1970. Biafra diakui oleh beberapa negara termasuk Afrika Selatan namun dukungannya kepada kebijakan apartheid membuatnya kehilangan kesempatan dari kemungkinan mendapatkan dukungan dari berbagai negara Afrika lainnya. Pada Januari 1966, para tentara Nigeria dari suku Ibo melakukan upaya kudeta yang akhirnya gagal dan cepat ditumpas. Dari Mei hingga September tahun yang sama, migran-migran Ibo di sebelah utara Nigeria menjadi sasaran pembunuhan massal. Letnan Kolonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu yang memerintah bagian timur Nigeria saat itu, dan sendiri merupakan seorang Ibo, menyatakan wilayah timur tersebut sebagai negara merdeka yang beribukotakan Enugu. Nigeria merespon dengan memblokir aliran keuangan, dan kemudian dengan kekerasan. Pertempuran terus berlangsung antara kedua belah pihak hingga tahun 1970, di mana Ojukwu akhirnya melarikan diri ke luar negeri dan Biafra kembali dimasukkan sebagai wilayah Nigeria. Dalam konflik selama tiga tahun tersebut, sekitar 1 juta orang diperkirakan menjadi korban, kebanyakan meninggal karena kelaparan dan penyakit. (in) 비아프라(Biafra) 또는 비아프라 공화국은 1967년에 나이지리아의 남동부의 동부주가 분리독립을 선언함에 따라 수립된 이그보(Igbo, 이보 Ibo)족을 주체로 한 국가이다. 1967년 5월 30일부터 1970년 1월 15일까지 존립했다. 이그보족에 의한 분리 독립 운동은 나이지리아의 여러 민족간에 존재하는 경제적, 민족적, 문화적, 종교적 긴장때문에 발생했으며, 국가명 비아프라는 대서양과 접한 나이지리아 남부의 만인 비아프라만(보니만)에서 가져온 것이다. 분리독립운동은 나이지리아 내전(內戰)에 한 원인을 제공했으며, 동(同)내전은 달리 나이지리아-비아프라 전쟁으로 불리기도 한다. 당시 가봉, 코트디부아르, 아이티, 탄자니아, 잠비아 등이 승인을 했고 몇몇 나라들이 공식적인 승인은 유보한 채 일정한 원조를 제공했다. 그 외에도 다양한 국제단체들이 원조를 제공했다. (ko) Il Biafra, ufficialmente la Repubblica del Biafra, ebbe una vita breve come Stato secessionista nel sud-est della Nigeria. Esistette dal 30 maggio 1967 al 15 gennaio 1970. Il Capo di Stato Maggiore annunciò formalmente la capitolazione il 12 gennaio. Il Paese prese nome dal Golfo del Biafra, sul quale si affacciava. Gli abitanti erano per lo più la gente Igbo, che guidò la secessione a causa di tensioni economiche, etniche, culturali e religiose tra i vari popoli della Nigeria. Altri gruppi etnici erano Efik, Ibibio, Annang, Ejagham, Eket, Ibeno e Ijaw. (it) ビアフラ共和国（ビアフラきょうわこく、英: Biafra、英語発音: [biˈɑːfrə] ビアーフラ）は、1967年にナイジェリアの南東部に置かれていた東部州が独立宣言したことに伴い樹立された、イボ族を主体とした政権・国家。1967年5月30日から1970年1月15日まで存続した。人口1,350万人、面積は77,306km²（1967年）だった。 (ja) De Republiek Biafra was van 30 mei 1967 tot 15 januari 1970 een de facto onafhankelijke staat in Nigeria, in en rond de Nigerdelta, aan de oostelijke grens met Kameroen en grenzend aan de toen geheten Baai van Biafra. (nl) A República do Biafra foi um estado secessionista no sudeste da Nigéria. O Biafra era habitado maioritariamente pelos ibos e existiu de 30 de Maio de 1967 a 15 de Janeiro de 1970. A secessão foi liderada pelos ibos (apoiados pela transnacional francesa Elf Aquitaine), dadas as tensões económicas, étnicas, culturais e religiosas entre os vários povos da Nigéria e a criação do novo país, batizado segundo a Enseada do Biafra (a baía atlântica no sul), esteve entre as causas para a Guerra Civil Nigeriana, também conhecida por Guerra Nigéria-Biafra, ou ainda Guerra do Biafra. O Biafra foi oficialmente reconhecido por Gabão, Haiti, Costa do Marfim, Tanzânia e Zâmbia. Outras nações, como Israel, França, Portugal, Rodésia, África do Sul e o Vaticano não deram reconhecimento oficial, porém providenciaram assistência. O Biafra também recebeu ajuda de organizações não governamentais, tais como a Joint Church Aid, a Holy Ghost Fathers of Ireland, a Caritas Internationalis, a MarkPress e a U.S. Catholic Relief Services. (pt) Biafra (Republika Biafry) – państwo, które istniało w południowo-wschodniej Nigerii od 30 maja 1967 do 15 stycznia 1970 i obejmowało obszar w okolicy wybrzeży Nigerii i Kamerunu. Jego nazwa pochodzi od zatoki Biafra, części Zatoki Gwinejskiej. (pl) Biafra var en kortlivad självständig stat i Västafrika som endast erkändes av ett fåtal andra stater (Elfenbenskusten, Gabon, Haiti, Tanzania och Zaire). Den var en utbrytarrepublik från Nigerias östra region som utropade självständighet den 30 maj 1967. Huvudort var Enugu. Biafra hade ursprungligen cirka 14 miljoner invånare, varav huvuddelen tillhörde det kristna igbofolket. Nigerias federala regering vägrade att acceptera Biafras självständighet vilket resulterade i Biafrakriget, som varade fram till 1970. Den 12 januari 1970 kapitulerade Biafra och 15 januari införlivades regionen igen i Nigeria. Biafras ledare var överstelöjtnant Odumegwu Ojukwu. Under 2000-talet har frågan om ett självständigt Biafra fått förnyad kraft. (sv) Республіка Біафра (англ. Republic of Biafra, ігбо Bịafra) — самопроголошена держава у південно-східній частині Нігерії, що існувала з 30 травня 1967 року (дата проголошення незалежності) до 15 січня 1970 року. Держава не була визнана ООН. (uk) Респу́блика Биа́фра (англ. Republic of Biafra, игбо Bịafra) — самопровозглашённое частично признанное государство в юго-восточной части Нигерии, существовавшее с 30 мая 1967 года (дата провозглашения независимости) до 15 января 1970 года. Государство не было признано Организацией Объединённых Наций, однако его признали Габон, Гаити, Кот-д’Ивуар, Танзания и Замбия. (ru) 比亞法拉共和國（英语：Republic of Biafra，又譯作比夫拉共和國）是尼日利亞東南部一個由分離主義者建立的歷史上未被普遍承認的國家。這個國家於1967年5月30日成立，至1970年1月15日滅亡。其政權的軍事首領於1970年1月12日正式宣佈有條件投降。該國得名於其南邊瀕臨大西洋的比亞法拉海灣（今邦尼湾）。 (zh) |
| dbo:anthem | dbr:Land_of_the_Rising_Sun_(national_anthem) |
| dbo:capital | dbr:Umuahia dbr:Enugu dbr:Awka dbr:Owerri |
| dbo:currency | dbr:Biafran_pound |
| dbo:demonym | Biafran (en) |
| dbo:dissolutionDate | 1970-01-15 (xsd:date) |
| dbo:dissolutionYear | 1970-01-01 (xsd:gYear) |
| dbo:ethnicGroup | dbr:Efik_people dbr:Ibibio_people dbr:Igbo_people dbr:Ijaw_people |
| dbo:foundingDate | 1967-05-30 (xsd:date) |
| dbo:foundingYear | 1967-01-01 (xsd:gYear) |
| dbo:largestCity | dbr:Onitsha |
| dbo:motto | "Peace, Unity, and Freedom." |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg?width=300 |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/pqtjt http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php%3Fid=55906 https://rose.library.emory.edu/ |
| dbo:wikiPageID | 44431 (xsd:integer) |
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| dbp:commonName | Biafra (en) |
| dbp:conventionalLongName | Republic of Biafra (en) |
| dbp:currency | dbr:Biafran_pound |
| dbp:date | June 2022 (en) |
| dbp:dateEnd | 0001-01-15 (xsd:gMonthDay) |
| dbp:dateStart | 0001-05-30 (xsd:gMonthDay) |
| dbp:demonym | Biafran (en) |
| dbp:era | dbr:Cold_War |
| dbp:ethnicGroups | dbr:Ibibio_people dbr:Igbo_people dbr:Ijaw_people Efik (en) |
| dbp:eventEnd | Rejoins Federal Nigeria (en) |
| dbp:flagP | Flag of Nigeria.svg (en) |
| dbp:flagS | Flag of Nigeria.svg (en) |
| dbp:governmentType | Republic (en) |
| dbp:imageCoat | Coat of arms of Biafra.svg (en) |
| dbp:imageFlag | Flag of Biafra.svg (en) |
| dbp:imageMap | Biafra in its region.svg (en) Biafra independent state map-en.svg (en) |
| dbp:imageMap2Caption | Republic of Biafra in May 1967 (en) |
| dbp:imageMapCaption | The Republic of Biafra in red, bordered by its puppet state the Republic of Benin to the west (en) |
| dbp:largestCity | dbr:Onitsha |
| dbp:leader | dbr:C._Odumegwu_Ojukwu dbr:Philip_Effiong |
| dbp:nationalAnthem | "Land of the Rising Sun"File:Biafra anthem audio.mp3 (en) |
| dbp:nationalMotto | "Peace, Unity, and Freedom." (en) |
| dbp:p | Military dictatorship in NigeriaNigeria (en) |
| dbp:quote | Now, therefore, I, Lieutenant-Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, Military Governor of Eastern Nigeria, by virtue of the authority, and pursuant to the principles, recited above, do hereby solemnly proclaim that the territory and region known as and called Eastern Nigeria together with her continental shelf and territorial waters shall henceforth be an independent sovereign state of the name and title of "The Republic of Biafra". (en) |
| dbp:reason | Is this an attested term? If so please make a redirect. (en) |
| dbp:s | Military dictatorship in NigeriaNigeria (en) |
| dbp:source | dbr:Chukwuemeka_Odumegwu_Ojukwu |
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| dbp:statPop | 13500000 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:statYear | 1967 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:status | Subsumed state (en) |
| dbp:titleLeader | dbr:List_of_heads_of_state_of_Biafra |
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| rdfs:comment | جمهورية بيافرا هي جمهورية انفصالية سابقة دامت من 30 مايو 1967 حتى 15 يناير 1970. نشأت عندما حاول سكان إقليم بيافرا الانفصال عن نيجيريا وتكوين دولة مستقلة خاصة بعرقية الإيبو في فترة الحرب الأهلية النيجيرية.وقد حصلت الجمهورية الانفصالية على اعتراف عدد قليل من الدول وهم هايتي والجابون وساحل العاج وتنزانيا وزامبيا.وقد دعمت إسرائيل الانفصاليين بإمدادهم بالأسلحة السوفييتية الصنع التي استولت عليها من العرب. وكذلك دعمت البرتغال الانفصاليين نكاية في نيجيريا الداعمة لاستقلال المستعمرات البرتغالية في أفريقيا. و كانت جزيرتي ساو تومي وبرينسيب البرتغالية قاعدة للامدادت الإنسانية للدولة وكانت معظم مكاتب التمثيل الإارجي لجمهورية بيافرا توجد في لشبونة وكذلك تم طبع العملة المحلية لبيافرا في لشبونة. (ar) Biafra fou una regió Oriental de Nigèria (76.364 km²), en declarar-se independent el 30 de maig de 1967. En el rerefons de la secessió i de la guerra hi havia els enfrontaments interètnics entre els hausa, ètnia musulmana que ocupa especialment el nord de Nigèria i que detenia el control de l'estat, i els igbos, ètnia predominantment catòlica que es concentrava a la regió litoral Est, i que s'aguditzaren des de la independència de Nigèria el 1960. (ca) Republika Biafra (igbosky Bịafra) byl státní útvar existující v letech 1967–1970 na jihovýchodě Nigérie, potlačený federálními jednotkami v nigerijské občanské válce. Nezávislá Biafra se rozkládala přibližně na území dnešních nigerijských států , Rivers, , , Cross River a . (cs) Die Republik Biafra war ein Staat, der 1967 unter Federführung der Volksgruppe der Igbo (veraltet Ibo) die Unabhängigkeit von Nigeria erklärte. Der Staat umfasste den südöstlichen Teil Nigerias einschließlich großer Erdölvorkommen im Nigerdelta und wurde von vier afrikanischen Staaten sowie von Haiti anerkannt. Im Zuge des Biafra-Krieges von 1967 bis 1970 wurde Biafra wieder in Nigeria eingegliedert. Die damals verhängte Hungerblockade prägte das Bild des Biafra-Kindes als Symbol für Unterernährung und machte insbesondere Kwashiorkor als eine häufige Mangelerkrankung bekannt. (de) H Μπιάφρα, επισήμως Δημοκρατία της Μπιάφρα (Republic of Biafra), ήταν αποσχιστικό κράτος στη Δυτική Αφρική, το οποίο υπήρχε από τις 30 Μαΐου του 1967 έως τις 15 Ιανουαρίου του 1970. Δημιουργήθηκε από τις ανατολικές περιφέρειες της Νιγηρίας. Οι κάτοικοί της ήταν κυρίως της φυλής Ίγκμπο, οι οποίοι αποσχίστηκαν για οικονομικούς, εθνικούς, πολιτικούς και θρησκευτικούς λόγους και διαμάχες με άλλες φυλές της Νιγηρίας. Άλλες εθνικές ομάδες που αποτελούσαν το κράτος ήταν οι Έφικ, Ιμπίμπιο, Άνναγκ, Ετζαγκάμ, Εκέτ, Ιμπενό και οι Ίτζο. Πήρε το όνομά της από τον κόλπο Μπιάφρα. (el) Biafro estis sendependa lando dum 3 jaroj en Afriko. (eo) Biafra fue el nombre que tomó la región sudoriental de Nigeria al proclamar su independencia de este país e instituirse como una república el 30 de mayo de 1967. Subsistió como Estado independiente hasta el 15 de enero de 1970, tras la capitulación oficial de las fuerzas biafreñas el 12 de enero. En el momento de su constitución, el Estado biafreño ocupaba unos 76 400 km² y estaba habitado por unos 13 millones de personas, la mitad de ellas de etnia igbo (también conocidos como igbos e iboleses). Recibió su nombre de la bahía de Biafra, que Nigeria renombraría tras el conflicto con los separatistas con el nombre de bahía de Bonny. (es) Le Biafra, en forme longue république du Biafra (en igbo : Bịafra ; en anglais : Republic of Biafra), est entre 1967 et 1970 un État sécessionniste d'Afrique de l'Ouest situé dans la partie sud-est du Nigeria, la plus riche en réserves de pétrole. Le nom Biafra vient du golfe du Biafra situé au sud, sur la côte atlantique, lui-même nommé d’après le nom — Biafara — de la capitale d'un État resté mystérieux mais localisé par les marins portugais au XVe siècle en retrait de la côte, entre l'ancien royaume du Bénin et le Loango. (fr) 비아프라(Biafra) 또는 비아프라 공화국은 1967년에 나이지리아의 남동부의 동부주가 분리독립을 선언함에 따라 수립된 이그보(Igbo, 이보 Ibo)족을 주체로 한 국가이다. 1967년 5월 30일부터 1970년 1월 15일까지 존립했다. 이그보족에 의한 분리 독립 운동은 나이지리아의 여러 민족간에 존재하는 경제적, 민족적, 문화적, 종교적 긴장때문에 발생했으며, 국가명 비아프라는 대서양과 접한 나이지리아 남부의 만인 비아프라만(보니만)에서 가져온 것이다. 분리독립운동은 나이지리아 내전(內戰)에 한 원인을 제공했으며, 동(同)내전은 달리 나이지리아-비아프라 전쟁으로 불리기도 한다. 당시 가봉, 코트디부아르, 아이티, 탄자니아, 잠비아 등이 승인을 했고 몇몇 나라들이 공식적인 승인은 유보한 채 일정한 원조를 제공했다. 그 외에도 다양한 국제단체들이 원조를 제공했다. (ko) Il Biafra, ufficialmente la Repubblica del Biafra, ebbe una vita breve come Stato secessionista nel sud-est della Nigeria. Esistette dal 30 maggio 1967 al 15 gennaio 1970. Il Capo di Stato Maggiore annunciò formalmente la capitolazione il 12 gennaio. Il Paese prese nome dal Golfo del Biafra, sul quale si affacciava. Gli abitanti erano per lo più la gente Igbo, che guidò la secessione a causa di tensioni economiche, etniche, culturali e religiose tra i vari popoli della Nigeria. Altri gruppi etnici erano Efik, Ibibio, Annang, Ejagham, Eket, Ibeno e Ijaw. (it) ビアフラ共和国（ビアフラきょうわこく、英: Biafra、英語発音: [biˈɑːfrə] ビアーフラ）は、1967年にナイジェリアの南東部に置かれていた東部州が独立宣言したことに伴い樹立された、イボ族を主体とした政権・国家。1967年5月30日から1970年1月15日まで存続した。人口1,350万人、面積は77,306km²（1967年）だった。 (ja) De Republiek Biafra was van 30 mei 1967 tot 15 januari 1970 een de facto onafhankelijke staat in Nigeria, in en rond de Nigerdelta, aan de oostelijke grens met Kameroen en grenzend aan de toen geheten Baai van Biafra. (nl) Biafra (Republika Biafry) – państwo, które istniało w południowo-wschodniej Nigerii od 30 maja 1967 do 15 stycznia 1970 i obejmowało obszar w okolicy wybrzeży Nigerii i Kamerunu. Jego nazwa pochodzi od zatoki Biafra, części Zatoki Gwinejskiej. (pl) Республіка Біафра (англ. Republic of Biafra, ігбо Bịafra) — самопроголошена держава у південно-східній частині Нігерії, що існувала з 30 травня 1967 року (дата проголошення незалежності) до 15 січня 1970 року. Держава не була визнана ООН. (uk) Респу́блика Биа́фра (англ. Republic of Biafra, игбо Bịafra) — самопровозглашённое частично признанное государство в юго-восточной части Нигерии, существовавшее с 30 мая 1967 года (дата провозглашения независимости) до 15 января 1970 года. Государство не было признано Организацией Объединённых Наций, однако его признали Габон, Гаити, Кот-д’Ивуар, Танзания и Замбия. (ru) 比亞法拉共和國（英语：Republic of Biafra，又譯作比夫拉共和國）是尼日利亞東南部一個由分離主義者建立的歷史上未被普遍承認的國家。這個國家於1967年5月30日成立，至1970年1月15日滅亡。其政權的軍事首領於1970年1月12日正式宣佈有條件投降。該國得名於其南邊瀕臨大西洋的比亞法拉海灣（今邦尼湾）。 (zh) Biafra, officially the Republic of Biafra, was a partially recognised secessionist state in West Africa that declared independence from Nigeria and existed from 1967 until 1970. Its territory consisted of the predominantly Igbo-populated then Eastern Region of Nigeria which is now divided into the South-East and South-South regions of Nigeria. Biafra was established on 30 May 1967 by Igbo military officer C. Odumegwu Ojukwu under his leadership as the governor of the then Eastern region of Nigeria, following a series of ethnic tensions and military coups after Nigerian independence in 1960 that culminated in the 1966 massacres of Igbo people and other Eastern ethnic groups living in northern Nigeria. The military of Nigeria proceeded to invade Biafra shortly after its secession, resulting (en) Biafra, ofizialki Biafrako Errepublika (ingelesez: Republic of Biafra) Nigeriako hego-ekialdean zegoen estatu izan zen. Biafran igbo herria bizi zen gehienbat eta 1967ko maiatzaren 30etik 1970eko urtarrilaren 15era iraun zuen. Igbo herriak inguruko beste herriekin arazo ekonomiko, etniko, kultural eta erlijiosoak zituenez independentzia aldarrikatu zuen. Errepublika berria izendatzeko, Biafrako golkoaren izena aukeratu zuten. Aldarrikapen horrek Nigeriako Gerra Zibila edo Nigeriar-Biafrar Gerra eragin zuen. (eu) Ba stát dealuithe suite san Nigéir é Biafra. Fuair sé a ainm ón mBíochta Bhiafra (nó Bonny) atá suite ó dheas ó oirdheisceart na Nígéire agus siar ó Camaroun & Gabon. Sa bhliain 1967 fógraíodh cúige Oirthear na Nigéire iad fhéin neamhspleách agus thógadar Biarfar nó Poblacht Bhiafra ortha féin. Is sa cheantair seo a bhí an chuid misnéirí idir Sagairt & Mná Rialta ag obair. Theip air an ghluaiseacht agus tár éis dian chogadh cuireadh deireadh leis an stáit nua sa bhliain 1970. As sin d'éirigh an eagraíocht carthanachta atá fós ar an saol - "Concern". (ga) Republik Biafra adalah sebuah negara pecahan yang pernah ada di sebelah tenggara Nigeria selama jangka waktu sekitar tiga tahun antara 30 Mei 1967 hingga 15 Januari 1970. Biafra diakui oleh beberapa negara termasuk Afrika Selatan namun dukungannya kepada kebijakan apartheid membuatnya kehilangan kesempatan dari kemungkinan mendapatkan dukungan dari berbagai negara Afrika lainnya. (in) A República do Biafra foi um estado secessionista no sudeste da Nigéria. O Biafra era habitado maioritariamente pelos ibos e existiu de 30 de Maio de 1967 a 15 de Janeiro de 1970. A secessão foi liderada pelos ibos (apoiados pela transnacional francesa Elf Aquitaine), dadas as tensões económicas, étnicas, culturais e religiosas entre os vários povos da Nigéria e a criação do novo país, batizado segundo a Enseada do Biafra (a baía atlântica no sul), esteve entre as causas para a Guerra Civil Nigeriana, também conhecida por Guerra Nigéria-Biafra, ou ainda Guerra do Biafra. (pt) Biafra var en kortlivad självständig stat i Västafrika som endast erkändes av ett fåtal andra stater (Elfenbenskusten, Gabon, Haiti, Tanzania och Zaire). Den var en utbrytarrepublik från Nigerias östra region som utropade självständighet den 30 maj 1967. Huvudort var Enugu. Biafra hade ursprungligen cirka 14 miljoner invånare, varav huvuddelen tillhörde det kristna igbofolket. Nigerias federala regering vägrade att acceptera Biafras självständighet vilket resulterade i Biafrakriget, som varade fram till 1970. Den 12 januari 1970 kapitulerade Biafra och 15 januari införlivades regionen igen i Nigeria. Biafras ledare var överstelöjtnant Odumegwu Ojukwu. (sv) |
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