Hardboiled (original) (raw)
Hardboiled (or hard-boiled) fiction is a literary genre that shares some of its characters and settings with crime fiction (especially detective fiction and noir fiction). The genre's typical protagonist is a detective who battles the violence of organized crime that flourished during Prohibition (1920–1933) and its aftermath, while dealing with a legal system that has become as corrupt as the organized crime itself. Rendered cynical by this cycle of violence, the detectives of hardboiled fiction are often antiheroes. Notable hardboiled detectives include Dick Tracy, Philip Marlowe, Mike Hammer, Sam Spade, Lew Archer, Slam Bradley, and The Continental Op.
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| dbo:abstract | Hardboiled (or hard-boiled) fiction is a literary genre that shares some of its characters and settings with crime fiction (especially detective fiction and noir fiction). The genre's typical protagonist is a detective who battles the violence of organized crime that flourished during Prohibition (1920–1933) and its aftermath, while dealing with a legal system that has become as corrupt as the organized crime itself. Rendered cynical by this cycle of violence, the detectives of hardboiled fiction are often antiheroes. Notable hardboiled detectives include Dick Tracy, Philip Marlowe, Mike Hammer, Sam Spade, Lew Archer, Slam Bradley, and The Continental Op. (en) Hardboiled o hard-boiled (inglés para hervido hasta endurecer) es un subgénero literario de la ficción policíaca y la ficción de explotación, asociado frecuentemente con géneros similares que derivan de la ficción criminal como la novela negra (subgénero del misterio que se relaciona con los detectives y el espionaje). El hardboiled se distingue de la novela negra por presentar una gran cantidad de escenarios en los que intervienen componentes truculentos como la extrema violencia, asesinatos y distintos contextos eróticos que normalmente derivan en el sexo explícito. El género del hardboiled se comienza a comercializar entre los años 1920 y 1930 en publicaciones sencillas destinadas al consumo popular, convirtiéndose así en un género de la literatura pulp dignificada como género literario, no como formato de impresión. El hardboiled se consagra como una variante de la novela negra y la ficción policíaca, que se distinguió por presentar temas lascivos relacionados con el crimen, la violencia y el sexo, bajo un argumento fantástico e irreal en el que participaban personajes relacionados con el crimen (resaltando la introducción de personajes que laboran como detectives, los cuales son frecuentemente los protagonistas y héroes de la historia). (es) Le hardboiled (ou hard-boiled, littéralement « dur à cuire ») est un sous-genre littéraire du roman policier d'origine américaine, dont l'âge d'or commence au début des années 1920 et se prolonge jusqu'aux années 1950. Il partage en particulier une grande partie de ses thèmes, personnages et décors avec le roman noir, dont il est le précurseur et avec lequel il se mélange et se confond parfois aujourd'hui. Le protagoniste typique du genre est un détective privé, un homme solitaire qui évolue dans l'espace urbain désincarné des villes nouvelles où il lutte contre la violence du crime organisé qui a prospéré pendant la prohibition américaine et la Grande Dépression, tout en faisant face à un système juridique qui est devenu aussi corrompu que le crime organisé lui-même. Rendus cyniques par cette violence et soumis aux nombreuses inégalités de l'époque, les détectives du genre sont souvent des antihéros. Les personnages les plus connus de cet univers sont les détectives Philip Marlowe, Mike Hammer, Sam Spade, Lew Archer et le Continental Op. (fr) Hardboiled (atau hard-boiled) adalah genre sastra yang memiliki beberapa karakter dan latar yang sama dengan genre fiksi kriminal (terutama cerita detektif). Protagonis khas genre ini adalah seorang detektif yang memerangi kekerasan kejahatan terorganisir yang berkembang selama Pelarangan di Amerika Serikat (1920-1933) dan setelahnya, sementara berurusan dengan sistem hukum yang telah menjadi sama korupnya dengan kejahatan terorganisir itu sendiri. Dianggap sinis oleh siklus kekerasan ini, para detektif fiksi keras seringkali menjadi antipahlawan. (in) ( 비디오 게임에 대해서는 문서를 참고하십시오.)( 음반에 대해서는 Hardboiled 문서를 참고하십시오.) 하드보일드 범죄소설은 1920년대 캐럴 존 데일리(Carroll John Daly)가 개척한 문학스타일로서 대실 해미트가 대중적인 길을 닦고, 1930년대 말부터는 레이먼드 챈들러가 더욱 정교하게 다듬었다. 공통적으로 탐정 스토리의 모습을 취하며, 범죄나 폭력, 섹스에 대해 이렇다 할 감정없이 무미건조한 묘사를 하는 것이 특징이다. 초창기부터 소위 펄프픽션(가장 유명한 것으로는 블랙마스크 Black Mask)과 떼려야 뗄 수 없는 관계였기 때문에 하드보일드파 소설은 질이 안 좋고 값이 싼 페이퍼백전문 출판사들이 주로 취급하였다. 그 결과 펄프픽션이란 말이 하드보일드 소설과 같은 의미로 쓰이기도 한다. 미국의 오리지널 하드보일드소설은 많은 작가들에 의해 발전했다. 체스터 하임스(Chester Himes), 미키 스필레인, 로스 맥도널드(Ross Macdonald), 존 D. 맥도널드(John D. MacDonald), 로버트 B. 파커(Robert B. Parker), 사라 파레츠키(Sara Paretsky), 수 그래프턴(Sue Grafton), 월터 모슬리(Walter Mosley) 등이 그들이다. 하드보일드라는 말은 계란을 완숙(hardboiled)하면 더 '딱딱해(tough)'지는 것에서 비롯되었다. 데일리가 만들어낸 형사들인 테리 맥(Terry Mack)과 레이스 윌리엄스(Race Williams)가 등장한 이래, 해미트의 (Sam Spade), 챈들러의 가 나타나 인기를 끌면서, 거만하면서도 쿨한 탐정 캐릭터의 전형을 확립하였다. (ko) L'espressione inglese hard boiled si riferisce a un genere letterario che trova le proprie radici nei romanzi di Dashiell Hammett verso la fine degli anni venti e che venne perfezionato da Raymond Chandler nei tardi anni trenta.Rientra nel genere poliziesco e si distingue dal giallo deduttivo per una rappresentazione realistica del crimine, della violenza e del sesso. (it) ハードボイルド（英語：hardboiled）は、文芸用語としては、暴力的・反道徳的な内容を、批判を加えず、客観的で簡潔な描写で記述する手法・文体をいう。ミステリの分野のうち、従来あった思索型の探偵に対して、行動的でハードボイルドな性格の探偵を登場させ、そういった探偵役の行動を描くことを主眼とした作風を表す用語として定着した。ハードボイルドは小説だけでなく、映画やテレビドラマなどの媒体における、スパイもの、ギャングものなどでも表現された。映画ではアラン・ドロン、チャールズ・ブロンソン、クリント・イーストウッドらの出演作に、ハードボイルド作品が含まれている。 (ja) Hard-boiled is een in de jaren twintig en dertig populair geworden literair genre uit de VS dat verwant is aan de detective en andere misdaadverhalen. Het verschilt van vroegere Engelse mysteryverhalen door zijn onsentimentele, naturalistisch-realistische toon, de meer expliciete erotiek, het geweld, de overwegend stedelijke setting en de snelle dialogen in de omgangstaal. (nl) Czarny kryminał – gatunek literacki, który zalicza się do nurtu powieści kryminalnej, w szczególności do powieści detektywistycznej. Akcja rozgrywa się w tych samych sceneriach. Proza czarnego kryminału, pomimo iż wywodzi się z romantyzmu wynoszącego na pierwszy plan lęk, przerażenie, zgrozę i niesamowitość, odbiega od tej tradycji literackiej poprzez cyniczną postawę bohatera w stosunku do przeżywanych tychże emocji. Cynizm pokazywany jest poprzez wewnętrzne monologi opisujące czytelnikowi (albo widzowi) czyny i uczucia głównej postaci. Typowym protagonistą gatunku jest detektyw będący w czasach prohibicji świadkiem codziennych, pełnych przemocy działań przestępczości zorganizowanej. Jej rozkwitu nie może powstrzymać system prawny, skorumpowany równie mocno jak mafia z którą walczy. Z powodu swojego wyrachowania, powstałego w wyniku eskalacji przemocy, detektywi prozy hardboiled klasyfikowani są jako antybohaterowie. (pl) Крутой детектив (англ. hardboiled, букв. «круто сваренный») — литературный жанр, схожий во многом с детективом и криминальным романом. Характерным для данного жанра является главный герой — детектив, который становится свидетелем насилия, творившегося со стороны организованной преступности в годы сухого закона в США, и бездействия со стороны коррумпированных правоохранительных органов, вследствие чего он решается сам вершить правосудие, становясь своеобразным антигероем. Наиболее известными героями подобных детективов стали Филип Марлоу, Майк Хаммер, Сэм Спейд, Лью Арчер и сотрудник агентства «Континенталь». (ru) Hårdkokt (engelska: hard-boiled) är ett begrepp som dels avser en litterär stil som framför allt förekommer inom deckargenren, dels en egen undergrupp av litterära verk inom samma genre. Begreppet kan även beskriva en litterär karaktär eller en författare. Ordet betyder tuff eller känslokall i svenskan. Den hårdkokta skolan utvecklades inom amerikansk litteratur, med början hos deckarförfattare som Dashiell Hammett på 1920-talet och med senare efterföljare i bland andra Raymond Chandler och Ernest Hemingway. Stilen kännetecknas av osentimentala skildringar av brottslighet, våld och sexualitet, uttryckt med litoteser och kyliga kommentarer. Begreppet är direktöversatt från amerikansk engelska och är belagt i svenska språket med betydelsen tuff och känslokall. Typiskt för hårdkokt litteratur är även att den består av korta meningar och att det är brist på känslor i handlingen. Den hårdkokta deckargenren kan ses som en reaktion på eller motsats till pusseldeckaren. Till skillnad från den mjuka pusseldetektiven brukar den hårdkokta deckaren ta itu med mer realistiska problem som våld, korruption, social utsatthet eller personlig involvering i brott. Inom filmkonsten kan film noir sägas vara en motsvarighet till hårdkokta litterära deckare. I många språk används även termen roman noir. (sv) 冷硬派（英語：Hardboiled）是一種文學形式，起源於1920年代禁酒令時期的美國，至今已發展為豐富多產的風格體系，形成一種全球性的推理小說子類型，並啟發了後來盛行於好萊塢的「黑色電影」。中文的冷硬派譯自英文「Hard-boiled」，原指煮透的水煮蛋，第一次世界大戰後用於形容歷經滄桑而性格轉變的退伍軍人，後來涵義擴展為內心帶有傷痕的硬漢和以之為主角的文學體裁。 典型的冷硬派故事以感傷的筆觸、機鋒的對白等文學性為基底，背景大多發生在犯罪猖獗、政治腐敗、司法不公、官商勾結、經濟蕭條、階級壓迫的城市邊緣和社會底層。主角通常是性格孤僻、憤世嫉俗、生活潦倒、沉迷菸酒，但卻鐵漢柔情、內心正直嚴肅、堅守原則、富有道德與信念、具浪漫色彩和高度理想化特質的偵探，隻身面對腐敗的黑幫、財團、豪門、官僚、政客、警察等強大黑暗勢力。 古典冷硬派作品藉由此種崩解或衰頹的社會秩序、以及孤獨的薛西弗斯式反英雄主角，反映出當時「扒糞運動」之下、美國夢的繁榮表象破滅後墮落傾頹的社會圖像，描繪其中個體所面臨的幻滅、沉淪、死亡、掙扎與救贖，與推理小說黃金時期的柯南·道爾、G·K·卻斯特頓、阿嘉莎·克莉絲蒂等古典解謎派分道揚鑣，一反純淨優雅的英式風格和中產階級價值觀，強調血腥暴力、好勇鬥狠、縱情聲色的黑色美學，成為推理文學史上另闢蹊徑的創新。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | Hardboiled (or hard-boiled) fiction is a literary genre that shares some of its characters and settings with crime fiction (especially detective fiction and noir fiction). The genre's typical protagonist is a detective who battles the violence of organized crime that flourished during Prohibition (1920–1933) and its aftermath, while dealing with a legal system that has become as corrupt as the organized crime itself. Rendered cynical by this cycle of violence, the detectives of hardboiled fiction are often antiheroes. Notable hardboiled detectives include Dick Tracy, Philip Marlowe, Mike Hammer, Sam Spade, Lew Archer, Slam Bradley, and The Continental Op. (en) Hardboiled (atau hard-boiled) adalah genre sastra yang memiliki beberapa karakter dan latar yang sama dengan genre fiksi kriminal (terutama cerita detektif). Protagonis khas genre ini adalah seorang detektif yang memerangi kekerasan kejahatan terorganisir yang berkembang selama Pelarangan di Amerika Serikat (1920-1933) dan setelahnya, sementara berurusan dengan sistem hukum yang telah menjadi sama korupnya dengan kejahatan terorganisir itu sendiri. Dianggap sinis oleh siklus kekerasan ini, para detektif fiksi keras seringkali menjadi antipahlawan. (in) L'espressione inglese hard boiled si riferisce a un genere letterario che trova le proprie radici nei romanzi di Dashiell Hammett verso la fine degli anni venti e che venne perfezionato da Raymond Chandler nei tardi anni trenta.Rientra nel genere poliziesco e si distingue dal giallo deduttivo per una rappresentazione realistica del crimine, della violenza e del sesso. (it) ハードボイルド（英語：hardboiled）は、文芸用語としては、暴力的・反道徳的な内容を、批判を加えず、客観的で簡潔な描写で記述する手法・文体をいう。ミステリの分野のうち、従来あった思索型の探偵に対して、行動的でハードボイルドな性格の探偵を登場させ、そういった探偵役の行動を描くことを主眼とした作風を表す用語として定着した。ハードボイルドは小説だけでなく、映画やテレビドラマなどの媒体における、スパイもの、ギャングものなどでも表現された。映画ではアラン・ドロン、チャールズ・ブロンソン、クリント・イーストウッドらの出演作に、ハードボイルド作品が含まれている。 (ja) Hard-boiled is een in de jaren twintig en dertig populair geworden literair genre uit de VS dat verwant is aan de detective en andere misdaadverhalen. Het verschilt van vroegere Engelse mysteryverhalen door zijn onsentimentele, naturalistisch-realistische toon, de meer expliciete erotiek, het geweld, de overwegend stedelijke setting en de snelle dialogen in de omgangstaal. (nl) Крутой детектив (англ. hardboiled, букв. «круто сваренный») — литературный жанр, схожий во многом с детективом и криминальным романом. Характерным для данного жанра является главный герой — детектив, который становится свидетелем насилия, творившегося со стороны организованной преступности в годы сухого закона в США, и бездействия со стороны коррумпированных правоохранительных органов, вследствие чего он решается сам вершить правосудие, становясь своеобразным антигероем. Наиболее известными героями подобных детективов стали Филип Марлоу, Майк Хаммер, Сэм Спейд, Лью Арчер и сотрудник агентства «Континенталь». (ru) 冷硬派（英語：Hardboiled）是一種文學形式，起源於1920年代禁酒令時期的美國，至今已發展為豐富多產的風格體系，形成一種全球性的推理小說子類型，並啟發了後來盛行於好萊塢的「黑色電影」。中文的冷硬派譯自英文「Hard-boiled」，原指煮透的水煮蛋，第一次世界大戰後用於形容歷經滄桑而性格轉變的退伍軍人，後來涵義擴展為內心帶有傷痕的硬漢和以之為主角的文學體裁。 典型的冷硬派故事以感傷的筆觸、機鋒的對白等文學性為基底，背景大多發生在犯罪猖獗、政治腐敗、司法不公、官商勾結、經濟蕭條、階級壓迫的城市邊緣和社會底層。主角通常是性格孤僻、憤世嫉俗、生活潦倒、沉迷菸酒，但卻鐵漢柔情、內心正直嚴肅、堅守原則、富有道德與信念、具浪漫色彩和高度理想化特質的偵探，隻身面對腐敗的黑幫、財團、豪門、官僚、政客、警察等強大黑暗勢力。 古典冷硬派作品藉由此種崩解或衰頹的社會秩序、以及孤獨的薛西弗斯式反英雄主角，反映出當時「扒糞運動」之下、美國夢的繁榮表象破滅後墮落傾頹的社會圖像，描繪其中個體所面臨的幻滅、沉淪、死亡、掙扎與救贖，與推理小說黃金時期的柯南·道爾、G·K·卻斯特頓、阿嘉莎·克莉絲蒂等古典解謎派分道揚鑣，一反純淨優雅的英式風格和中產階級價值觀，強調血腥暴力、好勇鬥狠、縱情聲色的黑色美學，成為推理文學史上另闢蹊徑的創新。 (zh) Hardboiled o hard-boiled (inglés para hervido hasta endurecer) es un subgénero literario de la ficción policíaca y la ficción de explotación, asociado frecuentemente con géneros similares que derivan de la ficción criminal como la novela negra (subgénero del misterio que se relaciona con los detectives y el espionaje). El hardboiled se distingue de la novela negra por presentar una gran cantidad de escenarios en los que intervienen componentes truculentos como la extrema violencia, asesinatos y distintos contextos eróticos que normalmente derivan en el sexo explícito. (es) Le hardboiled (ou hard-boiled, littéralement « dur à cuire ») est un sous-genre littéraire du roman policier d'origine américaine, dont l'âge d'or commence au début des années 1920 et se prolonge jusqu'aux années 1950. Il partage en particulier une grande partie de ses thèmes, personnages et décors avec le roman noir, dont il est le précurseur et avec lequel il se mélange et se confond parfois aujourd'hui. (fr) ( 비디오 게임에 대해서는 문서를 참고하십시오.)( 음반에 대해서는 Hardboiled 문서를 참고하십시오.) 하드보일드 범죄소설은 1920년대 캐럴 존 데일리(Carroll John Daly)가 개척한 문학스타일로서 대실 해미트가 대중적인 길을 닦고, 1930년대 말부터는 레이먼드 챈들러가 더욱 정교하게 다듬었다. 공통적으로 탐정 스토리의 모습을 취하며, 범죄나 폭력, 섹스에 대해 이렇다 할 감정없이 무미건조한 묘사를 하는 것이 특징이다. 초창기부터 소위 펄프픽션(가장 유명한 것으로는 블랙마스크 Black Mask)과 떼려야 뗄 수 없는 관계였기 때문에 하드보일드파 소설은 질이 안 좋고 값이 싼 페이퍼백전문 출판사들이 주로 취급하였다. 그 결과 펄프픽션이란 말이 하드보일드 소설과 같은 의미로 쓰이기도 한다. 미국의 오리지널 하드보일드소설은 많은 작가들에 의해 발전했다. 체스터 하임스(Chester Himes), 미키 스필레인, 로스 맥도널드(Ross Macdonald), 존 D. 맥도널드(John D. MacDonald), 로버트 B. 파커(Robert B. Parker), 사라 파레츠키(Sara Paretsky), 수 그래프턴(Sue Grafton), 월터 모슬리(Walter Mosley) 등이 그들이다. (ko) Czarny kryminał – gatunek literacki, który zalicza się do nurtu powieści kryminalnej, w szczególności do powieści detektywistycznej. Akcja rozgrywa się w tych samych sceneriach. Proza czarnego kryminału, pomimo iż wywodzi się z romantyzmu wynoszącego na pierwszy plan lęk, przerażenie, zgrozę i niesamowitość, odbiega od tej tradycji literackiej poprzez cyniczną postawę bohatera w stosunku do przeżywanych tychże emocji. Cynizm pokazywany jest poprzez wewnętrzne monologi opisujące czytelnikowi (albo widzowi) czyny i uczucia głównej postaci. Typowym protagonistą gatunku jest detektyw będący w czasach prohibicji świadkiem codziennych, pełnych przemocy działań przestępczości zorganizowanej. Jej rozkwitu nie może powstrzymać system prawny, skorumpowany równie mocno jak mafia z którą walczy. Z pow (pl) Hårdkokt (engelska: hard-boiled) är ett begrepp som dels avser en litterär stil som framför allt förekommer inom deckargenren, dels en egen undergrupp av litterära verk inom samma genre. Begreppet kan även beskriva en litterär karaktär eller en författare. Ordet betyder tuff eller känslokall i svenskan. Begreppet är direktöversatt från amerikansk engelska och är belagt i svenska språket med betydelsen tuff och känslokall. Typiskt för hårdkokt litteratur är även att den består av korta meningar och att det är brist på känslor i handlingen. (sv) |
| rdfs:label | Hardboiled (en) Hardboiled (el) Hard boiled (es) Hardboiled (in) Hard boiled (it) Hardboiled (roman policier) (fr) ハードボイルド (ja) 하드보일드 (ko) Hard-boiled (nl) Czarny kryminał (pl) Крутой детектив (ru) Hårdkokt (sv) 冷硬派 (zh) |
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