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تم إعدام تشارلز الأول بقطع رأسه يوم الثلاثاء 30 يناير 1649 خارج دار المآدب في وايتهول. كان الإعدام تتويجاً للنزاعات السياسية والعسكرية بين الملكيين والبرلمانيين في إنجلترا خلال الحرب الأهلية الإنجليزية، مما أدى إلى القبض على تشارلز الأول ومحاكمته. يوم السبت 27 يناير 1649، أعلنت محكمة العدل العليا في البرلمان بأن تشارلز مذنب وحاول «التمسك بنفسه بسلطة غير محدودة وطاغية للحكم وفقًا لإرادته، والإطاحة بحقوق الناس وحرياتهم» وحُكم عليه بالإعدام. قضى تشارلز أيامه الأخيرة في قصر سانت جيمس، برفقة رعاياه الأكثر ولاءً وزار أولاده. في 30 يناير / كانون الثاني، اقتيد إلى سقالة سوداء كبيرة شُيدت أمام دار الحفلات، حيث كان من المقرر إعدامه. تجمع حشد كبير لمشاهدة عملية القتل. صعد تشارلز إلى السقالة وألقى كلمته الأخيرة - معلناً براءته من الجرائم التي اتهمه بها البرلمان، وادعى أنه «شهيد الشعب». لم يستطع الجمهور سماع الخطاب، بسبب قيام العديد من الحراس البرلمانيين بحجب السقالة، لكن رفيق تشارلز، ويليام جوكسون، سجلها باختصار. أعطى تشارلز بضع كلمات أخيرة لجكسون، مدعياً «تاجه غير القابل للفساد» في الجنة، ووضع رأسه على الكتلة. انتظر لحظات قليلة وقدم إشارة. قام الجلاد المجهول بقطع رأس تشارلز في ضربة واحدة وحمل رأس تشارلز على الحشد بصمت، فألقاه في سرب الجنود بعد فترة وجيزة. يعد الإعدام أحد الأحداث الأكثر إثارة للجدل في تاريخ إنجلترا. يرى البعض أنها استشهاد لرجل بريء، حيث وصف مؤرخ الترميم إدوارد هايد «عام من اللوم والتشهير فوق كل السنوات التي مرت قبل ذلك؛ سنة من أرفع درجات النفاق والفساد، من أعمق الآثام والأكثر دموية التي لعنتها أي دولة على الإطلاق». وكتاب حزب المحافظين إسحاق داسرائيلي لتشارلز على أنه «حصل على الفأس مع نفسه تجمّع الفكر وتوفي مع الجلالة التي عاش بها»، مات شهيداً «مدنياً وسياسياً» لبريطانيا. لا يزال هناك آخرون يرون أنها خطوة حيوية نحو الديمقراطية في بريطانيا، حيث أعلن وكيل نيابة تشارلز الأول، جون كوك، أنها «صدرت حكمًا ليس ضد طاغية واحد فقط بل ضد الطغيان نفسه»، والمؤرخ ويغ صمويل راوسون غاردينر، الذي كتب أنه «مع وفاة تشارلز، تمت إزالة العقبة الرئيسية أمام إنشاء نظام دستوري. [...] النظام الملكي، كما فهم تشارلز، قد اختفى إلى الأبد». (ar) The execution of Charles I by beheading occurred on Tuesday, 30 January 1649 outside the Banqueting House on Whitehall. The execution was the culmination of political and military conflicts between the royalists and the parliamentarians in England during the English Civil War, leading to the capture and trial of Charles I, the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. On Saturday 27 January 1649, the parliamentarian High Court of Justice had declared Charles guilty of attempting to "uphold in himself an unlimited and tyrannical power to rule according to his will, and to overthrow the rights and liberties of the people" and he was sentenced to death by beheading. Charles spent his last few days in St James's Palace, accompanied by his most loyal subjects and visited by his family. On 30 January, he was taken to a large black scaffold constructed in front of the Banqueting House, where he was to be executed. A large crowd had gathered to witness the regicide. Charles stepped onto the scaffold and gave his last speech, declaring his innocence of the crimes of which parliament had accused him, and claiming himself as a "martyr of the people". The crowd could not hear the speech, owing to the many parliamentarian guards blocking the scaffold, but Charles' companion, Bishop William Juxon, recorded it in shorthand. Charles gave a few last words to Juxon, claiming his "incorruptible crown" in Heaven, and put his head on the block. He waited a few moments, and after giving a signal that he was ready, the anonymous executioner beheaded Charles with a single blow and held Charles' head up to the crowd silently, dropping it into the swarm of soldiers soon after. The execution has been described as one of the most significant and controversial events in English history. Some view it as the martyrdom of an innocent man, with Restoration historian Edward Hyde describing "a year of reproach and infamy above all years which had passed before it; a year of the highest dissimulation and hypocrisy, of the deepest villainy and most bloody treasons that any nation was ever cursed with" and the Tory Isaac D'Israeli writing of Charles as "having received the axe with the same collectedness of thought and died with the majesty with which he had lived", dying a "civil and political" martyr to Britain. Still others view it as a vital step towards democracy in Britain, with the prosecutor of Charles I, John Cook, declaring that it "pronounced sentence not only against one tyrant but against tyranny itself" and Whig historian Samuel Rawson Gardiner, who wrote that "with Charles' death the main obstacle to the establishment of a constitutional system had been removed. [...] The monarchy, as Charles understood it, had disappeared forever". (en) L'exécution de Charles Ier par décapitation est survenue le mardi 30 janvier 1649 devant la maison des banquets à Whitehall. L'exécution a été le point culminant de conflits politiques et militaires entre les royalistes et les parlementaires en Angleterre pendant la guerre civile anglaise, conduisant à la capture et au procès de Charles Ier. Le samedi 27 janvier 1649, la (en) parlementaire avait déclaré Charles coupable d'avoir tenté de « maintenir en lui-même un pouvoir illimité et tyrannique de gouverner selon sa volonté, et de renverser les droits et libertés du peuple » et il fut condamné à mort. (fr) |
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Immediately after the Death of the late King [Charles I], Don Alonso de Cardenas, Embassador from Spain, legitimated this bastard Republick; and Oliver had no sooner made himself Sovereign, under the Quality of Protector, than all the Kings of the Earth prostrated themselves before this Idol. (en) As for the People, truly I desire their liberty and freedom, as much as any whosoever; but I must tell you, that their liberty and freedom consists in having of government by those laws, by which their lives, and their goods may be most their own. It is not for them to have a share in Government, that is nothing Sirs, appertaining unto them. A Subject and a Sovereign are clean different things; and therefore until that be done, I mean, until the people be put into that liberty, which I speak of; certainly they will never enjoy themselves. (en) |
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L'exécution de Charles Ier par décapitation est survenue le mardi 30 janvier 1649 devant la maison des banquets à Whitehall. L'exécution a été le point culminant de conflits politiques et militaires entre les royalistes et les parlementaires en Angleterre pendant la guerre civile anglaise, conduisant à la capture et au procès de Charles Ier. Le samedi 27 janvier 1649, la (en) parlementaire avait déclaré Charles coupable d'avoir tenté de « maintenir en lui-même un pouvoir illimité et tyrannique de gouverner selon sa volonté, et de renverser les droits et libertés du peuple » et il fut condamné à mort. (fr) تم إعدام تشارلز الأول بقطع رأسه يوم الثلاثاء 30 يناير 1649 خارج دار المآدب في وايتهول. كان الإعدام تتويجاً للنزاعات السياسية والعسكرية بين الملكيين والبرلمانيين في إنجلترا خلال الحرب الأهلية الإنجليزية، مما أدى إلى القبض على تشارلز الأول ومحاكمته. يوم السبت 27 يناير 1649، أعلنت محكمة العدل العليا في البرلمان بأن تشارلز مذنب وحاول «التمسك بنفسه بسلطة غير محدودة وطاغية للحكم وفقًا لإرادته، والإطاحة بحقوق الناس وحرياتهم» وحُكم عليه بالإعدام. (ar) The execution of Charles I by beheading occurred on Tuesday, 30 January 1649 outside the Banqueting House on Whitehall. The execution was the culmination of political and military conflicts between the royalists and the parliamentarians in England during the English Civil War, leading to the capture and trial of Charles I, the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. On Saturday 27 January 1649, the parliamentarian High Court of Justice had declared Charles guilty of attempting to "uphold in himself an unlimited and tyrannical power to rule according to his will, and to overthrow the rights and liberties of the people" and he was sentenced to death by beheading. (en) |
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