Blockade of Africa (original) (raw)
- بدأ الحصار المفروض على إفريقيا في عام 1808بعد أن حظرت المملكة المتحدة تجارة العبيد عبر المحيط الأطلسي، وأصبح نقل العبيد عبر السفن البريطانيّة غير قانوني. أسّست البحرية الملكية البريطانيّة على الفور وجودًا قبالة إفريقيا لفرض الحظر، وأطلقت عليه اسم «سرب غرب إفريقيا». كان الحظر في البداية مطبّقًا على السفن البريطانيّة فقط، لكنّ المملكة المتحدة تفاوضت وعقدت اتّفاقيّات تستطيع بموجبها اعتراض طريق سفن أخرى للبحث عن العبيد، وتطبيق القانون. اُستثنت الولايات المتحدّة من هذا الاتّفاق لأنها رفضته، ألغى القانون في عام 1807 تقنيًّا تجارة العبيد عبر القارات في الولايات المتحدة، لكن الحظر لم يُنفّذ على نطاق واسع، وهربت الكثير من سفن العبيد من الحصار متجهةً إلى جنوب الولايات المتحدة. سخّرت البحرية الأمريكية منذ عام 1819 بعض الجهود لمنع تجارة العبيد. وتألّفت معظمها من دوريات على شواطئ الأمريكتين وفي منتصف المحيط الأطلسي، ولم تنجح كلها في تلك المهمة، بسبب صعوبة اعتراض السفن في منتصف المحيط. كجزء من معاهدة ويبستر-آشبورتون لعام1842 ، اُتفِّق على أن كلا البلدين سيعملان سوية على إلغاء تجارة العبيد، واستمرار الحصار المفروض على إفريقيا. استمرّت مشاركة البحرية الأمريكية حتى بداية الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية في عام .1861 منحت حكومة لينكولن في العام التالي المملكة المتحدة السلطة الكاملة لاعتراض السفن الأمريكية. بقي سرب البحرية الملكية في العملية حتى عام1870 . (ar)
- The Blockade of Africa began in 1808 after the United Kingdom outlawed the Atlantic slave trade, making it illegal for British ships to transport slaves. The Royal Navy immediately established a presence off Africa to enforce the ban, called the West Africa Squadron. Although the ban initially applied only to British ships, Britain negotiated treaties with other countries to give the Royal Navy the right to intercept and search their ships for slaves. The 1807 Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves abolished the intercontinental slave trade in the United States but the ban was not widely enforced. From 1819, some effort was made by the United States Navy to prevent the slave trade. This mostly consisted of patrols of the shores of the Americas and in the mid-Atlantic, the latter being largely unsuccessful due to the difficulty of intercepting ships mid-ocean. As part of the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842, it was agreed that both countries would work together on the abolition of the slave trade, which was deemed piracy, and to continue the blockade of Africa. US Navy involvement continued until the beginning of the US Civil War in 1861; the following year the Lincoln administration gave the UK full authority to intercept US ships. Slavery was not abolished in the United States until 1865 when Congress ratified the 13th Amendment. The Royal Navy squadron remained in operation until 1870. (en)
- Afrika-blockaden började 1808 efter att Storbritannien förbjöd slavhandeln i Atlanten, vilket gjorde det olagligt för brittiska fartyg att transportera slavar. Royal Navy etablerade omedelbart en närvaro utanför Afrika för att verkställa förbudet, kallat West Africa Squadron. Även om förbudet ursprungligen endast gällde brittiska fartyg förhandlade kungariket fördrag med andra länder för att ge den kungliga flottan rätten att fånga upp och genomsöka skepp efter slavar. Ett anmärkningsvärt undantag var Förenta staterna som vägrade ett sådant tillstånd. Lagen om förbud mot import av slavar (1807) avskaffade tekniskt den interkontinentala slavhandeln i Förenta staterna, men förbudet verkställdes inte i stor utsträckning och många av slavfartygen som undkom blockaden var avsedda för södra Förenta staterna. (sv)
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- بدأ الحصار المفروض على إفريقيا في عام 1808بعد أن حظرت المملكة المتحدة تجارة العبيد عبر المحيط الأطلسي، وأصبح نقل العبيد عبر السفن البريطانيّة غير قانوني. أسّست البحرية الملكية البريطانيّة على الفور وجودًا قبالة إفريقيا لفرض الحظر، وأطلقت عليه اسم «سرب غرب إفريقيا». كان الحظر في البداية مطبّقًا على السفن البريطانيّة فقط، لكنّ المملكة المتحدة تفاوضت وعقدت اتّفاقيّات تستطيع بموجبها اعتراض طريق سفن أخرى للبحث عن العبيد، وتطبيق القانون. اُستثنت الولايات المتحدّة من هذا الاتّفاق لأنها رفضته، ألغى القانون في عام 1807 تقنيًّا تجارة العبيد عبر القارات في الولايات المتحدة، لكن الحظر لم يُنفّذ على نطاق واسع، وهربت الكثير من سفن العبيد من الحصار متجهةً إلى جنوب الولايات المتحدة. (ar)
- The Blockade of Africa began in 1808 after the United Kingdom outlawed the Atlantic slave trade, making it illegal for British ships to transport slaves. The Royal Navy immediately established a presence off Africa to enforce the ban, called the West Africa Squadron. Although the ban initially applied only to British ships, Britain negotiated treaties with other countries to give the Royal Navy the right to intercept and search their ships for slaves. (en)
- Afrika-blockaden började 1808 efter att Storbritannien förbjöd slavhandeln i Atlanten, vilket gjorde det olagligt för brittiska fartyg att transportera slavar. Royal Navy etablerade omedelbart en närvaro utanför Afrika för att verkställa förbudet, kallat West Africa Squadron. Även om förbudet ursprungligen endast gällde brittiska fartyg förhandlade kungariket fördrag med andra länder för att ge den kungliga flottan rätten att fånga upp och genomsöka skepp efter slavar. Ett anmärkningsvärt undantag var Förenta staterna som vägrade ett sådant tillstånd. Lagen om förbud mot import av slavar (1807) avskaffade tekniskt den interkontinentala slavhandeln i Förenta staterna, men förbudet verkställdes inte i stor utsträckning och många av slavfartygen som undkom blockaden var avsedda för södra Före (sv)
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