First Constitutional Era (original) (raw)
المشروطية الأولى (بالتركية العثمانية: مشروطيت; بالتركية الحديثة: Birinci Meşrutiyet) شكل السُلطان العُثماني عبد الحميد الثاني لجنة باسم المجلس الخاص لتحضير وكتابة الدستور الأول للدولة، وأعلن هذا الدستور باسم القانون الأساسي في 23 ديسمبر 1876م وافتتح المجلس العمومي الذي يتكون من مجلس المبعوثان في 19 مارس 1877م. قام السُلطان بإحالة المجلس في 13 يونيو 1877م حتى إعلان المشروطية الثانية.
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| dbo:abstract | المشروطية الأولى (بالتركية العثمانية: مشروطيت; بالتركية الحديثة: Birinci Meşrutiyet) شكل السُلطان العُثماني عبد الحميد الثاني لجنة باسم المجلس الخاص لتحضير وكتابة الدستور الأول للدولة، وأعلن هذا الدستور باسم القانون الأساسي في 23 ديسمبر 1876م وافتتح المجلس العمومي الذي يتكون من مجلس المبعوثان في 19 مارس 1877م. قام السُلطان بإحالة المجلس في 13 يونيو 1877م حتى إعلان المشروطية الثانية. (ar) První konstituční éra (osmanskou turečtinou: مشروطيت; turecky: Birinci Meşrutiyet Devri) bylo období, kdy se v Osmanské říši začal formovat princip konstituční monarchie. Bylo vyhlášeno Kanûn-ı Esâsî (Základní právo), které sepsali členové . Období začalo 23. prosince 1876 a trvalo do 14. února 1878. Tito Mladí Osmané nesouhlasili s Tanzimatem a žádali konstituční monarchii a vznik parlament, který by byl podobný evropskému modelu. Konstituční období započalo sesazení sultána Abdulazize z trůnu a dosazením Abdulhamida II. jako nového sultána. Období pak skončilo pozastavením parlamentu a Abdulhamid II. se znovu prohlásil za absolutního vládce. První konstituční éra nepřinesla žádné politické strany. Toho času Osmanský parlament (známý jako Valné shromáždění Osmanské říše) byl spíše hlasem prostého lidu, ale ne politiků, stran či organizací. Volby do parlamentu se konaly za provizorních volebních pravidel. Valná hromada Osmanské říše (turecky: Meclis-i Umumi) se skládala ze dvou částí. Dolní komoru tvořila poslanecká sněmovna volena lidem, horní komoru tvořil senát volený sultánem. Volební hlasy byly v jednotlivých provinciích odevzdávány na soudech. Po ustanovení Valného shromáždění v provinciích si členové zvolili své poslance, kteří je měli zastupovat v poslanecké sněmovně v hlavním městě. Sněmovna měla celkem 115 členů a skládala se z různých skupin obyvatel. Po druhých volbách zde bylo 69 muslimů a 46 poslanců z jiných vrstev (židé, Fanarioti, Arméni). Druhou komorou byl senát a členové byli jmenováni samotným sultánem. Senát měl pouze 26 členů, jeho mluvčím byl velkovezír. V letech 1877 a 1878 se konaly dvoje volby. (cs) The First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Turkish: مشروطيت; Turkish: Birinci Meşrutiyet Devri) of the Ottoman Empire was the period of constitutional monarchy from the promulgation of the Ottoman constitution of 1876 (Kanûn-ı Esâsî, قانون اساسى, meaning 'Basic Law' or 'Fundamental Law' in Ottoman Turkish), written by members of the Young Ottomans, that began on 23 December 1876 and lasted until 14 February 1878. These Young Ottomans were dissatisfied by the Tanzimat and instead pushed for a constitutional government similar to that in Europe. The constitutional period started with the dethroning of Sultan Abdulaziz. Abdul Hamid II took his place as Sultan. The era ended with the suspension of the Ottoman Parliament and the constitution by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, with which he restored his own absolute monarchy. The first constitutional era did not include a party system. At the time, the Ottoman Parliament (known as the General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire) was seen as the voice of the people but not as a venue for the formation of political parties and organizations. The elections for the Parliament were held in accordance with the provisional electoral regulations. The Parliament (General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire; مجلس عمومي, Meclis-i Umumi) was composed in two stages. The lower house of the bicameral legislature was the Chamber of Deputies (مجلس مبعوثان, Meclis-i Mebusan), while the upper house was the Senate (مجلس أعيان, Heyet-i Ayan). The initial selection of deputies was made by administrative councils in the provinces (also called Meclis-i Umumi). After the establishment of the General Assembly in the provinces, the members selected the deputies from within the assembly to form the Chamber of Deputies in the capital. The Chamber had 115 members and reflected the distribution of the millets in the empire. In the second elections, there were 69 Muslim millet representatives and 46 representatives of other millets (Jews, Phanariotes, Armenians). The second body was the Senate, and the members were selected by the Sultan. The Senate had only 26 members. It was designed to replace the porte, and the Grand Vizier become the speaker of Senate. The two elections happened between 1877 and 1878. (en) La Première période constitutionnelle (en Turc ottoman : مشروطيت , en Turc : Birinci Meşrutiyet ) de l'Empire ottoman est une période de monarchie constitutionnelle à la suite de la promulgation de la Constitution de l'Empire ottoman (appelée aussi Loi fondamentale ; en Turc : Kanûn-u Esâsî ), rédigée par les Jeunes-Ottomans et restée en vigueur du 23 novembre 1876 au 13 février 1878. Elle prend fin avec la suspension du Parlement ottoman par le sultan Abdülhamid II et la restauration de la monarchie absolue. L'Assemblée Générale de l'Empire ottoman est composée d'une chambre basse, la , et d'une chambre haute, le , les premiers députés étant nommés parmi les Conseils administratifs des provinces (en turc ottoman : Meclis-i Umumi). Cette première période n'inclut pas de partis politiques, le Parlement (connu sous le nom d'Assemblée Générale de l'Empire ottoman) se définissant comme représentant la voix du peuple et non celle de formations ou d'organisations politiques. Les premières élections du parlement se déroulent en mars 1877 ; le Parlement se réunit le 19 mars et siège jusqu'au 19 juin de la même année. La chambre basse compte alors 155 membres représentant l'ensemble des millets (communautés ethno-religieuses) de l'Empire. L'autre section du Parlement est le dont les membres sont désignés par le sultan. Il compte 26 membres qui remplacent l'institution de la Sublime Porte et font office de gouvernement de l'Empire, le Grand Vizir étant le président du Sénat. La seconde élection a lieu à la fin de 1877. Le Parlement se réunit le 13 décembre 1877, 69 députés étant issus de millets musulmans et 46 de millets des minorités: Juifs, Grecs ottomans, Arméniens.Mais il est suspendu par le sultan le 14 février 1878, le sultan Abdülhamid II n'appréciant pas les discours critiques des élus balkaniques lors de la guerre russo-turque de 1877-1878. Le Parlement ne sera plus réuni jusqu'à la révolution des Jeunes-Turcs et aux élections de novembre-décembre 1908 qui ouvrent la . (fr) La Prima era costituzionale (in turco Birinci Meşrutiyet Devri) dell'Impero Ottomano fu il periodo della monarchia costituzionale a partire dalla promulgazione della Costituzione ottomana del 1876 (Kanûn-ı Esâsî, che significa Legge fondamentale in turco ottomano), scritto da membri dei Giovani ottomani, che ebbe inizio il 23 dicembre 1876 e durò fino al 14 Febbraio 1878. Questi giovani ottomani erano insoddisfatti dal Tanzimat e spinsero invece per un governo costituzionale simile a quelli in Europa. Il periodo costituzionale iniziò con la detronizzazione del sultano Abdul Aziz. Abdul Hamid II prese il suo posto come Sultano. L'era si concluse con la sospensione del Parlamento ottomano e la costituzione del sultano Abdul Hamid II, con il quale ripristinò la propria monarchia assoluta. (it) |
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| rdfs:comment | المشروطية الأولى (بالتركية العثمانية: مشروطيت; بالتركية الحديثة: Birinci Meşrutiyet) شكل السُلطان العُثماني عبد الحميد الثاني لجنة باسم المجلس الخاص لتحضير وكتابة الدستور الأول للدولة، وأعلن هذا الدستور باسم القانون الأساسي في 23 ديسمبر 1876م وافتتح المجلس العمومي الذي يتكون من مجلس المبعوثان في 19 مارس 1877م. قام السُلطان بإحالة المجلس في 13 يونيو 1877م حتى إعلان المشروطية الثانية. (ar) La Prima era costituzionale (in turco Birinci Meşrutiyet Devri) dell'Impero Ottomano fu il periodo della monarchia costituzionale a partire dalla promulgazione della Costituzione ottomana del 1876 (Kanûn-ı Esâsî, che significa Legge fondamentale in turco ottomano), scritto da membri dei Giovani ottomani, che ebbe inizio il 23 dicembre 1876 e durò fino al 14 Febbraio 1878. Questi giovani ottomani erano insoddisfatti dal Tanzimat e spinsero invece per un governo costituzionale simile a quelli in Europa. Il periodo costituzionale iniziò con la detronizzazione del sultano Abdul Aziz. Abdul Hamid II prese il suo posto come Sultano. L'era si concluse con la sospensione del Parlamento ottomano e la costituzione del sultano Abdul Hamid II, con il quale ripristinò la propria monarchia assoluta. (it) První konstituční éra (osmanskou turečtinou: مشروطيت; turecky: Birinci Meşrutiyet Devri) bylo období, kdy se v Osmanské říši začal formovat princip konstituční monarchie. Bylo vyhlášeno Kanûn-ı Esâsî (Základní právo), které sepsali členové . Období začalo 23. prosince 1876 a trvalo do 14. února 1878. Tito Mladí Osmané nesouhlasili s Tanzimatem a žádali konstituční monarchii a vznik parlament, který by byl podobný evropskému modelu. Konstituční období započalo sesazení sultána Abdulazize z trůnu a dosazením Abdulhamida II. jako nového sultána. Období pak skončilo pozastavením parlamentu a Abdulhamid II. se znovu prohlásil za absolutního vládce. (cs) The First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Turkish: مشروطيت; Turkish: Birinci Meşrutiyet Devri) of the Ottoman Empire was the period of constitutional monarchy from the promulgation of the Ottoman constitution of 1876 (Kanûn-ı Esâsî, قانون اساسى, meaning 'Basic Law' or 'Fundamental Law' in Ottoman Turkish), written by members of the Young Ottomans, that began on 23 December 1876 and lasted until 14 February 1878. These Young Ottomans were dissatisfied by the Tanzimat and instead pushed for a constitutional government similar to that in Europe. The constitutional period started with the dethroning of Sultan Abdulaziz. Abdul Hamid II took his place as Sultan. The era ended with the suspension of the Ottoman Parliament and the constitution by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, with which he restored his own a (en) La Première période constitutionnelle (en Turc ottoman : مشروطيت , en Turc : Birinci Meşrutiyet ) de l'Empire ottoman est une période de monarchie constitutionnelle à la suite de la promulgation de la Constitution de l'Empire ottoman (appelée aussi Loi fondamentale ; en Turc : Kanûn-u Esâsî ), rédigée par les Jeunes-Ottomans et restée en vigueur du 23 novembre 1876 au 13 février 1878. Elle prend fin avec la suspension du Parlement ottoman par le sultan Abdülhamid II et la restauration de la monarchie absolue. (fr) |
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