Embargo Act of 1807 (original) (raw)
Undang-Undang Embargo 1807 adalah sebuah embargo umum pada semua negara asing yang disahkan oleh Kongres Amerika Serikat dengan maksud untuk merugikan Britania Raya dan Prancis selama Perang Napoleon.
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| dbo:abstract | Das Jefferson-Handelsembargo von 1806 bis 1810 umfasste eine Vielzahl von Gesetzen zur Beschränkung des Handels zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und der restlichen Welt. Der damalige amerikanische Präsident Thomas Jefferson zielte mit dieser Handelsblockade hauptsächlich auf das Vereinigte Königreich von Großbritannien und Irland und Frankreich ab. Zu jener Zeit lagen die Staaten Europas im Krieg (vergleiche Koalitionskriege). Die Vereinigten Staaten galten in diesem Krieg als neutrale Nation. Dennoch wurden Schiffe, die unter amerikanischer Flagge segelten, von britischen und französischen Kriegsschiffen durchsucht und teilweise auch gekapert. Nachdem schon George Washington in der Citizen-Genêt-Affäre und John Adams in der XYZ-Affäre Kriege mit dem Vereinigten Königreich bzw. Frankreich abgewendet hatten, reagierte auch Jefferson auf diese Angriffe nicht mit einer unmittelbaren Kriegserklärung, sondern er versuchte, durch ein Handelsembargo Großbritannien und Frankreich zur Respektierung der Neutralität der Vereinigten Staaten zu zwingen. Die Embargogesetze wurden im Laufe der Jahre 1806–1810 aufgrund ihrer Fehler und Schlupflöcher nach und nach modifiziert. Die gewünschte positive Wirkung eines Handelsembargos blieb jedoch aus, und in der Folge erklärten die Vereinigten Staaten unter Präsident James Madison im Jahr 1812 Großbritannien den Krieg (vergleiche Britisch-Amerikanischer Krieg). (de) The Embargo Act of 1807 was a general trade embargo on all foreign nations that was enacted by the United States Congress. As a successor or replacement law for the 1806 Non-importation Act and passed as the Napoleonic Wars continued, it represented an escalation of attempts to coerce Britain to stop any impressment of American sailors and to respect American sovereignty and neutrality but also attempted to pressure France and other nations in the pursuit of general diplomatic and economic leverage. In the first decade of the 19th century, American shipping grew. During the Napoleonic Wars, rival nations Britain and France targeted neutral American shipping as a means to disrupt the trade of the other nation. American merchantmen who were trading with "enemy nations" were seized as contraband of war by European navies. The British Royal Navy had impressed American sailors who had either been British-born or previously serving on British ships, even if they now claimed to be American citizens with American papers. Incidents such as the Chesapeake–Leopard affair outraged Americans. Congress imposed the embargo in direct response to these events. President Thomas Jefferson acted with restraint, weighed public support for retaliation, and recognized that the United States was militarily far weaker than either Britain or France. He recommended that Congress respond with commercial warfare, a policy that appealed to Jefferson both for being experimental and for foreseeably harming his domestic political opponents more than his allies, whatever its effect on the European belligerents. The 10th Congress was controlled by his allies and agreed to the Act, which was signed into law on December 22, 1807. The embargo proved to be a complete failure. It failed to improve the American diplomatic position, highlighted American weakness and lack of leverage, significantly (and only) damaged the American economy, and sharply increased domestic political tensions. Both widespread evasion of the embargo and loopholes in the legislation reduced its impact on its targets. British commercial shipping, which already dominated global trade, was successfully adapting to Napoleon's Continental System by pursuing new markets, particularly in the restive Spanish and Portuguese colonies in South America. Thus, British merchants were well-positioned to grow at American expense when the embargo sharply reduced American trade activity. The embargo undermined American unity by provoking bitter protests, particularly in New England commercial centers. Support for the declining Federalist Party, which intensely opposed Jefferson, temporarily rebounded and drove electoral gains in 1808 (Senate and House). The embargo simultaneously undermined Americans' faith that their government could execute laws fairly and strengthened the European perception that the republican form of government was inept and ineffectual. Replacement legislation for the ineffective embargo was enacted on March 1, 1809, in the last days of Jefferson's presidency. Tensions with Britain continued to grow and eventually led to the War of 1812. (en) Au début du XIXe siècle, le président Thomas Jefferson essaie de maintenir la neutralité des États-Unis dans les guerres napoléoniennes : il refuse de choisir entre la Grande-Bretagne et la France. Le président tente aussi de maintenir ouverte les voies maritimes face aux attaques des corsaires et pirates ce qui l’amène à renforcer la marine de guerre. Face aux agressions britanniques sur les navires américains, Jefferson fait voter l'Embargo Act (« Loi sur l'embargo ») le 22 décembre 1807 : aucun bateau étranger ne peut entrer ni sortir des ports américains. Cette mesure a une conséquence inattendue : les débuts de l'industrialisation des États-Unis. En effet, puisque le commerce avec l'Europe est rompu, il faut produire ce dont le pays a besoin sur place. Ainsi, les manufactures et les usines se multiplient. De nouvelles dispositions précisant cette loi seront ensuite votées. Cependant, l'Embargo Act est critiqué car il est en contradiction avec les droits individuels et il affecte l'activité des marchands de la côte atlantique. Elle provoque des manifestations dans les villes. Des libelles contre Jefferson circulent : « Thomas Jefferson, vous êtes le plus fieffé imbécile auquel Dieu ait donné vie. Que Dieu vous voue au diable » Finalement, le congrès obtient des pouvoirs pour réguler le commerce extérieur et décide d'abolir l'Embargo Act, qui est remplacé par le Non-Intercourse Act de 1809. (fr) Undang-Undang Embargo 1807 adalah sebuah embargo umum pada semua negara asing yang disahkan oleh Kongres Amerika Serikat dengan maksud untuk merugikan Britania Raya dan Prancis selama Perang Napoleon. (in) 1807년 통상금지법(Embargo Act of 1807)은 1807년에 미국 의회에서 통과된 법률이며, 나폴레옹 전쟁을 치르고 있는 영국과 프랑스에 대항하여 미국의 무역을 금지한 것이었다. 이 통상금지(이하, 엠바고)는 미국의 상인과 화물선이 유럽의 해군에게 금수품으로 나포하면서, 미국의 중립 위반에 대한 보복 조치를 취하게 되자 이 법안을 시행하게 되었다. 영국 해군은 특히 수천 명의 미국 선원들을 자신들의 함대에 복역하게 하는 강제 징발 조치를 감행하였다. 유럽에 대한 통제권을 위해 필사적으로 다투었던 영국과 프랑스는 우발적인 사고이고, 그들의 생존을 위해 필수적인 조치였다고 합리화했다. 미국인들은 체사피크 레오퍼드 사건을 중립을 지키는 미국의 조치에 대한 영국의 어처구니 없는 위반 사례라고 보았다. 외교적 모욕이라고 이해를 하고, 유럽 열강에 의해 이러한 작전들을 지지하는 보증되지 않은 공식적인 명령서는 미국의 선전포고에 대한 근거로서 널리 인정되고 있다. 노한 군중들은 냉소적으로 ‘엠바고’(Embargo)라는 글자를 거꾸로 ‘나 좀 잡아줘’(O Grab Me)라고 바꿔 불렀다. 토머스 제퍼슨 대통령은 이러한 분노한 대중들의 적의를 등에 업고, 보복에 대한 대중적 지지에 힘을 싣고 있었다. 그는 의회에 군사적으로 물리적 조치보다는 경제 전쟁으로 응전해야 한다고 권했다. 그리하여 통상금지법이 1807년 12월 22일 서명되었다. 이 급작스런 조치에 대한 기대 효과(교전국 사이의 경제적 곤란 )는 영국과 프랑스를 힘들게 하여, 그들로 하여금 미국 상선을 방해를 하지못하도록 강제하고, 미국의 중립을 존중하며, 강제 징발 정책을 끝내는 것이었다. 이 엠바고는 강압적인 조치로서는 그다지 효과를 보지 못한 것으로 밝혀졌으며, 외교적으로도, 경제적으로 모두 실패한 조치였다. 이 법이 막상 시행되고 나서, 미국 경제와 미국 국민들에게 파괴적인 부담을 주었다. 미국 상인들에 의한 바다와 내륙에서의 무역제한 회피, 법망의 허점은 유럽을 목표로 했던 엠바고의 영향을 급격히 감소시켰다. 영국 상인들은 엠바고 때문에 미국 배들에 의해 버려진 항로를 잘 이용해 먹었다. 수입 금지 조치로 인해 촉발된 물자부족 현상으로 미국 남부에서 영국산 제품에 대한 수요가 치솟았다. (ko) 通商禁止法（つうしょうきんしほう、英: Embargo Act of 1807）は、1807年にアメリカ合衆国で成立した法律であり、ナポレオン戦争を戦っているイギリスとフランスに対抗してアメリカ合衆国の貿易を禁止したものだった。 (ja) De Embargo Act (Nederlands: Embargowet) is een federale wet in de Verenigde Staten, ondertekend door president Thomas Jefferson op 22 december 1807, die een algemeen handelsembargo oplegde aan alle schepen gelegen in de havens en de plaatsen die ressorteren onder de Amerikaanse jurisdictie. De wet diende als vergeldingsmaatregel en had als doel de Britse en Franse economie te treffen, maar trof in de praktijk vooral de eigen Amerikaanse economie. De Non-Intercourse Act van 1 maart 1809 schafte het handelsembargo 15 maanden later opnieuw af. (nl) Con il termine embargo del 1807 si indica una serie di leggi adottate dal Congresso degli Stati Uniti nel 1807 con le quali gli Stati Uniti d'America si proclamarono neutrali, non intervenendo durante le guerre napoleoniche. Nei primi anni del 1800, la flotta mercantile statunitense cresceva. Durante le guerre napoleoniche, Gran Bretagna e Francia, in guerra tra di loro, cercavano di sfruttare le navi statunitensi come mezzo per mettere in difficoltà la nazione rivale. I mercanti statunitensi che commerciavano con una delle due nazioni rischiavano di vedersi sequestrate le navi dalla marina militare della nazione avversa. La British Royal Navy, inoltre, procedeva all'arruolamento forzato (l'impressment) dei marinai statunitensi nati in Gran Bretagna o che avevano lavorato su navi inglesi, anche se a presente erano cittadini statunitensi a tutti gli effetti, con regolari documenti. Incidenti come quello Chesapeake–Leopard indignarono gli americani. Il Congresso degli Stati Uniti impose un embargo come risposta a questa serie di eventi. Il presidente Thomas Jefferson agì prudentemente, soppesando l'appoggio interno a possibili atti di rappresaglia, e riconobbe che gli Stati Uniti erano militarmente troppo inferiori sia alla Gran Bretagna sia alla Francia. Propose al Congresso di rispondere con ritorsioni commerciali, un'azione che piaceva a Jefferson sia perché era innovativa sia perché poteva indebolire i suoi oppositori interni, a prescindere dall'effetto che avrebbe avuto sulle due nazioni europee. I seguaci di Jefferson erano maggioranza al Congresso e concordarono su una legge, promulgata il 22 dicembre 1807. L'embargo si rivelò un completo fallimento. Non migliorò in alcun modo la situazione diplomatica degli Stati Uniti, mostrò la debolezza americana e la mancanza di armi di dissuasione, ebbe un effetto negativo sull'economia interna mentre non influenzò quelle europee, e provocò forte tensioni politiche interne. La legge fu aggirata spesso, e inoltre presentava su di sé alcune lacune. La marina commerciale britannica, che già dominava il commercio mondiale, si adattò trovando nuovi mercati, in particolare nelle colonie spagnole e portoghesi in Sud America. Caricatura contro l'embargo del 1807Rembrandt Peale: Ritratto di Thomas Jefferson (1805), da New York Historical Society (it) A Lei de Embargo de 1807 foram medidas legais tomadas pelos Estados Unidos da América, conhecidas como Embargo Act, da série expedida durante os anos de 1806-1808 e que procuraram restringir o comércio de países estrangeiros na costa americana. As leis foram aprovadas pelo Congresso, durante o segundo governo do presidente Thomas Jefferson. A causa apontada para o início dessas medidas foi o chamado "Caso Chesapeake-Leopard" que envolveu o navio de guerra britânico Leopard e a fragata americana Chesapeake, ocorrido por força de uma proibição britânica que não queria que seus parceiros comerciais negociassem com a França. Os dois países europeus estavam em guerra (Guerras Napoleônicas), enquanto Estados Unidos mantivera-se neutro, mas negociava às escondidas com ambos os lados. Segundo Jefferson, os britânicos violaram os direitos dos americanos em alto-mar e as leis de embargo foram aprovadas em retaliação. Essas medidas causaram grandes danos à Economia americana, que de uma exportação de US$ 108 milhões em 1807, passou para US$ 22 milhões em 1808. Os atos foram revogados ainda no final do governo de Jefferson. Uma versão modificada voltaria com as restrições durante um breve período de 1813, na administração de James Madison, que substituiu Jefferson. (pt) Embargo Act of 1807 var ett embargo som USA utfärdade mot Storbritannien och Frankrike under Napoleonkrigen., sedan man ansett att den amerikanska neutraliteten kränkts. Amerikanska handelsmän hade blivit bortförda, och lasten beslagtagits. Den hårt pressade brittiska flottan hade tvingat amerikanska sjömän att arbeta på brittiska krigsskepp. Storbritannien och Frankrike menade att dessa plundringar var nödvändiga för deras egen överlevnad. USA hänvisade till Chesapeake-Leopard-affären som ett exempel på brittisk kränkning av USA:s neutralitet. Diplomatiska förolämpningar användes av USA som stöd för krigsförklaring. Ilskna medborgare kastade om bokstäverna i ordet “Embargo” till “O Grab Me.” President Thomas Jefferson agerade återhållsamt. Han rekommenderade USA:s kongress att svara med ekonomisk krigföring i stället för att mobilisera militärt. Lagen undertecknades den 22 december 1807. Effekten av var tänkt att – genom att orsaka ekonomiska svårigheter för Storbritannien och Frankrike – straffa britterna och fransmännen, och tvinga dem att lämna den amerikanska sjöfarten i fred, respektera USA:s neutralitet, och sluta med tvångsvärvningar. Embargot blev dock både diplomatiskt och ekonomiskt fiasko I stället drabbades USA:s ekonomi och folk hårt. (sv) Ustawa o embargu z 1807 roku – uchwalona przez Kongres Stanów Zjednoczonych nakładała pełne embargo na zaangażowane w wojnę Cesarstwo Francuskie oraz Wielką Brytanię. (Zob. blokada kontynentalna). Embargo było odpowiedzią na naruszanie neutralności Stanów Zjednoczonych poprzez zagarnianie amerykańskich okrętów handlowych wraz z towarami jako pryzu wojennego przez marynarki wojenne obu państw europejskich. Prócz tego Royal Navy stosowała przymusowe wcielanie obywateli amerykańskich do załóg okrętów wojennych. Zarówno Wielka Brytania jak Francja uciekały się do plądrowania amerykańskich jednostek jako sposobu na podtrzymanie wysiłku wojennego. Incydent „Chesapeake”-„Leopard” był najjaskrawszym i najboleśniejszym przykładem tej polityki dla obywateli młodego państwa. Prezydent Thomas Jefferson działał rozważnie, starając się dopasować odpowiedź do stopnia wzburzenia społeczeństwa. Jego rekomendacją była wojna ekonomiczna, nie mobilizacja wojskowa. Kongres uchwalił ustawę o embargu 22 grudnia 1807 roku. Oczekiwane efekty tego drastycznego posunięcia – kłopoty gospodarcze dla wojujących państw – miały zmusić je do wycofania się z działalności rabunkowej, przymusowego wcielania do służby oraz zmusić do respektowania neutralności Stanów Zjednoczonych. Embargo okazało się niepraktycznym środkiem, fiaskiem zarówno dyplomatycznym jak i ekonomicznym. Po wprowadzeniu nałożyło wielkie ciężary na amerykańską gospodarkę i obywateli. Szerokozakrojone obchodzenie restrykcji handlu morskiego i lądowego przez amerykańskich kupców oraz luki prawne w ustawie znacząco zmniejszyły siłę embarga. Brytyjscy kupcy przywłaszczyli sobie pozostawione przez Amerykanów, a lukratywne szlaki handlowe. Wzrósł popyt na angielskie towary w Południowej Ameryce, co wynagrodziło straty poniesione w wyniku embarga. Ustawa podkopała również jedność narodową młodej demokracji, wywołując zajadłe protesty, zwłaszcza w centrach komercyjnych Nowej Anglii. Wzmogła poparcie dla Partii Federalistycznej i przyczyniła się do uzyskania przezeń dużej ilości miejsc w Kongresie. 1 marca 1809 roku, po 15 miesiącach, w ostatnich dniach kadencji prezydenta Jeffersona embargo zostało odwołane. (pl) Эмбарго Джефферсона — ограничение на торговлю США с остальным миром, действовавшее в 1808—1810 годах, закон о нем был принят Конгрессом США и подписано президентом 22 декабря 1807 года. Тогдашний президент США Томас Джефферсон ввёл это эмбарго преимущественно против Великобритании и Франции. В начале XIX века европейские страны находились в состоянии войны друг с другом (см. Наполеоновские войны). Соединённые Штаты официально сохраняли нейтралитет в этом конфликте. Тем не менее корабли, ходившие под американским флагом, часто останавливались для досмотра британскими и французскими кораблями, а иногда и захватывались. Джефферсон не отреагировал на подобные случаи непосредственным объявлением войны этим странам, но решил заставить Великобританию и Францию уважать нейтралитет США путём введения торгового эмбарго. Постепенно, в период с 1806 по 1810 год, законы об эмбарго изменялись ввиду большого количества ошибок и «лазеек», допущенных при их составлении. Однако желаемого эффекта торговое эмбарго всё равно не принесло, и в 1812 году Соединённые Штаты вступили в войну с Великобританией. (ru) 《1807年禁运法案》（Embargo Act of 1807）是美国颁布的一项经济法案，旨在于英国和法国的贸易争霸中，维持自己的中立地位和主权。然而美国的经济随着禁运法的颁布而下降，法案最终于1809年宣布取消。史学家对法案主要持褒扬态度。 (zh) |
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| dbp:amendments | Repealed by Non-Intercourse Act § 19 (en) |
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| dbp:longtitle | An Act laying an Embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and harbors of the United States. (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Undang-Undang Embargo 1807 adalah sebuah embargo umum pada semua negara asing yang disahkan oleh Kongres Amerika Serikat dengan maksud untuk merugikan Britania Raya dan Prancis selama Perang Napoleon. (in) 通商禁止法（つうしょうきんしほう、英: Embargo Act of 1807）は、1807年にアメリカ合衆国で成立した法律であり、ナポレオン戦争を戦っているイギリスとフランスに対抗してアメリカ合衆国の貿易を禁止したものだった。 (ja) De Embargo Act (Nederlands: Embargowet) is een federale wet in de Verenigde Staten, ondertekend door president Thomas Jefferson op 22 december 1807, die een algemeen handelsembargo oplegde aan alle schepen gelegen in de havens en de plaatsen die ressorteren onder de Amerikaanse jurisdictie. De wet diende als vergeldingsmaatregel en had als doel de Britse en Franse economie te treffen, maar trof in de praktijk vooral de eigen Amerikaanse economie. De Non-Intercourse Act van 1 maart 1809 schafte het handelsembargo 15 maanden later opnieuw af. (nl) 《1807年禁运法案》（Embargo Act of 1807）是美国颁布的一项经济法案，旨在于英国和法国的贸易争霸中，维持自己的中立地位和主权。然而美国的经济随着禁运法的颁布而下降，法案最终于1809年宣布取消。史学家对法案主要持褒扬态度。 (zh) The Embargo Act of 1807 was a general trade embargo on all foreign nations that was enacted by the United States Congress. As a successor or replacement law for the 1806 Non-importation Act and passed as the Napoleonic Wars continued, it represented an escalation of attempts to coerce Britain to stop any impressment of American sailors and to respect American sovereignty and neutrality but also attempted to pressure France and other nations in the pursuit of general diplomatic and economic leverage. (en) Das Jefferson-Handelsembargo von 1806 bis 1810 umfasste eine Vielzahl von Gesetzen zur Beschränkung des Handels zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und der restlichen Welt. Der damalige amerikanische Präsident Thomas Jefferson zielte mit dieser Handelsblockade hauptsächlich auf das Vereinigte Königreich von Großbritannien und Irland und Frankreich ab. (de) Au début du XIXe siècle, le président Thomas Jefferson essaie de maintenir la neutralité des États-Unis dans les guerres napoléoniennes : il refuse de choisir entre la Grande-Bretagne et la France. Le président tente aussi de maintenir ouverte les voies maritimes face aux attaques des corsaires et pirates ce qui l’amène à renforcer la marine de guerre. « Thomas Jefferson, vous êtes le plus fieffé imbécile auquel Dieu ait donné vie. Que Dieu vous voue au diable » (fr) Con il termine embargo del 1807 si indica una serie di leggi adottate dal Congresso degli Stati Uniti nel 1807 con le quali gli Stati Uniti d'America si proclamarono neutrali, non intervenendo durante le guerre napoleoniche. Caricatura contro l'embargo del 1807Rembrandt Peale: Ritratto di Thomas Jefferson (1805), da New York Historical Society (it) 1807년 통상금지법(Embargo Act of 1807)은 1807년에 미국 의회에서 통과된 법률이며, 나폴레옹 전쟁을 치르고 있는 영국과 프랑스에 대항하여 미국의 무역을 금지한 것이었다. 이 통상금지(이하, 엠바고)는 미국의 상인과 화물선이 유럽의 해군에게 금수품으로 나포하면서, 미국의 중립 위반에 대한 보복 조치를 취하게 되자 이 법안을 시행하게 되었다. 영국 해군은 특히 수천 명의 미국 선원들을 자신들의 함대에 복역하게 하는 강제 징발 조치를 감행하였다. 유럽에 대한 통제권을 위해 필사적으로 다투었던 영국과 프랑스는 우발적인 사고이고, 그들의 생존을 위해 필수적인 조치였다고 합리화했다. 미국인들은 체사피크 레오퍼드 사건을 중립을 지키는 미국의 조치에 대한 영국의 어처구니 없는 위반 사례라고 보았다. 외교적 모욕이라고 이해를 하고, 유럽 열강에 의해 이러한 작전들을 지지하는 보증되지 않은 공식적인 명령서는 미국의 선전포고에 대한 근거로서 널리 인정되고 있다. 노한 군중들은 냉소적으로 ‘엠바고’(Embargo)라는 글자를 거꾸로 ‘나 좀 잡아줘’(O Grab Me)라고 바꿔 불렀다. (ko) Ustawa o embargu z 1807 roku – uchwalona przez Kongres Stanów Zjednoczonych nakładała pełne embargo na zaangażowane w wojnę Cesarstwo Francuskie oraz Wielką Brytanię. (Zob. blokada kontynentalna). Embargo było odpowiedzią na naruszanie neutralności Stanów Zjednoczonych poprzez zagarnianie amerykańskich okrętów handlowych wraz z towarami jako pryzu wojennego przez marynarki wojenne obu państw europejskich. Prócz tego Royal Navy stosowała przymusowe wcielanie obywateli amerykańskich do załóg okrętów wojennych. Zarówno Wielka Brytania jak Francja uciekały się do plądrowania amerykańskich jednostek jako sposobu na podtrzymanie wysiłku wojennego. Incydent „Chesapeake”-„Leopard” był najjaskrawszym i najboleśniejszym przykładem tej polityki dla obywateli młodego państwa. (pl) A Lei de Embargo de 1807 foram medidas legais tomadas pelos Estados Unidos da América, conhecidas como Embargo Act, da série expedida durante os anos de 1806-1808 e que procuraram restringir o comércio de países estrangeiros na costa americana. As leis foram aprovadas pelo Congresso, durante o segundo governo do presidente Thomas Jefferson. (pt) Embargo Act of 1807 var ett embargo som USA utfärdade mot Storbritannien och Frankrike under Napoleonkrigen., sedan man ansett att den amerikanska neutraliteten kränkts. Amerikanska handelsmän hade blivit bortförda, och lasten beslagtagits. Den hårt pressade brittiska flottan hade tvingat amerikanska sjömän att arbeta på brittiska krigsskepp. Storbritannien och Frankrike menade att dessa plundringar var nödvändiga för deras egen överlevnad. USA hänvisade till Chesapeake-Leopard-affären som ett exempel på brittisk kränkning av USA:s neutralitet. Diplomatiska förolämpningar användes av USA som stöd för krigsförklaring. Ilskna medborgare kastade om bokstäverna i ordet “Embargo” till “O Grab Me.” (sv) Эмбарго Джефферсона — ограничение на торговлю США с остальным миром, действовавшее в 1808—1810 годах, закон о нем был принят Конгрессом США и подписано президентом 22 декабря 1807 года. Тогдашний президент США Томас Джефферсон ввёл это эмбарго преимущественно против Великобритании и Франции. Постепенно, в период с 1806 по 1810 год, законы об эмбарго изменялись ввиду большого количества ошибок и «лазеек», допущенных при их составлении. Однако желаемого эффекта торговое эмбарго всё равно не принесло, и в 1812 году Соединённые Штаты вступили в войну с Великобританией. (ru) |
| rdfs:label | Jeffersons Handelsembargo (de) Embargo Act of 1807 (en) Undang-Undang Embargo 1807 (in) Lois sur l'embargo (fr) Embargo del 1807 (it) 1807년 통상금지법 (ko) Embargo Act (nl) 通商禁止法 (1807年) (ja) Ustawa o embargu (1807) (pl) Lei de Embargo de 1807 (pt) Эмбарго Джефферсона (ru) Embargo Act of 1807 (sv) 1807年禁运法案 (zh) |
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