Charles Lyell (original) (raw)
Charles Lyell (14. listopad 1797 Skotsko – 22. únor 1875 Londýn) byl skotský právník a geolog. Je považován za otce moderní geologie.
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| dbo:abstract | سير تشارلز لايل، البارونيت الأول (بالإنجليزية: Charles Lyell)، الحائز على لقب فارس وزميل الجمعية الملكية (المولود في 14 نوفمبر 1797 - المتوفى في 22 فبراير 1875) كان محامياً بريطانياً وأول جيولوجي في عصره. ومن المعروف أنه مؤلف كتاب مبادئ الجيولوجيا، الذي نشر مفاهيم جيمس هوتون حول وحدة الوتيرة - وهي الفكرة التي تقول إن الأرض تكونت من خلال العمليات نفسها التي لا تزال تتم حتى الآن. وكان لايل أحد الأصدقاء المقربين والمؤثرين على تشارلز داروين. كان السير تشارلز لايل، البارون الأول في زمالة الجمعيّة الملكيّة (14 تشرين الثاني، 1797- 22 شباط 1875) عالم جيولوجيا اسكتلندي قام بتعميم العمل الثوري لجيمس هوتون. اشتهرّ مؤلّف كتاب «مبادئ الجيولوجيا»، الذي قدّم التوحيد –فكرة أن الأرض تشكّلت من خلال نفس العمليات العلميّة التي لاتزال فعّالة حتّى اليوم- لعامّة الناس. تحدّت مبادئ الجيولوجيا أيضاً النظريّات التي شاعها جورج كوفير، والتي كانت أكثر الأفكار المقبولة والمعمّمة حول الجيولوجيا في أوروبا في ذلك الوقت. تضمنّت مساهماته العلميّة شرحاً للزلازل، ونظريّة «البناء المدعوم» لبتدريجي للبراكين، وفي الطبقات قسم علم طبقات الأرض للعصر الثالث إلى العصر البليوسيني والعصر الميوسيني والعصر الإيوسيني. وصاغ أيضاً الأسماء المستخدمة حاليّاً للعصور الجيولوجيّة، حقبة الحياة القديمة وحقبة الحياة المتوسّطة وحقبة الحياة الحديثة. لقد خمّن بشكل بشكل غير صحيح أن الجبال الجليديّة قد تكون السبب الرئيسي في نقل الشوارد الجليديّة، وأن الرواسب الطفاليّة قد استقرّت خارج مياه الفيضان. يفضّل لايل –وفقاً للتقاليد الإلهيّة- عمراً طويلاً إلى أجل غير مسمّى للأرض، على الرغم من الأدلّة الجيولوجيّة التي تشير إلى عصر قديم ولكن محدود. [2] كان صديقاً حميماً لتشارلز داروين، وساهم بشكل كبير في تفكير داروين حول العمليّات التي تنطوي على التطوّر. كما ساعد في ترتيب النشر المتزامن في عام 1858 للأوراق التي كتبها داروين وألفريد راسل والاس حول الانتقاء الطبيعي، على الرغم من مشاعر القلق الدينيّة الشخصيّة حول هذه النظريّة. نشر في وقت لاحق أدلّة من جيولوجيا الزمن الذي كان فيه الإنسان موجوداً على الأرض. (ar) Charles Lyell va ser un científic escocès, un dels creadors de la moderna geologia i molt influent en el pensament científic general i en la branca de l'uniformisme en particular. Era fill d'un botànic que l'orientà a l'estudi de la natura. Tanmateix, Lyell va estudiar lleis a Oxford i acabà aquests estudis el 1816, però va dirigir els seus afanys a la geologia. El 1831, va publicar la primera edició de la fonamental obra Principis de geologia, un dels llibres que van influir més en la concepció de la teoria de l'evolució per selecció natural del seu amic Charles Darwin, en què establia que el present és la clau del passat. Cap al 1840, va viatjar per Europa (el Pirineu, Sicília...) i els Estats Units i Canadà. Va centrar els seus estudis en l'estratigrafia, el vulcanisme, les glaciacions i la paleontologia. Va morir el 1875 i, com a home il·lustre, va ser enterrat a l'abadia de Westminster. Més modernament, també se li ha dedicat el nom d'un cràter de Mart. (ca) Charles Lyell (14. listopad 1797 Skotsko – 22. únor 1875 Londýn) byl skotský právník a geolog. Je považován za otce moderní geologie. (cs) Sir Charles Lyell, 1. Baronet (* 14. November 1797 zu in Forfarshire; † 22. Februar 1875 in London) war einer der einflussreichsten Geologen des 19. Jahrhunderts, der dem Aktualismus zur allgemeinen Anerkennung verhalf und maßgeblich die Etablierung der Evolutionstheorie durch Charles Darwin unterstützte. (de) Ο Κάρολος Λάιελ (Charles Lyell, 14 Νοεμβρίου 1797 – 22 Φεβρουαρίου 1875) ήταν Βρετανός δικηγόρος, γεωλόγος και εκλαϊκευτής της θεωρίας του Ομοιομορφισμού. (el) Sir Charles LYELL (naskiĝis la 14-an de novembro 1797, mortis la 22-an de februaro 1875) de Britio estis la plej grava geologo de la 19-a jarcento. Dum la Dua vojaĝo de la Beagle Darvino legis la libron de Charles Lyell pri la tero, Principles of Geology, kiu profunde influis lin, kaj studis la plantojn kaj bestojn de Sudameriko. Li miris kaj pensis pri la granda varieco de vivo, kiun li renkontis—precipe en la insuloj de Galapagoj, kie ĉiu insulo havas sian propran specon de testudo, fringo kaj marigvano. Darvino pensis pri la varieco laŭ la ideoj de Lyell. Lyell diris ke la nuna Tero estas la sama kiel la antikva Tero: la kaŭzoj kiuj formis la teron, ankoraŭ agas nun, iom post iom, daŭre kaj malrapide tra la epokoj. Kiel rivero formas sian vojon. Ĉi tiu estas la skolo de unuformismo, kontraŭa al la katastrofismo. Tiel laŭ Lyell, se vivo evoluis antaŭe, ĝi ankoraŭ evoluas nun, kvankam tre malrapide kaj per malgrandaj paŝoj. Li iĝis honora membro de Hungara Scienca Akademio en 1861. (eo) Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, FRS (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a Scottish geologist who demonstrated the power of known natural causes in explaining the earth's history. He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology (1830–33), which presented to a wide public audience the idea that the earth was shaped by the same natural processes still in operation today, operating at similar intensities. The philosopher William Whewell termed this gradualistic view "uniformitarianism" and contrasted it with catastrophism, which had been championed by Georges Cuvier and was better accepted in Europe. The combination of evidence and eloquence in Principles convinced a wide range of readers of the significance of "deep time" for understanding the earth and environment. Lyell's scientific contributions included a pioneering explanation of climate change, in which shifting boundaries between oceans and continents could be used to explain long-term variations in temperature and rainfall. Lyell also gave influential explanations of earthquakes and developed the theory of gradual "backed up-building" of volcanoes. In stratigraphy his division of the Tertiary period into the Pliocene, Miocene, and Eocene was highly influential. He incorrectly conjectured that icebergs may be the impetus behind the transport of glacial erratics, and that silty loess deposits might have settled out of flood waters. His creation of a separate period for human history, entitled the 'Recent', is widely cited as providing the foundations for the modern discussion of the Anthropocene. Building on the innovative work of James Hutton and his follower John Playfair, Lyell favoured an indefinitely long age for the earth, despite evidence suggesting an old but finite age. He was a close friend of Charles Darwin, and contributed significantly to Darwin's thinking on the processes involved in evolution. As Darwin wrote in On the Origin of Species, "He who can read Sir Charles Lyell's grand work on the Principles of Geology, which the future historian will recognise as having produced a revolution in natural science, yet does not admit how incomprehensibly vast have been the past periods of time, may at once close this volume." Lyell helped to arrange the simultaneous publication in 1858 of papers by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace on natural selection, despite his personal religious qualms about the theory. He later published evidence from geology of the time man had existed on the earth. (en) Charles Lyell fue un geólogo británico, uno de los fundadores de la geología moderna. Lyell fue uno de los representantes más destacados del uniformismo y el gradualismo geológico. (es) Charles Lyell geologo eskoziarra izan zen. Lurraren bilakaera kausa fisiko-kimikoek eragina zela argudiatu zuen, eta etengabeko prozesu horretan, urak, eguzkiak eta haizeak berebiziko garrantzia dutela erakutsi zuen. Kreazionismoaren aldeko tesien aurka borrokatu zen, eta Geologia zientziaren sortzailetzat har daiteke horrenbestez. Principles of Geology (Geologiaren hastapenak) liburua argitaratu zuen 1833an. Eragin handia izan zuen Darwinengan eta, era berean, zerikusi handia izan zuen Darwinen Origin of Species (1859, Espezieen jatorria) obrak Lyell-en The Geological Evidence of the Antiquity of Man (1863, Gizakiaren antzinatasuna geologiaren argitan) lanean. Gizakia Pliozeno Arotik lurrean dagoela proposatu zuen Lyell-ek liburu honetan. (eu) Geolaí Albanach a bhí ina cheannródaí don gheolaíocht nua-aoiseach ab ea Charles Lyell (14 Samhain 1797 - 22 Feabhra 1875). Go dtí tús an 19ú céad, chreid beagnach gach éinne nach raibh an Domhan ach na mílte bliain d'aois agus go raibh cruth an Domhain, na sléibhte, na farraigí, na haibhneacha, na hoileáin is na h-ilchríocha gan athrú ó thús ama, ach amháin ag catastróf mar thuile Naoi. Ach d'fhoilsigh Lyell leabhar iomráiteach, Principles of Geology (Prionsabail na Geolaíochta, 1830) inar chuir sé síos ar a choincheap go raibh an Domhan á athrú an t-am ar fad. Thaispeáin sé conas a thug na fosuithe éagsúla carraigeacha is na hiontaisí de neacha beo a bhí stalctha sna carraigeacha fianaise ar an gcoincheap sin. D'ainmnigh sé cuid de na réanna geolaíocha. Ní hamháin gur leag Lyell bunsraith na geolaíochta nua-aoisí, ach ba mhór an spreagadh a mhodh oibre do Darwin ina chuid oibre siúd ar an éabhlóid bhitheolaíoch. Ina leabhar The Geological Evidence of the Antiquity of Man (An Fhianaise Gheolaíoch ar Ársaíocht an Duine, 1863) thug sé tacaíocht d'obair agus conclúidí Darwin. (ga) Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, FRS (14 November 1797 – 22 Februari 1875) adalah seorang pengacara Britania Raya dan geolog terkemuka pada masanya. Dia paling dikenal sebagai penulis Principles of Geology, yang mempopulerkan konsep James Hutton mengenai Uniformitarianisme – gagasan bahwa bumi dibentuk oleh tenaga yang terus bergerak secara perlahan bahkan hingga saat ini. Lyell adalah kawan dekat Charles Darwin dan ikut berpengaruh terhadap pemikirannya. (in) Charles Lyell (14 novembre 1797 – 22 février 1875), 1er baronnet, est un géologue britannique qui a popularisé l'uniformitarisme. (fr) 제1대 라이엘 준남작 찰스 라이엘(Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, FRS, 1797년 11월 14일~1875년 2월 22일)은 근대 지질학을 창설한 영국의 지질학자이다. 스코틀랜드 앵거스에서 태어나 옥스퍼드 대학교에서 지질학을 배우고, 1826년 왕립 학회 회원이 되었다. 로더릭 머치슨과 함께 이탈리아의 해성 제3기층을 연구하였으며, 이것이 동기가 되어 제라르 폴 데샤예의 힘을 얻어 백분율법을 완성하였다. 1830년 《지질학의 원리》라는 책을 썼는데, 허턴이 주장한 "현재는 과거에 대한 열쇠이다"라는 견해 아래서 지질 현상을 통일적으로 설명하고, 지질학의 근대적 체계를 확립하였다. 지질학의 아버지라 불린다. (ko) Charles Lyell è stato un geologo scozzese.Nel suo capolavoro Principi di geologia (Principles of Geology), sviluppò nella sua versione definitiva la teoria dell'uniformitarismo, concepita inizialmente da James Hutton, ponendo le basi della moderna geologia. (it) 初代准男爵、サー・チャールズ・ライエル（Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet、1797年11月14日 - 1875年2月22日）は、スコットランド出身の地質学者、法律家。『』の著者として知られ、近代的地質学の基礎となる斉一説を広めた人物。チャールズ・ダーウィンの友人でもあり、彼の自然淘汰説の着想にも影響を与えた。 (ja) Charles Lyell, 1e Bt ( (Schotland), 14 november 1797 – Londen, 22 februari 1875) was een Brits advocaat, geoloog en paleontoloog, bekend om het verspreiden van het uniformitarianisme onder het grote publiek door de boeken die hij schreef. Hij was een belangrijke aanhanger van de evolutietheorie. (nl) Sir Charles Lyell (ur. 14 listopada 1797, zm. 22 lutego 1875) – angielski geolog. Laureat Medalu Copleya. (pl) Сэр (1848), баронет (1864) Чарлз Лайель (точнее Лайелл; англ. Sir Charles Lyell; 14 ноября 1797 года — 22 февраля 1875 года) — основоположник современной геологии и, по определению энциклопедического словаря Брокгауза и Ефрона, «один из самых выдающихся учёных XIX столетия». (ru) Sir Charles Lyell, 1:e baronet, född 14 november 1797 på Kinnordy House nära Kirriemuir i Angus, död 22 februari 1875 i London, var en skotsk geolog. Han var son till botanisten och Danteöversättaren . (sv) Charles Lyell foi um advogado e geólogo britânico, considerado como o grande popularizador do uniformitarianismo. (pt) 查爾斯·萊爾爵士，第一代從男爵（英語：Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet，FRS，1797年11月14日－1875年2月22日），英國地質學家、律師，是均變說的重要論述者。 (zh) Сер Чарльз Лаєлл, або Лайєлл (англ. Sir Charles Lyell; 14 листопада 1797— 22 лютого 1875) — шотландський геолог, вулканолог, палеонтолог та гляціолог, основоположник сучасної геології; баронет, член Лондонського королівського товариства з розвитку знань про природу. Найбільш відомий як автор трактату «Принципи геології», який популяризував уніформізм — ідею, що Земля була сформована тими ж процесами, що відбуваються і зараз. Лаєлл також один з перших, хто вважав (на основі геологічних аномалій), що Земля старша за 300 млн років. Лаєлл був близьким другом Чарльза Дарвіна. (uk) |
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| rdfs:comment | Charles Lyell (14. listopad 1797 Skotsko – 22. únor 1875 Londýn) byl skotský právník a geolog. Je považován za otce moderní geologie. (cs) Sir Charles Lyell, 1. Baronet (* 14. November 1797 zu in Forfarshire; † 22. Februar 1875 in London) war einer der einflussreichsten Geologen des 19. Jahrhunderts, der dem Aktualismus zur allgemeinen Anerkennung verhalf und maßgeblich die Etablierung der Evolutionstheorie durch Charles Darwin unterstützte. (de) Ο Κάρολος Λάιελ (Charles Lyell, 14 Νοεμβρίου 1797 – 22 Φεβρουαρίου 1875) ήταν Βρετανός δικηγόρος, γεωλόγος και εκλαϊκευτής της θεωρίας του Ομοιομορφισμού. (el) Charles Lyell fue un geólogo británico, uno de los fundadores de la geología moderna. Lyell fue uno de los representantes más destacados del uniformismo y el gradualismo geológico. (es) Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, FRS (14 November 1797 – 22 Februari 1875) adalah seorang pengacara Britania Raya dan geolog terkemuka pada masanya. Dia paling dikenal sebagai penulis Principles of Geology, yang mempopulerkan konsep James Hutton mengenai Uniformitarianisme – gagasan bahwa bumi dibentuk oleh tenaga yang terus bergerak secara perlahan bahkan hingga saat ini. Lyell adalah kawan dekat Charles Darwin dan ikut berpengaruh terhadap pemikirannya. (in) Charles Lyell (14 novembre 1797 – 22 février 1875), 1er baronnet, est un géologue britannique qui a popularisé l'uniformitarisme. (fr) 제1대 라이엘 준남작 찰스 라이엘(Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, FRS, 1797년 11월 14일~1875년 2월 22일)은 근대 지질학을 창설한 영국의 지질학자이다. 스코틀랜드 앵거스에서 태어나 옥스퍼드 대학교에서 지질학을 배우고, 1826년 왕립 학회 회원이 되었다. 로더릭 머치슨과 함께 이탈리아의 해성 제3기층을 연구하였으며, 이것이 동기가 되어 제라르 폴 데샤예의 힘을 얻어 백분율법을 완성하였다. 1830년 《지질학의 원리》라는 책을 썼는데, 허턴이 주장한 "현재는 과거에 대한 열쇠이다"라는 견해 아래서 지질 현상을 통일적으로 설명하고, 지질학의 근대적 체계를 확립하였다. 지질학의 아버지라 불린다. (ko) Charles Lyell è stato un geologo scozzese.Nel suo capolavoro Principi di geologia (Principles of Geology), sviluppò nella sua versione definitiva la teoria dell'uniformitarismo, concepita inizialmente da James Hutton, ponendo le basi della moderna geologia. (it) 初代准男爵、サー・チャールズ・ライエル（Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet、1797年11月14日 - 1875年2月22日）は、スコットランド出身の地質学者、法律家。『』の著者として知られ、近代的地質学の基礎となる斉一説を広めた人物。チャールズ・ダーウィンの友人でもあり、彼の自然淘汰説の着想にも影響を与えた。 (ja) Charles Lyell, 1e Bt ( (Schotland), 14 november 1797 – Londen, 22 februari 1875) was een Brits advocaat, geoloog en paleontoloog, bekend om het verspreiden van het uniformitarianisme onder het grote publiek door de boeken die hij schreef. Hij was een belangrijke aanhanger van de evolutietheorie. (nl) Sir Charles Lyell (ur. 14 listopada 1797, zm. 22 lutego 1875) – angielski geolog. Laureat Medalu Copleya. (pl) Сэр (1848), баронет (1864) Чарлз Лайель (точнее Лайелл; англ. Sir Charles Lyell; 14 ноября 1797 года — 22 февраля 1875 года) — основоположник современной геологии и, по определению энциклопедического словаря Брокгауза и Ефрона, «один из самых выдающихся учёных XIX столетия». (ru) Sir Charles Lyell, 1:e baronet, född 14 november 1797 på Kinnordy House nära Kirriemuir i Angus, död 22 februari 1875 i London, var en skotsk geolog. Han var son till botanisten och Danteöversättaren . (sv) Charles Lyell foi um advogado e geólogo britânico, considerado como o grande popularizador do uniformitarianismo. (pt) 查爾斯·萊爾爵士，第一代從男爵（英語：Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet，FRS，1797年11月14日－1875年2月22日），英國地質學家、律師，是均變說的重要論述者。 (zh) Сер Чарльз Лаєлл, або Лайєлл (англ. Sir Charles Lyell; 14 листопада 1797— 22 лютого 1875) — шотландський геолог, вулканолог, палеонтолог та гляціолог, основоположник сучасної геології; баронет, член Лондонського королівського товариства з розвитку знань про природу. Найбільш відомий як автор трактату «Принципи геології», який популяризував уніформізм — ідею, що Земля була сформована тими ж процесами, що відбуваються і зараз. Лаєлл також один з перших, хто вважав (на основі геологічних аномалій), що Земля старша за 300 млн років. Лаєлл був близьким другом Чарльза Дарвіна. (uk) سير تشارلز لايل، البارونيت الأول (بالإنجليزية: Charles Lyell)، الحائز على لقب فارس وزميل الجمعية الملكية (المولود في 14 نوفمبر 1797 - المتوفى في 22 فبراير 1875) كان محامياً بريطانياً وأول جيولوجي في عصره. ومن المعروف أنه مؤلف كتاب مبادئ الجيولوجيا، الذي نشر مفاهيم جيمس هوتون حول وحدة الوتيرة - وهي الفكرة التي تقول إن الأرض تكونت من خلال العمليات نفسها التي لا تزال تتم حتى الآن. وكان لايل أحد الأصدقاء المقربين والمؤثرين على تشارلز داروين. يفضّل لايل –وفقاً للتقاليد الإلهيّة- عمراً طويلاً إلى أجل غير مسمّى للأرض، على الرغم من الأدلّة الجيولوجيّة التي تشير إلى عصر قديم ولكن محدود. [2] (ar) Charles Lyell va ser un científic escocès, un dels creadors de la moderna geologia i molt influent en el pensament científic general i en la branca de l'uniformisme en particular. Va morir el 1875 i, com a home il·lustre, va ser enterrat a l'abadia de Westminster. Més modernament, també se li ha dedicat el nom d'un cràter de Mart. (ca) Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, FRS (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a Scottish geologist who demonstrated the power of known natural causes in explaining the earth's history. He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology (1830–33), which presented to a wide public audience the idea that the earth was shaped by the same natural processes still in operation today, operating at similar intensities. The philosopher William Whewell termed this gradualistic view "uniformitarianism" and contrasted it with catastrophism, which had been championed by Georges Cuvier and was better accepted in Europe. The combination of evidence and eloquence in Principles convinced a wide range of readers of the significance of "deep time" for understanding the earth and environment. (en) Sir Charles LYELL (naskiĝis la 14-an de novembro 1797, mortis la 22-an de februaro 1875) de Britio estis la plej grava geologo de la 19-a jarcento. Dum la Dua vojaĝo de la Beagle Darvino legis la libron de Charles Lyell pri la tero, Principles of Geology, kiu profunde influis lin, kaj studis la plantojn kaj bestojn de Sudameriko. Li miris kaj pensis pri la granda varieco de vivo, kiun li renkontis—precipe en la insuloj de Galapagoj, kie ĉiu insulo havas sian propran specon de testudo, fringo kaj marigvano. Darvino pensis pri la varieco laŭ la ideoj de Lyell. Lyell diris ke la nuna Tero estas la sama kiel la antikva Tero: la kaŭzoj kiuj formis la teron, ankoraŭ agas nun, iom post iom, daŭre kaj malrapide tra la epokoj. Kiel rivero formas sian vojon. Ĉi tiu estas la skolo de unuformismo, kon (eo) Charles Lyell geologo eskoziarra izan zen. Lurraren bilakaera kausa fisiko-kimikoek eragina zela argudiatu zuen, eta etengabeko prozesu horretan, urak, eguzkiak eta haizeak berebiziko garrantzia dutela erakutsi zuen. Kreazionismoaren aldeko tesien aurka borrokatu zen, eta Geologia zientziaren sortzailetzat har daiteke horrenbestez. Principles of Geology (Geologiaren hastapenak) liburua argitaratu zuen 1833an. Eragin handia izan zuen Darwinengan eta, era berean, zerikusi handia izan zuen Darwinen Origin of Species (1859, Espezieen jatorria) obrak Lyell-en The Geological Evidence of the Antiquity of Man (1863, Gizakiaren antzinatasuna geologiaren argitan) lanean. Gizakia Pliozeno Arotik lurrean dagoela proposatu zuen Lyell-ek libur (eu) Geolaí Albanach a bhí ina cheannródaí don gheolaíocht nua-aoiseach ab ea Charles Lyell (14 Samhain 1797 - 22 Feabhra 1875). Go dtí tús an 19ú céad, chreid beagnach gach éinne nach raibh an Domhan ach na mílte bliain d'aois agus go raibh cruth an Domhain, na sléibhte, na farraigí, na haibhneacha, na hoileáin is na h-ilchríocha gan athrú ó thús ama, ach amháin ag catastróf mar thuile Naoi. Ach d'fhoilsigh Lyell leabhar iomráiteach, Principles of Geology (Prionsabail na Geolaíochta, 1830) inar chuir sé síos ar a choincheap go raibh an Domhan á athrú an t-am ar fad. Thaispeáin sé conas a thug na fosuithe éagsúla carraigeacha is na hiontaisí de neacha beo a bhí stalctha sna carraigeacha fianaise ar an gcoincheap sin. D'ainmnigh sé cuid de na réanna geolaíocha. Ní hamháin gur leag Lyell bunsrait (ga) |
| rdfs:label | Charles Lyell (en) تشارلز لايل (ar) Charles Lyell (ca) Charles Lyell (cs) Charles Lyell (de) Κάρολος Λάιελ (el) Charles Lyell (eo) Charles Lyell (eu) Charles Lyell (es) Charles Lyell (ga) Charles Lyell (in) Charles Lyell (géologue) (fr) Charles Lyell (it) チャールズ・ライエル (ja) 찰스 라이엘 (ko) Charles Lyell (nl) Charles Lyell (pl) Charles Lyell (pt) Лайель, Чарлз (ru) Charles Lyell (sv) Чарльз Лаєлл (uk) 查爾斯·萊爾 (zh) |
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