History of early modern period domes (original) (raw)

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Las cúpulas construidas en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII se basaron principalmente en el uso de técnicas empíricas y de tradiciones orales en lugar de en los tratados arquitectónicos de la época, aunque el estudio de las estructuras de las cúpulas cambió radicalmente debido a los avances en las matemáticas y por el estudio de la estática. Se desarrollaron enfoques analíticos y se debatió la forma ideal para una cúpula, pero esos enfoques a menudo se consideraron demasiado teóricos para ser utilizados en la construcción.

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dbo:abstract Las cúpulas construidas en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII se basaron principalmente en el uso de técnicas empíricas y de tradiciones orales en lugar de en los tratados arquitectónicos de la época, aunque el estudio de las estructuras de las cúpulas cambió radicalmente debido a los avances en las matemáticas y por el estudio de la estática. Se desarrollaron enfoques analíticos y se debatió la forma ideal para una cúpula, pero esos enfoques a menudo se consideraron demasiado teóricos para ser utilizados en la construcción. A lo largo del siglo XVI el empleo de las bóvedas de crucería góticas había ido siendo sustituido por una combinación de abovedamientos de cañón y cúpulas estilo renacentista. El uso de torres de linterna, o cimborrios, que ocultaban los perfiles de las cúpulas en el exterior, fue disminuyendo en Italia a medida que aumentaba el uso de tambores con ventanas horadadas bajo las cúpulas, lo que entrañaba nuevas dificultades estructurales. La difusión de esas cúpulas fuera de Italia comenzó en Europa central, aunque a menudo con un retraso estilístico de uno o dos siglos. Una innovación de esta época fue el uso de cúpulas ovaladas, que se extendió rápidamente por Italia, España, Francia y Europa central y que se convertiría en una característica de la arquitectura de la Contrarreforma en estilo barroco. Se utilizaron agujas de varios pisos con cúpulas bulbosas truncadas que sostenían cúpulas o coronas más pequeñas en la parte superior de importantes agujas del siglo XVI, comenzando en los Países Bajos. Las cúpulas de las tradicionales se utilizaron en cientos de iglesias de madera ortodoxas y uniatas de los siglos XVII y XVIII y las mezquitas de madera tártaras en Polonia eran estructuras de planta central abovedadas con minaretes adyacentes. La cúpula de cebolla completamente desarrollada fue notable en Praga a mediados del siglo XVI y apareció ampliamente en las residencias reales. Las cúpulas bulbosas se hicieron populares en el centro y sur de Alemania y en Austria en los siglos XVII y XVIII, e influyeron en las de Polonia y Europa del Este en el período barroco. Sin embargo, muchas cúpulas bulbosas en las ciudades más grandes de Europa oriental fueron reemplazadas durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII a favor de cúpulas semiesféricas o sobre pilastras en los estilos francés o italiano. Solo unos pocos ejemplos de iglesias con cúpula del siglo XVI sobreviven de la colonización española de México. Una técnica antisísmica para la construcción llamada quincha se adaptó de la práctica peruana local para las cúpulas y se adoptó universalmente a lo largo de la costa peruana. Una técnica ligera similar se utilizó en el este de Sicilia después de los terremotos de los siglos XVII y XVIII. Aunque nunca fueron muy populares en entornos domésticos, las cúpulas se utilizaron en varias casas del siglo XVIII construidas en estilo neoclásico. En los Estados Unidos, se utilizaron pequeñas cúpulas para distinguir los edificios públicos de las residencias privadas. Después de que se eligiera un diseño cupulado para el Capitolio nacional, varios estados agregaron cúpulas prominentes a sus edificios de las asambleas. Este artículo no quiere ser solo el análisis de los avances técnicos y compositivos en la construcción de las cúpulas y también pretende recoger como era usado este elemento arquitectónico. Por ellos aparecerán muchas cúpulas que no han desempeñado ningún papel en la historia de la arquitectura ni de las estructuras, y que tampoco tienen entidad ni dimensiones monumentales, pero que reflejan como eran usadas a lo largo de estos tres siglos en los diferentes lugares que se estudian. (es) Domes built in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries relied primarily on empirical techniques and oral traditions rather than the architectural treatises of the time, but the study of dome structures changed radically due to developments in mathematics and the study of statics. Analytical approaches were developed and the ideal shape for a dome was debated, but these approaches were often considered too theoretical to be used in construction. The Gothic ribbed vault was displaced with a combination of dome and barrel vaults in the Renaissance style throughout the sixteenth century. The use of lantern towers, or timburios, which hid dome profiles on the exterior declined in Italy as the use of windowed drums beneath domes increased, which introduced new structural difficulties. The spread of domes in this style outside of Italy began with central Europe, although there was often a stylistic delay of a century or two. Use of the oval dome spread quickly through Italy, Spain, France, and central Europe and would become characteristic of Counter-Reformation architecture in the Baroque style. Multi-story spires with truncated bulbous cupolas supporting smaller cupolas or crowns were used at the top of important sixteenth-century spires, beginning in the Netherlands. Traditional Orthodox church domes were used in hundreds of Orthodox and Uniate wooden churches in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and Tatar wooden mosques in Poland were domed central plan structures with adjacent minarets. The fully developed onion dome was prominent in Prague by the middle of the sixteenth century and appeared widely on royal residences. Bulbous domes became popular in central and southern Germany and in Austria in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and influenced those in Poland and Eastern Europe in the Baroque period. However, many bulbous domes in the larger cities of eastern Europe were replaced during the second half of the eighteenth century in favor of hemispherical or stilted cupolas in the French or Italian styles. Only a few examples of domed churches from the 16th century survive from the Spanish colonization of Mexico. An anti-seismic technique for building called quincha was adapted from local Peruvian practice for domes and became universally adopted along the Peruvian coast. A similar lightweight technique was used in eastern Sicily after earthquakes struck in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Although never very popular in domestic settings, domes were used in a number of 18th century homes built in the Neoclassical style. In the United States, small cupolas were used to distinguish public buildings from private residences. After a domed design was chosen for the national capitol, several states added prominent domes to their assembly buildings. (en)
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dbp:cs1Dates ly (en)
dbp:date September 2022 (en)
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rdfs:comment Las cúpulas construidas en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII se basaron principalmente en el uso de técnicas empíricas y de tradiciones orales en lugar de en los tratados arquitectónicos de la época, aunque el estudio de las estructuras de las cúpulas cambió radicalmente debido a los avances en las matemáticas y por el estudio de la estática. Se desarrollaron enfoques analíticos y se debatió la forma ideal para una cúpula, pero esos enfoques a menudo se consideraron demasiado teóricos para ser utilizados en la construcción. (es) Domes built in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries relied primarily on empirical techniques and oral traditions rather than the architectural treatises of the time, but the study of dome structures changed radically due to developments in mathematics and the study of statics. Analytical approaches were developed and the ideal shape for a dome was debated, but these approaches were often considered too theoretical to be used in construction. (en)
rdfs:label Historia de las cúpulas del período moderno temprano (es) History of early modern period domes (en)
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