Byzantine illuminated manuscripts (original) (raw)
Die byzantinische Buchmalerei entwickelte sich aus der Buchmalerei der Spätantike und setzte diese unmittelbar fort. Mit dem Fall Konstantinopels 1453 gingen das Byzantinische Reich und mit ihm seine Kunst unter.
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| dbo:abstract | أُنتجت المخطوطات البيزنطية عبر الإمبراطورية البيزنطية، بعضها في الأديرة والبعض الآخر في ورش عمل إمبراطورية أو تجارية. صُنعت الصور أو الأيقونات الدينية في الفن البيزنطي باستخدام أساليب مختلفة مثل الفسيفساء واللوحات والمخطوطات المزخرفة. أنتجت الأديرة العديد من المخطوطات المزخرفة المخصصة للأعمال الدينية باستخدام الزخرفة لتسليط الضوء على أجزاء معينة من النص، على سبيل المثال، استشهاد أحد القديسين، بينما استُخدمت لأغراض تعبدية تمامًا كما الأيقونات. كانت المخطوطات الدينية هي أكثر ما طلبه الرعاة، وكانت تُستخدم للعبادة الخاصة ولكنها وُهبت أيضًا للكنائس لاستخدامها في القداس. لم تكن جميع المخطوطات البيزنطية المزخرفة عبارة عن نصوص دينية، ومُثلت الموضوعات العلمانية في سجلات (مثل مدريد سكايليتز)، والنصوص الطبية مثل فيينا ديسقوريدوس، وبعض المخطوطات من النسخة اليونانية لقصة الإسكندر. بالإضافة إلى غالبية المخطوطات اليونانية، توجد أيضًا مخطوطات من الكنيسة السريانية مثل أناجيل ربولا ومخطوطات أرمنية مزخرفة متأثرة بشدة بالتقاليد البيزنطية. تُعتبر المخطوطات «الفاخرة» ذات الزخرفة الكثيرة أقل في العالم البيزنطي منها في المسيحية الغربية، ربما لأن النخبة اليونانية كانت قادرة دائمًا على قراءة نصوصهم، وهو ما لم يكن ممكنًا في كثير من الأحيان مع الكتب اللاتينية في الغرب، وبالتالي لم يصبح هذا الأسلوب شائعًا أبدًا. مع ذلك، هناك أمثلة، أدبية (مبكرة في الغالب) ودينية (لاحقًا في غالب الأمر). أوقفت حرب الأيقونات البيزنطية إنتاج الفن التشخيصي في المخطوطات المزخرفة لعقود عديدة، وأدت إلى تدمير أو تشويه العديد من الأمثلة الموجودة. (ar) Byzantine illuminated manuscripts were produced across the Byzantine Empire, some in monasteries but others in imperial or commercial workshops. Religious images or icons were made in Byzantine art in many different media: mosaics, paintings, small statues and illuminated manuscripts. Monasteries produced many of the illuminated manuscripts devoted to religious works using the illustrations to highlight specific parts of text, a saints' martyrdom for example, while others were used for devotional purposes similar to icons. These religious manuscripts were most commissioned by patrons and were used for private worship but also gifted to churches to be used in services. Not all Byzantine illuminated manuscripts were religious texts, secular subjects are represented in chronicles (e.g. Madrid Skylitzes), medical texts such as the Vienna Dioscurides, and some manuscripts of the Greek version of the Alexander Romance. In addition to the majority of manuscripts, in Greek, there are also manuscripts from the Syriac Church, such as the Rabbula Gospels, and Armenian illuminated manuscripts which are heavily influenced by the Byzantine tradition. "Luxury" heavily-illuminated manuscripts are less of a feature in the Byzantine world than in Western Christianity, perhaps because the Greek elite could always read their texts, which was often not the case with Latin books in the West, and so the style never became common. However, there are examples, both literary (mostly early) and religious (mostly later). The Byzantine iconoclasm paused production of figural art in illuminated manuscripts for many decades, and resulted in the destruction or mutilation of many existing examples. Combined there are 40.000 Byzantine manuscripts extant today but most are not illuminated. (en) Die byzantinische Buchmalerei entwickelte sich aus der Buchmalerei der Spätantike und setzte diese unmittelbar fort. Mit dem Fall Konstantinopels 1453 gingen das Byzantinische Reich und mit ihm seine Kunst unter. (de) L'enluminure byzantine désigne l'art de décorer les livres pendant la période de l'Empire byzantin sur le territoire de ce dernier ainsi que dans les territoires limitrophes. Héritier de l'enluminure antique, elle se développe et évolue au gré des événements politiques et religieux qui agitent l'empire entre le Ve et le XVe siècle. Elle influence directement l'enluminure d'Europe occidentale, mais aussi la miniature ottomane et celle de son environnement culturel : slave, arménienne, géorgienne, copte. (fr) Manoscritti miniati bizantini furono prodotti in tutto l'impero bizantino, alcuni nei monasteri ma altri nelle officine imperiali o commerciali. Le raffigurazioni sacre o icone (grc. εἰκόνα, "eikóna") sono state realizzate nell'arte bizantina in diversi media: mosaici, dipinti, piccole statue e manoscritti miniati. I monasteri hanno prodotto molti dei manoscritti miniati dedicati alle opere religiose utilizzando le illustrazioni per evidenziare parti specifiche del testo, ad esempio un martirio di santi, mentre altri sono stati utilizzati per scopi devozionali simili alle icone. Questi manoscritti religiosi erano per la maggior parte commissionati dai mecenati e venivano usati per il culto privato, ma anche donati alle chiese per essere utilizzati nei servizi. Esistono ad oggi 40.000 manoscritti bizantini: un quarto circa presenta una qualche decorazione ma solo una minima parte è caratterizzata da immagini figurate e può quindi essere considerata "miniata". Non tutti i manoscritti miniati bizantini sono poi di argomento religioso: soggetti profani sono infatti rappresentati nelle cronache come il celebre "Madrid Skylitzes", nei testi medici come il Dioscoride di Vienna e in opere di narrativa come i manoscritti della versione greca del Romanzo di Alessandro. Oltre alla maggior parte dei manoscritti, in greco, ci sono anche manoscritti della Chiesa ortodossa siriaca, come i Vangeli Rabbula, e manoscritti miniati armeni che sono fortemente influenzati dalla tradizione bizantina. In ultimo, a differenza dei manoscritti miniati occidentali, i manoscritti bizantini "di lusso", massicciamente miniati ed impreziositi da coperte in oro/avorio, era molto rari. Il fenomeno si spiega, forse, con la precisa volontà dell'élite greca di avere sempre a disposizione per la lettura il testo, non volendosi limitare nel farne una sorta di reliquia come invece fu per l'Europa continentale dai tempi di Carlo Magno. Tuttavia, ci sono esempi, sia letterari (per lo più antichi) sia religiosi (per lo più successivi), di manoscritti bizantini particolarmente sontuosi. L'iconoclastia bizantina (727-843) sospese per molti decenni la produzione di arte figurativa nei manoscritti miniati e provocò la distruzione e/o la mutilazione di molti esempi esistenti. La miniatura bizantina influenzò direttamente la produzione artistica dell'ambiente culturale gravitante intorno a Bisanzio (Slavi, Armeni, Georgiani, Copti, Stati Latini d'Oriente) ma anche la miniatura dell'Europa occidentale, in particolar modo quella Ottoniana, nonché quella dell'Impero ottomano che all'impero bizantino pose fine. (it) |
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| dbp:footer | Pages from the Sinopensis Gospel (en) Pages from the Vienna Dioscorides (en) Pages from the Vienna Genesis (en) |
| dbp:image | Autorenbild .jpg (en) Dioscorides Vienna .jpg (en) Dioscorides Vienna f6b Anicia Juliana.jpg (en) SinopeGospelsFolio29rChristHealingBlindDetail.jpg (en) Sinopensis f15r .jpg (en) ViennaDioscoridesBirds.jpg (en) ViennaDioscoridesEndpaperPeacock.jpg (en) ViennaDioscoridesPlant00.jpg (en) ViennaGenesisPict25JosephsDeparture.jpg (en) ViennaGenesisPict45BlessingEphraimManasseh.jpg (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Die byzantinische Buchmalerei entwickelte sich aus der Buchmalerei der Spätantike und setzte diese unmittelbar fort. Mit dem Fall Konstantinopels 1453 gingen das Byzantinische Reich und mit ihm seine Kunst unter. (de) L'enluminure byzantine désigne l'art de décorer les livres pendant la période de l'Empire byzantin sur le territoire de ce dernier ainsi que dans les territoires limitrophes. Héritier de l'enluminure antique, elle se développe et évolue au gré des événements politiques et religieux qui agitent l'empire entre le Ve et le XVe siècle. Elle influence directement l'enluminure d'Europe occidentale, mais aussi la miniature ottomane et celle de son environnement culturel : slave, arménienne, géorgienne, copte. (fr) أُنتجت المخطوطات البيزنطية عبر الإمبراطورية البيزنطية، بعضها في الأديرة والبعض الآخر في ورش عمل إمبراطورية أو تجارية. صُنعت الصور أو الأيقونات الدينية في الفن البيزنطي باستخدام أساليب مختلفة مثل الفسيفساء واللوحات والمخطوطات المزخرفة. أنتجت الأديرة العديد من المخطوطات المزخرفة المخصصة للأعمال الدينية باستخدام الزخرفة لتسليط الضوء على أجزاء معينة من النص، على سبيل المثال، استشهاد أحد القديسين، بينما استُخدمت لأغراض تعبدية تمامًا كما الأيقونات. كانت المخطوطات الدينية هي أكثر ما طلبه الرعاة، وكانت تُستخدم للعبادة الخاصة ولكنها وُهبت أيضًا للكنائس لاستخدامها في القداس. (ar) Byzantine illuminated manuscripts were produced across the Byzantine Empire, some in monasteries but others in imperial or commercial workshops. Religious images or icons were made in Byzantine art in many different media: mosaics, paintings, small statues and illuminated manuscripts. Monasteries produced many of the illuminated manuscripts devoted to religious works using the illustrations to highlight specific parts of text, a saints' martyrdom for example, while others were used for devotional purposes similar to icons. These religious manuscripts were most commissioned by patrons and were used for private worship but also gifted to churches to be used in services. (en) Manoscritti miniati bizantini furono prodotti in tutto l'impero bizantino, alcuni nei monasteri ma altri nelle officine imperiali o commerciali. Le raffigurazioni sacre o icone (grc. εἰκόνα, "eikóna") sono state realizzate nell'arte bizantina in diversi media: mosaici, dipinti, piccole statue e manoscritti miniati. I monasteri hanno prodotto molti dei manoscritti miniati dedicati alle opere religiose utilizzando le illustrazioni per evidenziare parti specifiche del testo, ad esempio un martirio di santi, mentre altri sono stati utilizzati per scopi devozionali simili alle icone. Questi manoscritti religiosi erano per la maggior parte commissionati dai mecenati e venivano usati per il culto privato, ma anche donati alle chiese per essere utilizzati nei servizi. (it) |
| rdfs:label | Byzantine illuminated manuscripts (en) مخطوطات بيزنطية مزخرفة (ar) Byzantinische Buchmalerei (de) Enluminure byzantine (fr) Miniatura bizantina (it) |
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