Communal oven (original) (raw)
Le four banal est un four à bois mis à disposition des habitants par le seigneur, comme le pressoir banal ou le moulin banal. Le seigneur en impose l’usage à ses sujets et perçoit une redevance sur chaque utilisation.
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| dbo:abstract | The four banal (English: common oven) was a feudal institution in medieval France. The feudal lord (French: seigneur) often had, among other banal rights, the duty to provide and the privilege to own all large ovens within his fief, each operated by an ovenmaster or fournier. In exchange, personal ovens were generally outlawed and commoners were thus compelled to use the seigniorial oven to bake their bread. Such use was subject to payment, in kind or money, originally intended merely to cover the costs associated to the construction, maintenance and operation of the oven. Seigniorial ovens were masonry ovens built on the Roman plan and were large enough to hold an entire community's ration of bread. For example, in the hamlet of Nan-sous-Thil (Côte-d'Or, France), the villagers were required to bake their bread at the four banal, as at home they were permitted only a small oven placed under the hood of the chimneypiece, for baking "gâteau et flan". Those regulations sought to reduce the risk of fire where thatched cottages huddled together. The danger was real, as demonstrated in 1848 when a full quarter of the neighbouring hamlet of Thil-la-Ville was consumed by a fire that ignited from sparks when a housewife heated her oven. The oven design, but not necessarily the feudal monopoly on oven operation, was carried to French colonies. In New France, it was the only banal right commonly established and the oven's fortified construction also served to protect the colonists during skirmishes. The four banal system seems to have died out in France during the 18th century, though it was a time when some dormant seigneurial rights were being insisted upon by an aristocracy hard-pressed for cash, as an official mémoire suggests: The lord will do well not to raise the question, taking into consideration that times have changed, seeing the scarcity of wood and the poverty of the populace, whom the exercise of this right seems to greatly trouble. If it is through the negligence of the lord that this right has fallen into desuetude, let everyone profit from it without injury". Traditions surrounding the four banal may have lasted as late as World War II. In some rural areas of France, the old communal ovens are still extant (illustration) and are sometimes used for community celebrations. (en) Un horno comunal o comunitario, también llamado horno municipal, horno público u horno de poya según el lugar, es un edificio pequeño que cuenta con un horno de leña para cocer las hogazas y otros panes (así como galletas y tortas), elaborados de forma casera, y que son usados y gestionados por los vecinos de una comunidad. Antiguamente, lo más común era que el pan se lo hiciera cada familia en su casa, y semanalmente acudían al horno comunal por turnos, donde un hornero elegido por subasta se encargaba de cocer las masas. Todos los vecinos estaban obligados a colaborar en la manutención de los hornos públicos (por ejemplo, proporcionando leña). El horno, además de sitio donde cocer el pan, constituía un lugar para socializar, en especial durante el invierno. En Europa, la cultura de los hornos comunales se extendió durante la época romana y tuvo continuidad, especialmente en áreas rurales, hasta el siglo pasado. Debido a la industrialización de la panadería, hoy en día la mayoría de hornos comunales han sido abandonados o derruidos. (es) Le four banal est un four à bois mis à disposition des habitants par le seigneur, comme le pressoir banal ou le moulin banal. Le seigneur en impose l’usage à ses sujets et perçoit une redevance sur chaque utilisation. (fr) |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Urval_-_Four_banal_-1.jpg?width=300 |
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| dbo:wikiPageWikiLink | dbr:Housewife dbc:Medieval_France dbr:Cake dbr:Masonry_oven dbr:Côte-d'Or dbr:France dbr:Banalité dbr:Bread dbr:Bakehouse_(building) dbr:Feudal_lord dbc:Ovens dbr:Fief dbr:New_France dbr:World_War_II dbr:Flan_(pie) dbr:Thatch dbr:File:Urval_-_Four_banal_-1.JPG |
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| dct:subject | dbc:Medieval_France dbc:Ovens |
| gold:hypernym | dbr:Institution |
| rdf:type | yago:WikicatCookingAppliances yago:Appliance102729965 yago:Artifact100021939 yago:Device103183080 yago:Instrumentality103575240 yago:Object100002684 yago:PhysicalEntity100001930 dbo:University yago:Whole100003553 |
| rdfs:comment | Le four banal est un four à bois mis à disposition des habitants par le seigneur, comme le pressoir banal ou le moulin banal. Le seigneur en impose l’usage à ses sujets et perçoit une redevance sur chaque utilisation. (fr) The four banal (English: common oven) was a feudal institution in medieval France. The feudal lord (French: seigneur) often had, among other banal rights, the duty to provide and the privilege to own all large ovens within his fief, each operated by an ovenmaster or fournier. In exchange, personal ovens were generally outlawed and commoners were thus compelled to use the seigniorial oven to bake their bread. Such use was subject to payment, in kind or money, originally intended merely to cover the costs associated to the construction, maintenance and operation of the oven. Seigniorial ovens were masonry ovens built on the Roman plan and were large enough to hold an entire community's ration of bread. (en) Un horno comunal o comunitario, también llamado horno municipal, horno público u horno de poya según el lugar, es un edificio pequeño que cuenta con un horno de leña para cocer las hogazas y otros panes (así como galletas y tortas), elaborados de forma casera, y que son usados y gestionados por los vecinos de una comunidad. (es) |
| rdfs:label | Communal oven (en) Horno comunitario (es) Four banal (fr) |
| owl:sameAs | freebase:Communal oven yago-res:Communal oven wikidata:Communal oven dbpedia-es:Communal oven dbpedia-fr:Communal oven https://global.dbpedia.org/id/4hxor |
| prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:Communal_oven?oldid=1122774778&ns=0 |
| foaf:depiction | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Urval_-_Four_banal_-1.jpg |
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| is dbo:wikiPageRedirects of | dbr:Banal_oven |
| is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink of | dbr:Cascina_Increa dbr:List_of_cooking_appliances dbr:List_of_ovens dbr:Moncucco dbr:Cooking dbr:Banalité dbr:Fournier dbr:Bakehouse_(building) dbr:Gruel dbr:Pain_petri dbr:Pan_de_ánimas dbr:Banal_oven |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Communal_oven |
