Chumash people (original) (raw)

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Els chumash són un poble d'amerindis de Califòrnia, que històricament va habitar a les regions costaneres del centre i sud de Califòrnia, al que ara és Santa Bàrbara, San Luis Obispo, Ventura i Los Angeles, des de Morro Bay al nord, fins a Malibú al sud. També ocupaven tres de les Illes Santa Bàrbara: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa i San Miguel.

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dbo:abstract التشوماش شعب من الأمريكيين الأصليين استوطن المناطق الساحلية الوسطى والجنوبية من كاليفورنيا، في أجزاء مما يعرف الآن بمقاطعات سان لويس أوبيسبو، وسانتا باربارا، وفينتورا، ولوس أنجلوس، ممتدة من خليج مورو في الشمال إلى ماليبو في الجنوب. شملت أرضهم ثلاثًا من جزر القناة في كاليفورنيا: سانتا كروز، وسانتا روزا، وسان ميجيل؛ أما جزيرة أناكابا الأصغر حجمًا فقد كانت مأهولة على الأرجح موسميًا بسبب عدم وجود مصدر ثابت للمياه. تضم أسماء الأماكن الحديثة ذات الأصول التشوماشية ماليبو، وتضم أسماء الأماكن الحديثة ذات الأصول التشوماشية كلًا من ماليبو، ونيبومو، ولمبوك، وأوجي، وبيسمو بيتش، وبوينج موغو، وبورت هوينيم، وبيرو، وبحيرة كاستايك، وسكوي، وسيمي فالي، وسوميس. تظهر الأبحاث الأثرية امتلاك شعب تشوماش جذورًا عميقة في منطقة قناة سانتا باربرا، وعاشوا على طول ساحل كاليفورنيا الجنوبي آلاف السنين. (ar) Els chumash són un poble d'amerindis de Califòrnia, que històricament va habitar a les regions costaneres del centre i sud de Califòrnia, al que ara és Santa Bàrbara, San Luis Obispo, Ventura i Los Angeles, des de Morro Bay al nord, fins a Malibú al sud. També ocupaven tres de les Illes Santa Bàrbara: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa i San Miguel. (ca) Die Chumash (Eigenname Ughuigh, Oxoix) sind ein Indianer-Stamm, der in Süd-Kalifornien beiderseits des Santa-Barbara-Kanals ansässig war. Die Chumash betrieben keinen Feldbau, sondern ernährten sich durch Jagd, Fischfang und Sammeln von Wildpflanzen im saisonalen Rhythmus, wie Eicheln, Kelp oder Kürbissen. Sie trieben außerdem regen Handel mit ihren Nachbarstämmen, wie den Gabrieleño, den und den Diegueño. Zu den von ihnen verehrten Tieren gehört der Graufuchs und sie widmeten ihm unter anderem einen „Fuchstanz“. Es wird vermutet, dass sie den Graufuchs auf die südlichen drei Kanalinseln vor Kaliforniens Küste brachten. Sie haben damit beigetragen, dass sich dort der verzwergte Insel-Graufuchs entwickelte, eine endemische Art, die vom Graufuchs abstammt, aber genetisch und phänotypische Merkmale hat, die ihn vom Graufuchs deutlich unterscheidet. Organisiert waren die Chumash in ca. 150 Dörfern, die bis zu 1.000 Einwohner haben konnten. Die Führung eines Dorfes oblag einem Häuptling, wobei dieses Amt vererbt wurde. Weiterhin gliederte sich die Chumash-Gesellschaft in niedere Amtsinhaber, religiöse Funktionäre und Gemeine. Oft stritten sich die einzelnen Dörfer untereinander um Grenzverläufe, was auch zu Kriegen führen konnte. Von den im 17. Jahrhundert geschätzten 15.000 Chumash auf dem Festland und den 3.000 auf den vorgelagerten Inseln sind heute noch ca. 280 als staatlich anerkannter Stamm übrig geblieben, der auf der im Santa Barbara County lebt. Der Rest fiel Epidemien und der Besiedlung Kaliforniens durch die Weißen zum Opfer. Etwa 1.500 Menschen fühlen sich als Nachfahren der Chumash, sind aber nicht in den geführt. Mitte der 1960er Jahre starb der letzte Sprecher der Chumash-Sprache. Es gibt aber Versuche, die Sprache Ineseño wiederzubeleben. Die Chumash gehörten zum nordamerikanischen Kulturareal . Die Chumash benutzten ein quaternäres Zahlensystem und als Geld Perlen, die sie aus dem Gehäuse der Zwergolivenschnecke herstellten. Der den Chumash heilige Sandsteinfelsen Painted Rock liegt im 2001 errichteten Carrizo Plain National Monument und wird von der Schutzgebietsverwaltung besonders berücksichtigt. Eine von den Chumash-Indianern mit farbenprächtigen Piktogrammen verzierte Höhle mit vermutlich ritueller Bedeutung ist im 20 Kilometer nördlich von Santa Barbara gelegenen zu besichtigen. (de) The Chumash are a Native American people of the central and southern coastal regions of California, in portions of what is now San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura and Los Angeles counties, extending from Morro Bay in the north to Malibu in the south. Their territory included three of the Channel Islands: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel; the smaller island of Anacapa was likely inhabited seasonally due to the lack of a consistent water source. Modern place names with Chumash origins include Malibu, Nipomo, Lompoc, Ojai, Pismo Beach, Point Mugu, Port Hueneme, Piru, Lake Castaic, Saticoy, Simi Valley and Somis. Archaeological research demonstrates that the Chumash people have deep roots in the Santa Barbara Channel area and lived along the southern California coast for millennia. (en) Les Chumash sont un peuple amérindien qui vivait principalement le long de la côte sud de la Californie, aux environs des villes actuelles de Santa Barbara et Ventura. Il occupait aussi les trois îles du nord des Channel Islands. Les lieux actuels qui ont des origines chumash sont : Malibu, Point Mugu, Piru, et Simi Valley. (fr) Los chumash son un pueblo amerindio, que históricamente habitó en las regiones costeras del centro y sur de California, en lo que ahora es Santa Bárbara, San Luis Obispo, Ventura y Los Ángeles, desde Morro Bay en el norte, hasta Malibú en el sur. También ocupaban tres de las Islas del Canal: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa y San Miguel. Actualmente más de 4 mil chumash viven en la Reserva de Santa Ynez. (es) Chumash adalah penduduk asli Amerika yang sebelumnya menghuni wilayah pesisir California tengah dan selatan (di wilayah yang kini disebut , , dan Los Angeles) yang terbentang dari di utara hingga Malibu di selatan. Mereka juga pernah menduduki tiga pulau di Kepulauan Channel: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, dan San Miguel; pulau Anacapa yang lebih kecil mungkin pernah dihuni hanya pada musim tertentu karena ketiadaan sumber air permanen. Tempat-tempat modern yang memiliki keterikatan dengan suku Chumash meliputi , Malibu, , , , , , , , , dan . (in) I Chumash sono una tribù di nativi americani stanziati nelle zone costiere della California centrale. Vivono in territori oggi occupati dalle contee di San Luis Opispo, Santa Barbara e Los Angeles. Alcuni luoghi prendono il nome da alcuni termini della lingua Chumash come Lompoc, Malibu, Ojai, Pismo Beach, Point Mugui, Pin, Lago Castaic e Simi Valley. (it) De Chumash zijn een Noord-Amerikaans indianenvolk en de inheemse bevolking van de centrale en zuidelijke kustgebieden van de Amerikaanse staat Californië, met name in delen van de huidige county's San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura en Los Angeles. Er leefden ook Chumash op drie van de Kanaaleilanden: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa en San Miguel Island. Archeologisch onderzoek heeft uitgewezen dat de Chumash voor de komst van Europese kolonisten al millennialang in de omgeving van het Santa Barbara Channel in Zuid-Californië leefden. (nl) Os chumash são um povo ameríndio tradicionalmente encontrado na costa central da Califórnia (Estados Unidos), entre Malibu e . Consistem em uma tribo de caçadores/coletores e pescadores. (pt) 丘马什人(Chumash)是美国加利福尼亚州中部和南部沿海地区的原住民,聚居地位于圣路易斯奥比斯波、圣巴巴拉、文图拉和洛杉矶县的部分地区,从北部的莫罗贝延伸到南部的马里布,包括海峡群岛的圣克鲁斯、圣罗莎和圣米格尔这三个岛屿,此外也在缺乏稳定水源的阿纳卡帕岛定期居住。 (zh) Чумаши (англ. Chumash, самоназвание — Ughuigh, Oxoix) — некогда крупный индейский народ, проживающий на юге штата Калифорния по обоим берегам . Чумаши не занимались земледелием, кормились охотой, рыбной ловлей и сбором дикорастущих растений в зависимости от времени года — таких, как жёлуди, тыквы или водоросли. Кроме того, они вели торговлю с соседними племенами — , , и другими. Среди животных, которых почитали чумаши, была островная лисица — карликовая эндемичная разновидность серой лисы, обитающая на островах у побережья Калифорнии. Племя чумашей состояло из примерно 150 поселений, в каждом из которых могло насчитываться до 1000 жителей. Во главе каждого из селений стоял наследственный вождь. Кроме того, в иерархии чумашей имелись нижние должностные лица, религиозные лидеры и «миряне». Нередко между соседними деревнями вспыхивали конфликты из-за границ. В XVII веке, по оценкам антропологов, около 15 000 чумашей жило на материке и около 3000 на островах. В настоящее время[когда?] насчитывается около 280 чумашей, официально признанных в качестве племени, проживающих в резервации Санта-Инес в округе Санта-Барбара. Большинство чумашей вымерло из-за эпидемий, занесённых белыми. Кроме того, около 1500 человек претендуют на происхождение от чумашей, однако не вписаны в реестр племени. Священная для племени Чумашская расписная пещера находится на территории учреждённого в 2001 году Национального монумента «Равнина Каррисо» и относится к территориям под защитой государства. В середине 1960-х годов умер последний носитель чумашского языка. В настоящее время предпринимаются попытки реанимировать язык инесеньо. (ru)
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dbp:group Chumash (en)
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dbp:rels Christianity (en) Traditional tribal religion, (en)
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rdfs:comment Els chumash són un poble d'amerindis de Califòrnia, que històricament va habitar a les regions costaneres del centre i sud de Califòrnia, al que ara és Santa Bàrbara, San Luis Obispo, Ventura i Los Angeles, des de Morro Bay al nord, fins a Malibú al sud. També ocupaven tres de les Illes Santa Bàrbara: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa i San Miguel. (ca) Les Chumash sont un peuple amérindien qui vivait principalement le long de la côte sud de la Californie, aux environs des villes actuelles de Santa Barbara et Ventura. Il occupait aussi les trois îles du nord des Channel Islands. Les lieux actuels qui ont des origines chumash sont : Malibu, Point Mugu, Piru, et Simi Valley. (fr) Los chumash son un pueblo amerindio, que históricamente habitó en las regiones costeras del centro y sur de California, en lo que ahora es Santa Bárbara, San Luis Obispo, Ventura y Los Ángeles, desde Morro Bay en el norte, hasta Malibú en el sur. También ocupaban tres de las Islas del Canal: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa y San Miguel. Actualmente más de 4 mil chumash viven en la Reserva de Santa Ynez. (es) Chumash adalah penduduk asli Amerika yang sebelumnya menghuni wilayah pesisir California tengah dan selatan (di wilayah yang kini disebut , , dan Los Angeles) yang terbentang dari di utara hingga Malibu di selatan. Mereka juga pernah menduduki tiga pulau di Kepulauan Channel: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, dan San Miguel; pulau Anacapa yang lebih kecil mungkin pernah dihuni hanya pada musim tertentu karena ketiadaan sumber air permanen. Tempat-tempat modern yang memiliki keterikatan dengan suku Chumash meliputi , Malibu, , , , , , , , , dan . (in) I Chumash sono una tribù di nativi americani stanziati nelle zone costiere della California centrale. Vivono in territori oggi occupati dalle contee di San Luis Opispo, Santa Barbara e Los Angeles. Alcuni luoghi prendono il nome da alcuni termini della lingua Chumash come Lompoc, Malibu, Ojai, Pismo Beach, Point Mugui, Pin, Lago Castaic e Simi Valley. (it) De Chumash zijn een Noord-Amerikaans indianenvolk en de inheemse bevolking van de centrale en zuidelijke kustgebieden van de Amerikaanse staat Californië, met name in delen van de huidige county's San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura en Los Angeles. Er leefden ook Chumash op drie van de Kanaaleilanden: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa en San Miguel Island. Archeologisch onderzoek heeft uitgewezen dat de Chumash voor de komst van Europese kolonisten al millennialang in de omgeving van het Santa Barbara Channel in Zuid-Californië leefden. (nl) Os chumash são um povo ameríndio tradicionalmente encontrado na costa central da Califórnia (Estados Unidos), entre Malibu e . Consistem em uma tribo de caçadores/coletores e pescadores. (pt) 丘马什人(Chumash)是美国加利福尼亚州中部和南部沿海地区的原住民,聚居地位于圣路易斯奥比斯波、圣巴巴拉、文图拉和洛杉矶县的部分地区,从北部的莫罗贝延伸到南部的马里布,包括海峡群岛的圣克鲁斯、圣罗莎和圣米格尔这三个岛屿,此外也在缺乏稳定水源的阿纳卡帕岛定期居住。 (zh) التشوماش شعب من الأمريكيين الأصليين استوطن المناطق الساحلية الوسطى والجنوبية من كاليفورنيا، في أجزاء مما يعرف الآن بمقاطعات سان لويس أوبيسبو، وسانتا باربارا، وفينتورا، ولوس أنجلوس، ممتدة من خليج مورو في الشمال إلى ماليبو في الجنوب. شملت أرضهم ثلاثًا من جزر القناة في كاليفورنيا: سانتا كروز، وسانتا روزا، وسان ميجيل؛ أما جزيرة أناكابا الأصغر حجمًا فقد كانت مأهولة على الأرجح موسميًا بسبب عدم وجود مصدر ثابت للمياه. تظهر الأبحاث الأثرية امتلاك شعب تشوماش جذورًا عميقة في منطقة قناة سانتا باربرا، وعاشوا على طول ساحل كاليفورنيا الجنوبي آلاف السنين. (ar) Die Chumash (Eigenname Ughuigh, Oxoix) sind ein Indianer-Stamm, der in Süd-Kalifornien beiderseits des Santa-Barbara-Kanals ansässig war. Die Chumash betrieben keinen Feldbau, sondern ernährten sich durch Jagd, Fischfang und Sammeln von Wildpflanzen im saisonalen Rhythmus, wie Eicheln, Kelp oder Kürbissen. Sie trieben außerdem regen Handel mit ihren Nachbarstämmen, wie den Gabrieleño, den und den Diegueño. Zu den von ihnen verehrten Tieren gehört der Graufuchs und sie widmeten ihm unter anderem einen „Fuchstanz“. Es wird vermutet, dass sie den Graufuchs auf die südlichen drei Kanalinseln vor Kaliforniens Küste brachten. Sie haben damit beigetragen, dass sich dort der verzwergte Insel-Graufuchs entwickelte, eine endemische Art, die vom Graufuchs abstammt, aber genetisch und phänotypische M (de) The Chumash are a Native American people of the central and southern coastal regions of California, in portions of what is now San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura and Los Angeles counties, extending from Morro Bay in the north to Malibu in the south. Their territory included three of the Channel Islands: Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel; the smaller island of Anacapa was likely inhabited seasonally due to the lack of a consistent water source. (en) Чумаши (англ. Chumash, самоназвание — Ughuigh, Oxoix) — некогда крупный индейский народ, проживающий на юге штата Калифорния по обоим берегам . Чумаши не занимались земледелием, кормились охотой, рыбной ловлей и сбором дикорастущих растений в зависимости от времени года — таких, как жёлуди, тыквы или водоросли. Кроме того, они вели торговлю с соседними племенами — , , и другими. Среди животных, которых почитали чумаши, была островная лисица — карликовая эндемичная разновидность серой лисы, обитающая на островах у побережья Калифорнии. (ru)
rdfs:label Chumash people (en) تشوماش (ar) Chumash (ca) Chumash (de) Chumash (es) Suku Chumash (in) Chumash (fr) Chumash (it) Chumash (volk) (nl) Чумаши (ru) Chumash (tribo) (pt) 丘马什人 (zh)
rdfs:seeAlso dbr:Chumash_Revolt_of_1824
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