Countercurrent chromatography (original) (raw)
La cromatografia controcorrente è un tipo di cromatografia liquido-liquido che utilizza una fase stazionaria liquida che viene tenuta in posizione dalla forza centrifuga e viene utilizzata per separare, identificare e quantificare i componenti chimici di una miscela. Nel senso più ampio la cromatografia controcorrente comprende le relative tecniche di cromatografia liquida che impiegano due fasi liquide immiscibili, senza un supporto solido. Le due fasi liquide vengono a contatto tra di loro e almeno una fase viene pompato attraverso una colonna, un tubo cavo o una serie di camere collegate con canali, che contengono entrambe le fasi. La conseguente miscelazione dinamica e azione di sedimentazione permette ai componenti di essere separati in base alla differente solubilità nelle due fasi.
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| dbo:abstract | Countercurrent chromatography (CCC, also counter-current chromatography) is a form of liquid–liquid chromatography that uses a liquid stationary phase that is held in place by inertia of the molecules composing the stationary phase accelerating toward the center of a centrifuge due to centripetal force and is used to separate, identify, and quantify the chemical components of a mixture. In its broadest sense, countercurrent chromatography encompasses a collection of related liquid chromatography techniques that employ two immiscible liquid phases without a solid support. The two liquid phases come in contact with each other as at least one phase is pumped through a column, a hollow tube or a series of chambers connected with channels, which contains both phases. The resulting dynamic mixing and settling action allows the components to be separated by their respective solubilities in the two phases. A wide variety of two-phase solvent systems consisting of at least two immiscible liquids may be employed to provide the proper selectivity for the desired separation. Some types of countercurrent chromatography, such as dual flow CCC, feature a true countercurrent process where the two immiscible phases flow past each other and exit at opposite ends of the column. More often, however, one liquid acts as the stationary phase and is retained in the column while the mobile phase is pumped through it. The liquid stationary phase is held in place by gravity or inertia of the molecules composing the stationary phase accelerating toward the center of a centrifuge due to centripetal force. An example of a gravity method is called droplet counter current chromatography (DCCC). There are two modes by which the stationary phase is retained by centripetal force: hydrostatic and hydrodynamic. In the hydrostatic method, the column is rotated about a central axis. Hydrostatic instruments are marketed under the name centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). Hydrodynamic instruments are often marketed as high-speed or high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC and HPCCC respectively) instruments which rely on the Archimedes' screw force in a helical coil to retain the stationary phase in the column. The components of a CCC system are similar to most liquid chromatography configurations, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). One or more pumps deliver the phases to the column which is the CCC instrument itself. Samples are introduced into the column through a sample loop filled with an automated or manual syringe. The outflow is monitored with various detectors such as ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or mass spectrometry. The operation of the pumps, CCC instrument, sample injection, and detection may be controlled manually or with a microprocessor. (en) Gegenstromverteilungschromatographie (engl. countercurrent chromatography, abgekürzt CCC) ist ein Überbegriff für chromatographische Techniken, die großteils zur Isolierungen von Naturstoffen wie Flavonoiden (z. B. Anthocyanen) oder als Vortrennungen für andere analytische und präparative Techniken angewandt werden.Die Trennung beruht auf der Verteilung der Analyten zwischen zwei nicht mischbaren flüssigen Phasen, ähnlich der Trennung in einem Scheidetrichter (siehe auch Verteilungschromatographie). Die Trennleistung wird jedoch hierbei durch die speziellen apparativen Methoden wesentlich verbessert. Ein oder mehrere als bezeichnete, spiralförmig gewundene Schlauchsysteme werden von einer der beiden Phasen durchflossen, während die andere Phase im coil verbleibt. Hierbei finden zahlreiche Mischungs- und Entmischungsvorgänge statt. Die Aufzeichnung des Chromatogramms erfolgt in der Regel mittels eines UV-Detektors mit Durchflussküvette oder eines Diodenarraydetektors. Auch Kopplungstechniken analog zu LC/MS-Kopplungen sind vereinzelt in Gebrauch. Mithilfe eines zeitgesteuerten Fraktionensammlers und den aus dem Chromatogramm gewonnenen Informationen können präparativ mehrere Substanzen simultan isoliert werden. Neben der sehr guten Trennleistung ist ein weiterer Vorteil dieser Techniken die fast vollständige Rückgewinnbarkeit der eingesetzten Substanzen im Falle von Störungen etc. Nachteile der Technik sind die relativ große Trennzeit sowie die durch den erhöhten Verschleiß der bewegten Teflonschläuche und den aufwendigen apparativen Aufbau bedingte, recht hohe Störungsanfälligkeit. Die gegenstromverteilungschromatographischen Techniken werden in hydrostatische und hydrodynamische Techniken unterteilt. (de) La cromatografia controcorrente è un tipo di cromatografia liquido-liquido che utilizza una fase stazionaria liquida che viene tenuta in posizione dalla forza centrifuga e viene utilizzata per separare, identificare e quantificare i componenti chimici di una miscela. Nel senso più ampio la cromatografia controcorrente comprende le relative tecniche di cromatografia liquida che impiegano due fasi liquide immiscibili, senza un supporto solido. Le due fasi liquide vengono a contatto tra di loro e almeno una fase viene pompato attraverso una colonna, un tubo cavo o una serie di camere collegate con canali, che contengono entrambe le fasi. La conseguente miscelazione dinamica e azione di sedimentazione permette ai componenti di essere separati in base alla differente solubilità nelle due fasi. (it) Противоточная хроматография (ПТХ) является техникой жидкостной хроматографии которая применяется для двух несмешиваемых жидкостей без применения твердого наполнителя. Одна жидкость в качестве стационарной фазы, а другая в качестве подвижной. Жидкая стационарная фаза удерживается на месте за счёт силы гравитации или центробежной силы (ru) |
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| rdfs:comment | La cromatografia controcorrente è un tipo di cromatografia liquido-liquido che utilizza una fase stazionaria liquida che viene tenuta in posizione dalla forza centrifuga e viene utilizzata per separare, identificare e quantificare i componenti chimici di una miscela. Nel senso più ampio la cromatografia controcorrente comprende le relative tecniche di cromatografia liquida che impiegano due fasi liquide immiscibili, senza un supporto solido. Le due fasi liquide vengono a contatto tra di loro e almeno una fase viene pompato attraverso una colonna, un tubo cavo o una serie di camere collegate con canali, che contengono entrambe le fasi. La conseguente miscelazione dinamica e azione di sedimentazione permette ai componenti di essere separati in base alla differente solubilità nelle due fasi. (it) Противоточная хроматография (ПТХ) является техникой жидкостной хроматографии которая применяется для двух несмешиваемых жидкостей без применения твердого наполнителя. Одна жидкость в качестве стационарной фазы, а другая в качестве подвижной. Жидкая стационарная фаза удерживается на месте за счёт силы гравитации или центробежной силы (ru) Gegenstromverteilungschromatographie (engl. countercurrent chromatography, abgekürzt CCC) ist ein Überbegriff für chromatographische Techniken, die großteils zur Isolierungen von Naturstoffen wie Flavonoiden (z. B. Anthocyanen) oder als Vortrennungen für andere analytische und präparative Techniken angewandt werden.Die Trennung beruht auf der Verteilung der Analyten zwischen zwei nicht mischbaren flüssigen Phasen, ähnlich der Trennung in einem Scheidetrichter (siehe auch Verteilungschromatographie). Die Trennleistung wird jedoch hierbei durch die speziellen apparativen Methoden wesentlich verbessert. Ein oder mehrere als bezeichnete, spiralförmig gewundene Schlauchsysteme werden von einer der beiden Phasen durchflossen, während die andere Phase im coil verbleibt. Hierbei finden zahlreiche (de) Countercurrent chromatography (CCC, also counter-current chromatography) is a form of liquid–liquid chromatography that uses a liquid stationary phase that is held in place by inertia of the molecules composing the stationary phase accelerating toward the center of a centrifuge due to centripetal force and is used to separate, identify, and quantify the chemical components of a mixture. In its broadest sense, countercurrent chromatography encompasses a collection of related liquid chromatography techniques that employ two immiscible liquid phases without a solid support. The two liquid phases come in contact with each other as at least one phase is pumped through a column, a hollow tube or a series of chambers connected with channels, which contains both phases. The resulting dynamic mixin (en) |
| rdfs:label | Gegenstromverteilungschromatographie (de) Countercurrent chromatography (en) Cromatografia controcorrente (it) Противоточная хроматография (ru) |
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