Armenian illuminated manuscripts (original) (raw)
Армянская миниатюра — национальная миниатюрная живопись средневековой Армении, Киликийского армянского царства и некоторых армянских колоний. Армянская миниатюра имеет несколько основных групп и этапов развития: до XI в.; школы Великой и Малой Армении XI—XII вв.; Киликийской Армении XII—XIV вв.; школы Бардзр-Айка, Ани, Арцаха, Гладзора, Татева, Васпуракана с XIII в.; после XIII в. также в колониях армянской диаспоры.
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| dbo:abstract | Die Armenische Buchmalerei stand, wie die Armenische Kunst im Allgemeinen, in byzantinischer aber auch syrischer Tradition. Der bekannteste armenische Buchmaler, Toros Roslin, lebte im 13. Jahrhundert. Die Bibliothek Matenadaran in Jerewan beherbergt die größte Sammlung armenischer Prachthandschriften, die seit 1997 zum Weltdokumentenerbe der UNESCO gehört. Zu den bedeutendsten Objekten zählen das Etschmiadzin-Evangeliar von 989 mit Elfenbein-Buchdeckeln aus dem 6. Jahrhundert und das Mughni-Evangeliar um 1060. Die zweitgrößte Sammlung armenischer Handschriften wird in der Jakobuskirche im armenischen Viertel von Jerusalem aufbewahrt. Weitere armenische illuminierte Handschriften gibt es in der British Library, der Bibliothèque nationale de France, den Bibliotheken der Mechitaristen in Venedig und Wien und in anderen großen Sammlungen in Europa und in den Vereinigten Staaten. Die University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) bewahrt unter anderem eine armenische Prachthandschrift aus dem 14. Jahrhundert auf. (de) Armenian illuminated manuscripts (Armenian: Հայկական մանրանկարչություն, romanized: Haykakan manrankarch'owt'yown), form an Armenian tradition of formally prepared documents where the text is often supplemented with flourishes such as borders and miniature illustrations. They are related to other forms of Medieval Armenian art, and to Byzantine illuminated manuscripts. The earliest surviving examples date back to the Golden Age of Armenian art and literature in the 5th century. Armenian illuminated manuscripts embody Armenian culture; they illustrate its spiritual and cultural values. The most famous Armenian miniaturist, Toros Roslin, lived in the 13th century. The art form flourished in Greater Armenia, Lesser Armenia and the Armenian Diaspora. Its appearance dates back to the creation of the Armenian alphabet in Armenia, in the year 405 AD. Very few fragments of illuminated manuscript from the 6th and 7th centuries have survived. The oldest fully preserved manuscript dates from the 9th century. The art experienced a golden age in the 13th and 14th centuries, when the main schools and centers started to pop-up (fifteen hundred centers of writing and illumination). The most striking are those of Syunik, Vaspurakan and Cilicia. Many Armenian illuminated manuscripts outside the country of Armenia have also survived the centuries. Despite the creation of the Armenian printing press in the 16th century, the production of miniatures continued until the 19th century and survives through modern Armenian painting and cinema. Armenian miniaturists have always been in contact with other artists of the East and the West whose art has deeply and richly influenced Armenian illumination. According to the Russian poet Valery Bryusov, "crossing and intertwining before merging into a single and entirely new whole, two forces, two opposing principles have, over the centuries, governed the destiny of Armenia and shaped the character of its people: the principle of the West and that of the East, the spirit of Europe and the spirit of Asia". The most famous works of Armenian miniaturists are distinguished by precise skill in execution, originality of composition and color treatment, brilliance due to the use of pigments mainly prepared with the bases of metal oxides and by an extremely stylized portrayal of the world. The Matenadaran Institute in Yerevan has the largest collection of Armenian manuscripts, including the Mugni Gospels and Echmiadzin Gospels. The second-largest collection of Armenian illuminated manuscripts is stored in the depository of the St. James Cathedral, of the Holy Apostolic Church's Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Other collections exist in the British Library, Bibliothèque nationale de France, and other large collections at the Mechitarist establishments in Venice and Vienna, as well as in the United States. The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) keeps an Armenian illuminated manuscript dating back to the 14th century among its collection of Armenian manuscripts, which is one of the largest in the world. They also have the manuscript of the (cf. University of Gladzor). (en) La miniature arménienne est l'expression particulière de la miniature en Grande-Arménie, en Petite-Arménie et dans la diaspora arménienne. Son apparition remonte à la création de l'alphabet arménien en Arménie, soit en l'an 405. Très peu de fragments de manuscrits enluminés des VIe et VIIe siècles ont survécu, le plus ancien conservé en entier datant du IXe siècle. L'âge d'or se situe aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles, période de la formation définitive des principales écoles et tendances (quinze cents centres d'écriture et d'enluminure). Les plus éclatantes sont celles de Siounie, du Vaspourakan et de Cilicie. De nombreux manuscrits arméniens enluminés hors du pays d'Arménie ont aussi traversé les siècles. Malgré l'apparition de l'imprimerie arménienne au XVIe siècle, la production de miniatures s'est prolongée jusqu'au XIXe siècle et survit à travers la peinture et le cinéma arméniens modernes. Le peuple d'Arménie a toujours été en relation avec les autres peuples de l'Orient et de l'Occident dont l'art a influencé en profondeur et en richesses l'enluminure arménienne. Selon le poète russe Valéry Brioussov, « se croisant et s'entrelaçant avant de fusionner en un tout unique et entièrement neuf, deux forces, deux principes opposés ont, au cours des siècles, régi le destin de l'Arménie et façonné le caractère de son peuple : le principe de l'Occident et celui de l'Orient, l'esprit de l'Europe et l'esprit de l'Asie ». Les plus belles œuvres des miniaturistes arméniens se distinguent par une grande habileté d'exécution, l'originalité de la composition et du traitement des couleurs, à la brillance due à l'utilisation de pigments principalement préparés à base d'oxydes métalliques, ainsi que par une perception du monde extrêmement personnalisée. Sur les 30 000 manuscrits arméniens actuellement répertoriés dans le monde, environ 10 000 sont ornementés, et entre 5 000 et 7 000 d'entre eux renferment des miniatures. La majeure partie est conservée au Matenadaran d'Erevan (plus de dix mille manuscrits et fragments de manuscrits). (fr) Miniatury manuskryptów ormiańskich stanowią ważną część dziedzictwa kulturalnego narodu ormiańskiego. Gdy Armenia w roku 301 przyjmowała chrześcijaństwo – pierwsza w świecie – jako religię państwową, jej historia liczyła już ponad tysiąc lat. Święty Mesrop Masztoc stworzył w roku 406 alfabet ormiański. W klasztorach mnisi mogli przepisywać ewangeliarze i inne święte księgi w ojczystym języku ormiańskim. Pisano na pergaminie, częściej dwustronnie, rzadko jednostronnie. Mnisi-miniaturzyści zdobili księgi iluminacjami. Farby zagęszczano spoiwem z białka jaj kurzych, stosowano zdobienie złotem listkowym. Stylistycznie miniatury zgodne były z wymaganiami ikonografii chrześcijańskiej, wykazywały jednak wpływy miniatur perskich. Oprócz postaci biblijnych ukazywały fantastyczne stworzenia, bogate ornamenty roślinne. Wiele pomysłowości widać w kompozycjach inicjałów, otaczających litery bogatą dekoracją. Stylistycznie wyróżnia się kilka szkół, związanych z klasztorami. Szczyt rozwoju sztuki miniatury ormiańskiej przypada na XIII wiek. Za najwybitniejszego twórcę miniatury ormiańskiej tego okresu krytycy sztuki uważają Torosa Roslina (ur. 1210-1216, zm. 1270-1288). Zachowało się kilkanaście manuskryptów z sygnaturą Roslina. Jego dzieła charakteryzuje niezwykła precyzja. Na marginesach wokół głównych miniatur rozmieszczał niezwiązane z tematem rysunki fantastycznych roślin i zwierząt. Twarze osób miały wyraziste rysy, wyrażające różne uczucia. Roslin znał twórczość mistrzów miniatury Europy i Bizancjum, ale zachował własny styl.Malarstwem miniaturowym zajmowali się również artyści diaspory ormiańskiej w Europie i na Bliskim Wschodzie, także we Lwowie. Podczas częstych najazdów mongolskich, arabskich, potem osmańskich na ziemie Armenii święte księgi ukrywano i chroniono przed zniszczeniem. Największy księgozbiór zgromadzono przez stulecia w Katolikacie Autokefalicznego Kościoła Apostolskiego Armenii w Eczmiadzinie. Wiele rękopisów zgromadzono również w klasztorze mechitarystów na wyspie św. Łazarza w Wenecji i w klasztorze św. Akopa (Jakuba) w Jerozolimie. Księgozbiór Katolikatu został w roku 1920 skonfiskowany i upaństwowiony. Dopiero w roku 1939 przewieziono go do Erywania, tworząc Instytut Matenadaran (orm. "księgozbiór") nazwany w roku 1962 imieniem twórcy pisma ormiańskiego – Mesropa Masztoca. W latach 1945 – 1957 zbudowano według projektu architekta Marka Grigoriana budynek Instytutu.Do naukowego opracowania księgozbioru Matenadaranu przyczyniła się szczególnie historyczka sztuki ze Smoleńska – Lidia Durnowo (1885-1963). Skazana w roku 1934 w Leningradzie jako rzekomy „aktywny członek kontrrewolucyjnej organizacji faszystowskiej” na zesłanie, przedostała się do Armenii i zajęła w latach 1937-1951 m.in. badaniami nad miniaturami rękopisów ormiańskich. Prace naukowe mogła jednak publikować tylko pod pseudonimem. (pl) Армянская миниатюра — национальная миниатюрная живопись средневековой Армении, Киликийского армянского царства и некоторых армянских колоний. Армянская миниатюра имеет несколько основных групп и этапов развития: до XI в.; школы Великой и Малой Армении XI—XII вв.; Киликийской Армении XII—XIV вв.; школы Бардзр-Айка, Ани, Арцаха, Гладзора, Татева, Васпуракана с XIII в.; после XIII в. также в колониях армянской диаспоры. (ru) Вірменська мініатюра — національний мініатюрний живопис середньовічної Вірменії, Кілікійського вірменського царства і деяких вірменських колоній. вірменська мініатюра має декілька основних груп і етапів розвитку: до XI століття; школи Великої і Малої Вірменії XI–XII століть; Кілікійської Вірменії XII–XIV століть; школи , Ані, Арцаха, Гладзора, Татева, Васпуракана з XIII століття; після XIII століття також в колоніях вірменської діаспори. (uk) |
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| dbp:caption | Crucifixion (en) Annunciation (en) Armenian Gospel of Skewra, 1193 AD, Italy, St. Ghazar, Mekhitarians old manuscripts library, Ms. 1635-125. (en) "the creation of the world", by Malnazar, 1637-1638. (en) Armenian Prayers roll from the year 1661 AD. (en) Biblical Magi by Yovannes De Barkri, 1362 AD. (en) Canon table (en) Christ on throne scene (en) Dedicatory inscription (en) Female Troubadour with Saz (en) Matthew the Evangelist by Sargis Pitzak. (en) Portrait of John and Prochoros (en) Portrait of St. Mark (en) Portrait of St. Matthew (en) Presentation at the temple (en) Presentation of Jesus at the temple (en) Sacrifice of Abraham (en) The Mlke gospel, 862 AD (en) The Rabbula gospels, 586 AD (en) The holy women at the empty tomb (en) The sign of the Son of Man appearing in Heaven (en) Triumphal entry into Jerusalem (en) Decorated page with image of Carpianus, Walters Manuscript W.539. (en) Part of a larger Armenian prayer roll representing Sargis the general, 1655 AD. (en) Tempietto , probably meant to represent the church of the Holy Sepulchre (en) Gospel of eight painters; title page of Matthew gospel. (en) Portrait of Leon II and queen Guerane and their five children; 1272 AD. (en) David playing a musical instrument by Ghazar, late 14th century. (en) Gospels of Georg Alexief, Last Judgement, Walters Manuscript W.546, 17th century. (en) Apocalypse of John, Armenian bible of Bologna, Italy, completed in Crimea, 1368 AD. (en) Title page by Toros Roslin, Gospel of the eight painters 13th century. (en) |
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| dbp:footer | 10 (xsd:integer) -600.0 Pages illuminated by Mesrop of khizan, 16-17th century. (en) Gospels of Georg Alexief, probably produced in Constantinople, 17th century. (en) Armenian illuminated manuscripts. (en) Canon tables painted by Toros Roslin. (en) Lectionary of Hethum II, Matenadaran, Ms. 979. (en) Pages from MS206, Toros Taronatsi, 1318 AD. (en) Pages from the 13th century gospel of Smbat. (en) Pages from the Alexander romance, 14th century . (en) Pages from the M6288, Horomos, 1211 AD. (en) Pages from the Mlke gospels, 862 AD. (en) Pages from the Vehapar Gospel, 1088 AD. (en) Pages illuminated by Malnazar, 17th century. (en) Pages illuminated by Sargis Pitsak. (en) Scenes of the annunciation, nativity of Jesus, the last supper, dormition of Mary, Prochorus and John the apostle and the last judgment scene by Grigor, 1232, Targmanchats Gospels, MS2743 Matenadaran collection. (en) Presentation at the temple, Eusebian Canon, scene of the life of Matthew the apostle and the baptism of Jesus. The four pages belong to the Mughni Gospel, 11th century AD. (en) Birth of Jesus, washing of the feet, the transfiguration and the entombment of christ. Pages from the Yerven, Matenadaran, MS 6792 New Testament, 1302 AD, Siunik', scribe and artist; Momik. (en) The annunciation, presentation of Jesus at the temple and Wedding at Cana. Resurrection of Lazarus, genealogy of Jesus and the cursing of the fig tree. Entry of Jesus into Jerusalem, the crucifixion and the visitation. Pages from the MS. 212 Gospels, written and illuminated by Avag during his stay in Tabriz, Iran, 1337 AD. (en) Pages from Armenian illuminated manuscripts produced in Isfahan, 17th century AD. General Mushegh Mamikonian, the King Pap and Armenian cavalry soldiers, 16th century and a page by Karapet de Berkri, 15th century. (en) Illuminated Armenian Gospel of Tatev monastery. Miniature by Grigor Tatevatsi, 1376. Yerevan, Matenadaran, Ms. no. 7482. (en) Skevra Evangeliary , National Library of Poland, Rps akc.17680. (en) The Gospel of St. John, Chapter 1, first page, the annunciation, the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem and Canon tables from the Ms. 6289 Gospels, 1323, Gladzor Monastery, Syunik. Written and illuminated by Toros Taronatsi. (en) Pages from the Homiliary of Mush, Matenadaran, 1200-1202 (en) The three pages belong to the Walters Manuscript W.539. (en) Various pages from Armenian manuscripts illuminated by Toros Roslin. (en) Frescoes and reliefs from the 10th-Century Akdamar Church, Lake Van, Turkey. (en) Examples of Armenian illuminated manuscripts from the Gladzor University, 13-14th century. (en) Comparison between an ascension scene from the Rabbula gospels and the Mlke gospel. (en) Book of Lamentations by Grigor Narekatsi, Ms. 1568 , Matenadaran, Yerevan, Armenia, painted by Grigor Mlichetsi. (en) Various examples of pages from manuscripts illuminated by Daniel of Uranc. (en) |
| dbp:image | 17 (xsd:integer) 1323 (xsd:integer) 1568.550000 (xsd:double) T'oros Roslin Gospels, Portrait of John and Prochoros, Walters Manuscript W.539, fol. 317v.jpg (en) The Three Marys at the Tomb. Daniel of Uranc، 1463.jpg (en) Gospels of Georg Alexief, Crucifixion, Walters Manuscript W.546, fol. 16v.jpg (en) Manuscript of Gladzor University, 13-14th century, village Vernashen, Vayots Dzor, Armenia, 12.jpg (en) Fresco inside 10th-Century Akdamar Church - Lake Van - Turkey - 02 .jpg (en) Manuscript of Gladzor University, 13-14th century, village Vernashen, Vayots Dzor, Armenia, 11.jpg (en) Святой_Саркис_-_покровитель_влюблённых.jpg (en) T'oros Roslin Gospels, The Last Judgment, Walters Manuscript W.539, fol. 109v.jpg (en) Fresco of Christ's Crucifixion - Inside 10th-Century Akdamar Church - Lake Van - Turkey .jpg (en) Malnazar - Canon Table Page - Google Art Project .jpg (en) Alexander romance. Armenian illuminated manuscript of XIV century .jpg (en) Gospels of Georg Alexief, Last Judgement, Walters Manuscript W.546, fol. 21r.jpg (en) Insel Akdamar Աղթամար, armenische Kirche zum Heiligen Kreuz Սուրբ խաչ .jpg (en) T'oros Roslin Gospels, Decorated page with image of Carpianus, Walters Manuscript W.539, fol. 2r.jpg (en) Akdamar Church.JPG (en) Akhtamar paintings 6.jpg (en) Akhtamar paintings 9.jpg (en) Annunciation from 13th century Armenian Gospel.jpg (en) Apocalypse of John, 1368.jpg (en) Armenian Gospel Book made in Isfahan in 1655 .jpg (en) Armenianartil.jpg (en) Artist - Grigor Tatevatsi, 1378.jpg (en) Avag-ms212-04-l 01.jpg (en) Avag-ms212-04-l 02.jpg (en) Avag-ms212-04-l 03.jpg (en) Avag-ms212-04-l 04.jpg (en) Avag-ms212-04-l 05.jpg (en) Avag-ms212-04-l 06.jpg (en) Avag-ms212-04-l 07.jpg (en) Avag-ms212-04-l 08.jpg (en) Avag-ms212-10-l.jpg (en) Malnazar - David in Prayer - Google Art Project.jpg (en) Bible_from_Khizan.jpg (en) Biblical Magi.jpg (en) Christ on throne from Etchmiadzin gospel 989.jpg (en) Christ, the donor and the scribe .jpg (en) Crucifixion of Jesus, Sargis Pitsak .jpg (en) David .jpg (en) Descent from the Cross, Daniel of Uranc، 1463.jpg (en) Echmiadzin gospels 1.jpg (en) Echmiadzin gospels 2.jpg (en) Echmiadzin gospels 4.jpg (en) Echmiadzin tempietto.jpg (en) Echmiazdin gospels.jpg (en) Feeding the multitude, Daniel of Uranc, 1433.jpg (en) Gospel 1260.jpg (en) Gospel, Isfahan, 1610.jpg (en) Grigor Narekatsi 1.jpg (en) Grigor Narekatsi Prostrate before Christ.jpg (en) Homiliarium, Matenadaran, Ms. 7729.jpg (en) Hovhannes Sandghkavanetsi.jpg (en) Gospels of Georg Alexief, Annunciation; Joseph's dream, Walters Manuscript W.546, fol. 4v.jpg (en) Jesus walking on water. Daniel of Uranc, 1433.jpg (en) LeonIIQueenGueraneAndTheirFiveChildren1272.jpg (en) M10780G 22 EusebianLetter.jpg (en) M10780G 28 EusebianLetter.jpg (en) M10780G 6 EusebianLetter.jpg (en) Malnazar - Saint Luke - Google Art Project.jpg (en) Malnazar - Saint Matthew - Google Art Project.jpg (en) Manuscript Kilikia 13AD.jpg (en) Matenadaran - biggest and smallest.jpg (en) Matenadaran, MS 6792.jpg (en) Mesrop of khizan christ jerusalem.jpg (en) Mesrop of khizan harrow of hell.jpg (en) Miniature1286.jpg (en) Mlke gospel.jpg (en) Ms6782.1.jpg (en) Ms6782.2.jpg (en) Ms6782.3.jpg (en) Mugni page.jpg (en) Mugni.jpg (en) Narek Matenadaran manuscript.jpg (en) Notrgir 1661.jpg (en) Malnazar - Saint Paul and Sergius, Roman Proconsul in Cyprus - Google Art Project.jpg (en) Alexander romance, armenian illuminated manuscript of XIV century .jpg (en) Queen Mlke Gospel.jpg (en) RabulaGospelsFol13vAscension.jpg (en) Red sea passage.jpg (en) Sacrifice of Abraham.jpg (en) Sargis Pitsak, self portrait, 1338.jpg (en) Sargis Pitsak.jpg (en) Skevra Evangeliary .jpg (en) Targmanchats Gospels1.jpg (en) Targmanchats Gospels2.jpg (en) Targmanchats Gospels3.jpg (en) Targmanchats Gospels4.jpg (en) Targmanchats Gospels5.jpg (en) The Bible .jpg (en) The Gospels .jpg (en) Toros Roslin Manrankar.jpg (en) Toros Taronatsi.jpg (en) Toros taronatsi 1323 AD.jpg (en) Turecko kostel svatého Kříže .jpg (en) Gospels of Georg Alexief, Presentation in the Temple, Walters Manuscript W.546, fol. 8v.jpg (en) V1144G 4v StMatthew.jpg (en) V1144G 5 StMark.jpg (en) Vartanantz.jpg (en) Zeytun gospel.jpg (en) Gospel of eight painters Title page of Matthew gospel by Toros Roslin.jpg (en) Mesrop of Khizan - The Baptism of Christ - Google Art Project.jpg (en) Gospel of eight painters, Matthew the Evangelist by Sargis Pitzak.jpg (en) Illuminated Armenian Gospel of Tatev monastery, 1297. Miniature by Grigor Tatevatsi, 1376. Yerevan, Matenadaran, Ms. no. 7482.jpg (en) Canonic table from the 13th century gospel by Sembat.jpg (en) Malnazar - The Creation of the World - Google Art Project.jpg (en) T'oros Roslin Gospels, Dedicatory inscription, Walters Manuscript W.539, fol. 12r.jpg (en) Page from Armenian bible illuminated by T'oros Roslin, 1256.jpg (en) Malnazar - Decorated Incipit Page - Google Art Project.jpg (en) T'oros Roslin Gospels, The sign of the Son of Man appearing in Heaven, Walters Manuscript W.539, fol. 104r.jpg (en) General Mushegh Mamikonian , the King Pap and Armenian cavalry soldiers. Miniature from the 16th century..jpg (en) Decorated Text Page with half figure of Eusebius - Google Art Project.jpg (en) Gladzor University, 13-14th century, village Vernashen, Vayots Dzor, Armenia, 10.jpg (en) Mesrop of Khizan - Saint John the Evangelist - Google Art Project.jpg (en) Ахпатское евангелие.jpg (en) Певческий сборник. 1322 г. .jpg (en) Female Troubadour with Saz, M6288, Horomos, 1211.jpg (en) Manuscript of Gladzor University, 13-14th century, village Vernashen, Vayots Dzor, Armenia, 09.jpg (en) Armenian Gospel of Moghni, Miniature St. Mateos, 11th century, Yerevan, Matenadaran, Ms. 7736, no. 22v.jpg (en) Portrait of Levon V in manuscript of Armenian translation of Assises d'Antioche.jpg (en) T'oros Roslin Gospels, The Crucifixion, Walters Manuscript W.539, fol. 124r.jpg (en) Armenian Gospel of Skewra, 1193. Italy, St. Ghazar, Mekhitarians old manuscripts library, Ms. 1635-125, no. 98v.jpg (en) Alexander romance. Armenian illuminated manuscript of XIV century .jpg (en) T'oros Roslin - Canon Table Page - Google Art Project .jpg (en) |
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| dcterms:subject | dbc:Armenian_art dbc:Illuminated_manuscripts |
| rdf:type | yago:Abstraction100002137 yago:Communication100033020 yago:Manuscript106406979 yago:WikicatIlluminatedManuscripts yago:Writing106362953 yago:WrittenCommunication106349220 |
| rdfs:comment | Армянская миниатюра — национальная миниатюрная живопись средневековой Армении, Киликийского армянского царства и некоторых армянских колоний. Армянская миниатюра имеет несколько основных групп и этапов развития: до XI в.; школы Великой и Малой Армении XI—XII вв.; Киликийской Армении XII—XIV вв.; школы Бардзр-Айка, Ани, Арцаха, Гладзора, Татева, Васпуракана с XIII в.; после XIII в. также в колониях армянской диаспоры. (ru) Вірменська мініатюра — національний мініатюрний живопис середньовічної Вірменії, Кілікійського вірменського царства і деяких вірменських колоній. вірменська мініатюра має декілька основних груп і етапів розвитку: до XI століття; школи Великої і Малої Вірменії XI–XII століть; Кілікійської Вірменії XII–XIV століть; школи , Ані, Арцаха, Гладзора, Татева, Васпуракана з XIII століття; після XIII століття також в колоніях вірменської діаспори. (uk) Armenian illuminated manuscripts (Armenian: Հայկական մանրանկարչություն, romanized: Haykakan manrankarch'owt'yown), form an Armenian tradition of formally prepared documents where the text is often supplemented with flourishes such as borders and miniature illustrations. They are related to other forms of Medieval Armenian art, and to Byzantine illuminated manuscripts. The earliest surviving examples date back to the Golden Age of Armenian art and literature in the 5th century. Armenian illuminated manuscripts embody Armenian culture; they illustrate its spiritual and cultural values. (en) Die Armenische Buchmalerei stand, wie die Armenische Kunst im Allgemeinen, in byzantinischer aber auch syrischer Tradition. Der bekannteste armenische Buchmaler, Toros Roslin, lebte im 13. Jahrhundert. Die Bibliothek Matenadaran in Jerewan beherbergt die größte Sammlung armenischer Prachthandschriften, die seit 1997 zum Weltdokumentenerbe der UNESCO gehört. Zu den bedeutendsten Objekten zählen das Etschmiadzin-Evangeliar von 989 mit Elfenbein-Buchdeckeln aus dem 6. Jahrhundert und das Mughni-Evangeliar um 1060. (de) La miniature arménienne est l'expression particulière de la miniature en Grande-Arménie, en Petite-Arménie et dans la diaspora arménienne. Son apparition remonte à la création de l'alphabet arménien en Arménie, soit en l'an 405. Très peu de fragments de manuscrits enluminés des VIe et VIIe siècles ont survécu, le plus ancien conservé en entier datant du IXe siècle. L'âge d'or se situe aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles, période de la formation définitive des principales écoles et tendances (quinze cents centres d'écriture et d'enluminure). Les plus éclatantes sont celles de Siounie, du Vaspourakan et de Cilicie. De nombreux manuscrits arméniens enluminés hors du pays d'Arménie ont aussi traversé les siècles. Malgré l'apparition de l'imprimerie arménienne au XVIe siècle, la production de miniatures (fr) Miniatury manuskryptów ormiańskich stanowią ważną część dziedzictwa kulturalnego narodu ormiańskiego. Gdy Armenia w roku 301 przyjmowała chrześcijaństwo – pierwsza w świecie – jako religię państwową, jej historia liczyła już ponad tysiąc lat. Święty Mesrop Masztoc stworzył w roku 406 alfabet ormiański. W klasztorach mnisi mogli przepisywać ewangeliarze i inne święte księgi w ojczystym języku ormiańskim. Pisano na pergaminie, częściej dwustronnie, rzadko jednostronnie. Mnisi-miniaturzyści zdobili księgi iluminacjami. Farby zagęszczano spoiwem z białka jaj kurzych, stosowano zdobienie złotem listkowym. Stylistycznie miniatury zgodne były z wymaganiami ikonografii chrześcijańskiej, wykazywały jednak wpływy miniatur perskich. Oprócz postaci biblijnych ukazywały fantastyczne stworzenia, bogate (pl) |
| rdfs:label | Armenische Buchmalerei (de) Armenian illuminated manuscripts (en) Miniature arménienne (fr) Miniatury manuskryptów ormiańskich (pl) Армянская миниатюра (ru) Вірменська мініатюра (uk) |
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