| dbo:abstract |
الحرب الأهلية الإنجليزية الأولى (بالإنجليزية: First English Civil War) هي حرب أهلية بدأت سلسلة الحروب الأهلية الإنجليزية. الحرب كانت مكائد سياسية التحم فيها والملكيون الإنجليز ابتداءً من 1642 وحتى 1646. الحروب في إنجلترا كانت جزءًا من حروب الممالك الثلاث، والتي بدأت بالتزامن مع مثيلتها في اسكتلندا وأيرلندا. (ar) The First English Civil War took place in England and Wales from 1642 to 1646, and forms part of the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. They include the Bishops' Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, the Second English Civil War, the Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) and the 1649 to 1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Historians estimate that between 15% to 20% of all adult males in England and Wales served in the military between 1639 to 1653, while around 4% of the total population died from war-related causes. This compares to a figure of 2.23% for World War I, which illustrates the impact of the conflict on society in general and the bitterness it engendered. Conflict over the role of Parliament and religious practice dated from the accession of James VI and I in 1603. These tensions culminated in the imposition of Personal Rule in 1629 by his son, Charles I, who finally recalled Parliament in April and November 1640. He did so hoping to obtain funding that would enable him to reverse his defeat by Scots Covenanters in the Bishops' Wars, but in return they demanded a greater share in government than he was willing to concede. In its early stages, the vast majority on both sides supported the institution of monarchy, but disagreed on who held ultimate authority. Royalists generally argued both Parliament and the Church of England were subordinate to the king, while most of their Parliamentarian opponents claimed his supremacy did not extend to religion, and wanted a form of constitutional monarchy. However, the reality was considerably more complex, with political allegiances heavily influenced by religious belief or personal loyalty. Horrified at the devastation inflicted on Europe by the Thirty Years War, many tried to remain neutral, or took up arms with great reluctance. When fighting began in August 1642, both sides believed it would be settled by a single battle, but it soon became clear this was not the case. Royalist successes in 1643 led to an alliance between Parliament and the Scots who won a series of battles in 1644, the most significant being the Battle of Marston Moor. Alleged failures to exploit these successes led Parliament in February 1645 to set up the New Model Army, the first centrally-funded and professional military force in England, whose success at Naseby in June 1645 proved decisive. The war ended with victory for the Parliamentarian alliance in June 1646 and Charles in custody, but his refusal to negotiate concessions and divisions among his opponents led to the Second English Civil War in 1648. (en) La Primera guerra civil inglesa comenzó en 1642 y finalizó en 1646. Consiste en el primer episodio de una serie de tres guerras conocidas como la Guerra civil inglesa (o "Guerras"), en las que se enfrentaron militarmente y políticamente las fuerzas parlamentarias y los realistas. Los otros dos episodios son la segunda guerra civil inglesa (1648-1649) y la tercera guerra civil inglesa (1649-1651). (es) La Première guerre civile anglaise (1642 – 1646) est le premier épisode de la Première révolution anglaise. Il s'agit d'une série de conflits entre les forces des parlementaires et des royalistes. Les deux autres épisodes sont la Deuxième guerre civile anglaise (1648 – 1649) et la Troisième guerre civile anglaise (1649 – 1651). (fr) La prima guerra civile inglese fu una guerra civile combattuta in Inghilterra e Galles dal 22 agosto 1642 al 9 ottobre 1646. Essa è parte della guerra civile inglese e delle guerre dei tre regni. L'iniziale conflitto politico portò ad una vera e propria guerra armata, con la maggior parte della popolazione pronta a sostenere la monarchia ma a contestarne l'autorità. I Realisti sostenevano il ruolo primario di re Carlo I d'Inghilterra sul parlamento, mentre i Parlamentaristi sostenevano la necessità di ritornare ad una monarchia costituzionale. Nell'agosto del 1642, entrambe le parti si aspettavano che il conflitto iniziato si concludesse con un singolo scontro, ma ben presto divenne chiaro che la guerra si sarebbe prolungata. Il successo dei Realisti nel 1643 portò ad un'alleanza tra le forze militari del parlamento inglese ed i Covenanti scozzesi che portò alla vittoria di una serie di battaglie nel 1644, delle quali la più nota fu certamente la battaglia di Marston Moor. La costituzione del New Model Army diede ai Parlamentari la possibilità di disporre della prima forza militar professionista in Inghilterra ed il loro successo a Naseby nel giugno 1645 diede prova di essere decisivo. La guerra si concluse con la vittoria dell'alleanza dei Parlamentari nel giugno 1646 e Carlo I venne mantenuto sul trono, ma dovette cedere ad alcuni compromessi. Tutt'altro che intenzionato a rispettare quanto pattuito, i rifiuti del sovrano inglese porteranno allo scoppio della seconda guerra civile inglese nel 1648. (it) Första engelska inbördeskriget (1642–1646) var det första av tre krig som kallas engelska inbördeskriget som avser den rad av väpnade konflikter och politiska intriger som ägde rum mellan parlamentariker och rojalister från 1642 fram till 1652 och som även inkluderade det andra engelska inbördeskriget (1648–1649) och det tredje engelska inbördeskriget (1649-1651). Denna artikel om Storbritanniens historia saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att lägga till den. (sv) 英格兰一系列内战中的第一场內戰主战场位于英格兰和威尔士，时间为1642年8月至1646年6月。1638至1651年，不列颠及爱尔兰岛上发生了一系列战争，统称“三國之戰”，战事也波及了苏格兰和爱尔兰，第一次英格兰内战就属于三国之战的一部分。其它能算入三国之战的军事冲突还有1638至1640年间的主教战争、1641至1653年间的爱尔兰联盟战争、1648年的第二次英格兰内战、1650年的第三次英格兰内战（又名英格蘭入侵蘇格蘭）以及1649至1653年间的克伦威尔征服爱尔兰。 据估计，在1638至1651年这段时期里，全英格兰和威尔士的成年男子中，有15%-20%都在军中服役，内战最终导致全国4%的人口死亡，而第一次世界大战过后统计出的英国的死亡人口所占比重也只有2.23%。上述数据对于后人理解英格兰内战对社会所造成的影响以及引发的苦难相当重要。 1642年，王国中的各个势力基本都支持君主制，但在最高权力归属上无法达成一致。支持查理一世的王权高于英格蘭議會权力的一派就成了骑士党（‘骑士党’这个称谓其实是圆颅党对国王权力支持者的蔑称），他们的對手圆颅党则支持君主立宪制。这样一分析，非常复杂的时局就一下子明朗了，是支持骑士党还是圆颅党，对于很多当时的政治人物来说，是关乎个人忠诚之所在的抉择。 1642年8月，骑士党和圆颅党两派都期待着用一场决定性战役来彻底解决纠纷，但很快，双方就都明白了，没那么简单。1643年，骑士党成功迫使议会与苏格兰的誓约派订立军事盟约，又在1644年赢得了一系列战役的胜利，其中最著名的一场就是马斯顿荒原战役。新模范军组建后，议会在英格兰拥有了历史上第一支职业军事力量，新模范军在1645年6月的纳斯比（Naseby）战役中取得了决定性胜利。 1646年6月，第一次英格兰内战以圆颅党的胜利而告终，查理一世遭到拘禁。由于查理一世不肯做出巨大让步，获胜一方之间又发生了分裂，1648年，第二次英格兰内战爆发。 (zh) |
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1642–1646 33,952 dead 56,367 |
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Royalists Parliamentarians Scottish Covenanters |
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wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Battle_of_Marston_Moor,_1644.png?width=300 |
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https://thebiomedicalscientist.net/science/death-and-disease-english-civil-war https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14226/1/583247.pdf http://wiki.bcw-project.org/trained-band/start https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/british-civil-wars http://bcw-project.org/military/english-civil-war/montrose-scotland/ http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/178/1/196688_2003_Burch_PhD.pdf%7Caccess-date=18 |
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England & Wales, 1644 (en) England & Wales, 1646 (en) Key ports; England & Wales, 1642 (en) Northern England 1643 (en) Southern England 1643 (en) The Battle of Marston Moor, by James Barker (en) The Edgehill campaign 1642 (en) Western England & South Wales; 1645 (en) |
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Oliver Cromwell (en) (en) Prince Rupert (en) Charles I (en) Earl of Leven (en) Earl of Manchester (en) Lord Astley (en) Lord Goring (en) Sir Ralph Hopton (en) Sir Thomas Fairfax (en) Sir William Waller (en) Earl of Essex (en) Lord Newcastle (en) Phillip Skippon (en) Prince Maurice (en) |
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الحرب الأهلية الإنجليزية الأولى (بالإنجليزية: First English Civil War) هي حرب أهلية بدأت سلسلة الحروب الأهلية الإنجليزية. الحرب كانت مكائد سياسية التحم فيها والملكيون الإنجليز ابتداءً من 1642 وحتى 1646. الحروب في إنجلترا كانت جزءًا من حروب الممالك الثلاث، والتي بدأت بالتزامن مع مثيلتها في اسكتلندا وأيرلندا. (ar) La Primera guerra civil inglesa comenzó en 1642 y finalizó en 1646. Consiste en el primer episodio de una serie de tres guerras conocidas como la Guerra civil inglesa (o "Guerras"), en las que se enfrentaron militarmente y políticamente las fuerzas parlamentarias y los realistas. Los otros dos episodios son la segunda guerra civil inglesa (1648-1649) y la tercera guerra civil inglesa (1649-1651). (es) La Première guerre civile anglaise (1642 – 1646) est le premier épisode de la Première révolution anglaise. Il s'agit d'une série de conflits entre les forces des parlementaires et des royalistes. Les deux autres épisodes sont la Deuxième guerre civile anglaise (1648 – 1649) et la Troisième guerre civile anglaise (1649 – 1651). (fr) Första engelska inbördeskriget (1642–1646) var det första av tre krig som kallas engelska inbördeskriget som avser den rad av väpnade konflikter och politiska intriger som ägde rum mellan parlamentariker och rojalister från 1642 fram till 1652 och som även inkluderade det andra engelska inbördeskriget (1648–1649) och det tredje engelska inbördeskriget (1649-1651). Denna artikel om Storbritanniens historia saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att lägga till den. (sv) The First English Civil War took place in England and Wales from 1642 to 1646, and forms part of the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. They include the Bishops' Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, the Second English Civil War, the Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652) and the 1649 to 1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Historians estimate that between 15% to 20% of all adult males in England and Wales served in the military between 1639 to 1653, while around 4% of the total population died from war-related causes. This compares to a figure of 2.23% for World War I, which illustrates the impact of the conflict on society in general and the bitterness it engendered. (en) La prima guerra civile inglese fu una guerra civile combattuta in Inghilterra e Galles dal 22 agosto 1642 al 9 ottobre 1646. Essa è parte della guerra civile inglese e delle guerre dei tre regni. L'iniziale conflitto politico portò ad una vera e propria guerra armata, con la maggior parte della popolazione pronta a sostenere la monarchia ma a contestarne l'autorità. I Realisti sostenevano il ruolo primario di re Carlo I d'Inghilterra sul parlamento, mentre i Parlamentaristi sostenevano la necessità di ritornare ad una monarchia costituzionale. (it) 英格兰一系列内战中的第一场內戰主战场位于英格兰和威尔士，时间为1642年8月至1646年6月。1638至1651年，不列颠及爱尔兰岛上发生了一系列战争，统称“三國之戰”，战事也波及了苏格兰和爱尔兰，第一次英格兰内战就属于三国之战的一部分。其它能算入三国之战的军事冲突还有1638至1640年间的主教战争、1641至1653年间的爱尔兰联盟战争、1648年的第二次英格兰内战、1650年的第三次英格兰内战（又名英格蘭入侵蘇格蘭）以及1649至1653年间的克伦威尔征服爱尔兰。 据估计，在1638至1651年这段时期里，全英格兰和威尔士的成年男子中，有15%-20%都在军中服役，内战最终导致全国4%的人口死亡，而第一次世界大战过后统计出的英国的死亡人口所占比重也只有2.23%。上述数据对于后人理解英格兰内战对社会所造成的影响以及引发的苦难相当重要。 1642年，王国中的各个势力基本都支持君主制，但在最高权力归属上无法达成一致。支持查理一世的王权高于英格蘭議會权力的一派就成了骑士党（‘骑士党’这个称谓其实是圆颅党对国王权力支持者的蔑称），他们的對手圆颅党则支持君主立宪制。这样一分析，非常复杂的时局就一下子明朗了，是支持骑士党还是圆颅党，对于很多当时的政治人物来说，是关乎个人忠诚之所在的抉择。 (zh) |
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| is rdfs:seeAlso of |
dbr:History_of_Worcestershire dbr:Worcestershire_in_the_English_Civil_War dbr:First_English_Civil_War,_1642 dbr:First_English_Civil_War,_1643 dbr:First_English_Civil_War,_1644 |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of |
wikipedia-en:First_English_Civil_War |
