| dbo:abstract |
حديقة كثبان إنديانا الوطنية (بالإنجليزية: Indiana Dunes National Park) هي حديقة وطنية بالولايات المتحدة تقع في شمال غرب إنديانا تديرها إدارة المتنزهات الوطنية. تم إنشائها من قبل الكونغرس في عام 1966 باعتبارها بحيرة وطنية وأعيد وصفها كحديقة وطنية رقم 61 في البلاد في 15 فبراير 2019. تمتد الحديقة لمسافة 20 ميلاً (32 كم) على طول الشاطئ الجنوبي لبحيرة ميشيغان و تغطي 15,349 فدانًا (6,212 هكتارًا). على طول واجهة البحيرة تقع المنطقة الشرقية تقريبًا على شاطئ البحيرة جنوبًا بين مدينة ميشيغان في الشرق ومصنع كليفلاند كليفس للصلب في الغرب. (ar) Der Indiana-Dunes-Nationalpark (bis 2019 Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore) ist ein Nationalpark im Norden des Bundesstaats Indiana in den Vereinigten Staaten. Der am 15. Februar 2019 gegründete Park schützt eine Fläche von fast 61 km² an der Südküste des Lake Michigan. (de) Indiana Dunes National Park is a United States national park located in northwestern Indiana managed by the National Park Service. It was authorized by Congress in 1966 as the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and was redesignated as the nation's 61st national park on February 15, 2019. The park runs for about 20 miles (32 km) along the southern shore of Lake Michigan and covers 15,349 acres (6,212 ha). Along the lakefront, the eastern area is roughly the lake shore south to U.S. 12 or U.S. 20 between Michigan City, Indiana, on the east and the Cleveland-Cliffs steel plant on the west. A small extension south of the steel mill continues west along Salt Creek to Indiana 249. The western area is roughly the shoreline south to U.S. 12 between the Burns Ditch west to Broadway in downtown Gary, Indiana. In addition, there are several outlying areas, including Pinhook Bog, in LaPorte County to the east; the Heron Rookery in Porter County, the center of the park; and the Calumet Prairie State Nature Preserve and the Hobart Prairie Grove, both in Lake County, the western end of the park. (en) Le parc national des Indiana Dunes (anglais : Indiana Dunes National Park) est une aire protégée américaine située sur les bords du lac Michigan, en Indiana. Créé le 15 février 2019, ce parc national protégeant 60,97 km2 dans les comtés de Lake, LaPorte et Porter remplace l'Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore créé dès le 5 novembre 1966. Il s'agit du 61ème parc national du pays et du premier dans l'Indiana. Il accueille en moyenne 2 millions de visiteurs chaque année. (fr) Indiana Dunes is een nationaal park in Indiana in de Verenigde Staten. Het werd opgericht in 2019, als eerste nationale park in de staat Indiana. Het park ligt in een strook van zo'n veertig kilometer aan de oevers van Lake Michigan. Het park omvat zandstranden, duinen, moerassen, bossen, riviertjes en weides. In het park leven zo'n 350 verschillende vogelsoorten waaronder Canadese ganzen, kalkoengieren, haviken, meeuwen en reigers. Er leven onder andere ook witstaartherten, rode vossen, eekhoorns, konijnen, en buidelratten. In het nationale park bevinden zich verschillende historische monumenten (Bailly Homestead, Florida Tropical House, Cellberg Farm). (nl) Il Parco nazionale delle dune dell'Indiana (in inglese Indiana Dunes National Park) è un parco nazionale degli Stati Uniti d'America situato nel nordovest dello stato dell'Indiana, gestito dal National Park Service. Inizialmente istituito dal Congresso nel 1966 come Lungolago nazionale delle dune dell'Induana (Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore) fino alla designazione quale 61º parco nazionale nel 2019, l'area protetta si estende per quasi 25 miglia (40 km) lungo la sponda meridionale del lago Michigan, su una superficie di circa 15 000 acri (6 100 ha). La sede del parco e il suo centro per visitatori si trova a Porter. Nel parco sono presenti dune di sabbia, zone umide, praterie, fiumi e foreste. (it) Park Narodowy Indiana Dunes (ang. Indiana Dunes National Park) – park narodowy w stanie Indiana w USA, położony 80 km na południowy wschód od Chicago na wydmach jeziora Michigan, wzdłuż jego południowego brzegu, pomiędzy Michigan City na wschodzie i Gary na zachodzie. Zarządzany jest przez National Park Service, agencję która zarządza również parkami narodowymi w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Powstał w 1966 roku jako odpowiedź na nasilającą się industrializację okolic jeziora. Podstawowe informacje: * długość - 40 km * powierzchnia - 60 km² * 37 gatunków ssaków (największym roślinożercą jest jeleń wirginijski, a największym drapieżnikiem jest kojot) * 337 gatunków ptaków (113 gniazdujących) * 18 gatunków płazów * 27 gatunków gadów * liczne bezkręgowce (na razie zidentyfikowano 100 gatunków motyli i ciem oraz 60 ważek) * 1130 rodzimych roślin naczyniowych Wydmy są stabilne, porośnięte roślinnością różnych stadiów sukcesji. Do najważniejszych roślin stabilizujących należą: piaskownica krótkoszyjkowa, wiśnia karłowata i topola biała. Dzięki tym roślinom wydmy osiągają wysokość nawet 50 metrów.W miarę oddalania się od brzegu występują rośliny późniejszych stadiów sukcesji: sosna Banksa, mącznica, sosna wejmutka, jałowiec wirginijski - porastają one wydmy stare, w głębi lądu. Obszar obecnego parku i terenów przyległych, a także samego jeziora, był 9 milionów lat temu płaskowyżem wapiennym, powstałym z osadów dennych znajdującego się tutaj wcześniej morza. Po ustąpieniu morza płaskowyż stał się areną działań erozji wodnej i atmosferycznej. W miejscu, gdzie dziś znajduje się jezioro, kiedyś płynęła jedna z głównych rzek płaskowyżu. Do powstania jeziora doprowadziła działalność lodowca (późny plejstocen: Wisconsin). Wydmy powstały w wyniku działania silnych wiatrów północnych. (pl) 印第安納沙丘國家公園（英語：Indiana Dunes National Park），是美國印第安納州北部的一個國家公園，於2019年2月15日由國家湖岸升格而成，為美國第61座國家公園。公園沿密西根湖湖岸25英里（40公里），占地約15,000英畝（6,100公頃）。遊客中心位於鄰近城市。公園本身以沙丘、濕地、草原、河流、與森林生態系為主要保護對象。 印第安納沙丘國家公園與旁邊的印第安納沙丘州立公園互不隸屬。印第安納沙丘國家公園由美國國家公園管理局直接管轄，印第安納沙丘州立公園則由印第安納州州政府相關環境保護單位管轄。 (zh) |
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http://www.dunesnationalpark.org/ http://www.in.gov/dnr/parklake/2980.htm https://www.nps.gov/indu/ http://www.nps.gov/indu https://web.archive.org/web/20080316031446/http:/www.state.in.us/dnr/naturepr/npdirectory/preserves/dunes.html |
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حديقة كثبان إنديانا الوطنية (بالإنجليزية: Indiana Dunes National Park) هي حديقة وطنية بالولايات المتحدة تقع في شمال غرب إنديانا تديرها إدارة المتنزهات الوطنية. تم إنشائها من قبل الكونغرس في عام 1966 باعتبارها بحيرة وطنية وأعيد وصفها كحديقة وطنية رقم 61 في البلاد في 15 فبراير 2019. تمتد الحديقة لمسافة 20 ميلاً (32 كم) على طول الشاطئ الجنوبي لبحيرة ميشيغان و تغطي 15,349 فدانًا (6,212 هكتارًا). على طول واجهة البحيرة تقع المنطقة الشرقية تقريبًا على شاطئ البحيرة جنوبًا بين مدينة ميشيغان في الشرق ومصنع كليفلاند كليفس للصلب في الغرب. (ar) Der Indiana-Dunes-Nationalpark (bis 2019 Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore) ist ein Nationalpark im Norden des Bundesstaats Indiana in den Vereinigten Staaten. Der am 15. Februar 2019 gegründete Park schützt eine Fläche von fast 61 km² an der Südküste des Lake Michigan. (de) Le parc national des Indiana Dunes (anglais : Indiana Dunes National Park) est une aire protégée américaine située sur les bords du lac Michigan, en Indiana. Créé le 15 février 2019, ce parc national protégeant 60,97 km2 dans les comtés de Lake, LaPorte et Porter remplace l'Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore créé dès le 5 novembre 1966. Il s'agit du 61ème parc national du pays et du premier dans l'Indiana. Il accueille en moyenne 2 millions de visiteurs chaque année. (fr) Indiana Dunes is een nationaal park in Indiana in de Verenigde Staten. Het werd opgericht in 2019, als eerste nationale park in de staat Indiana. Het park ligt in een strook van zo'n veertig kilometer aan de oevers van Lake Michigan. Het park omvat zandstranden, duinen, moerassen, bossen, riviertjes en weides. In het park leven zo'n 350 verschillende vogelsoorten waaronder Canadese ganzen, kalkoengieren, haviken, meeuwen en reigers. Er leven onder andere ook witstaartherten, rode vossen, eekhoorns, konijnen, en buidelratten. In het nationale park bevinden zich verschillende historische monumenten (Bailly Homestead, Florida Tropical House, Cellberg Farm). (nl) 印第安納沙丘國家公園（英語：Indiana Dunes National Park），是美國印第安納州北部的一個國家公園，於2019年2月15日由國家湖岸升格而成，為美國第61座國家公園。公園沿密西根湖湖岸25英里（40公里），占地約15,000英畝（6,100公頃）。遊客中心位於鄰近城市。公園本身以沙丘、濕地、草原、河流、與森林生態系為主要保護對象。 印第安納沙丘國家公園與旁邊的印第安納沙丘州立公園互不隸屬。印第安納沙丘國家公園由美國國家公園管理局直接管轄，印第安納沙丘州立公園則由印第安納州州政府相關環境保護單位管轄。 (zh) Indiana Dunes National Park is a United States national park located in northwestern Indiana managed by the National Park Service. It was authorized by Congress in 1966 as the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and was redesignated as the nation's 61st national park on February 15, 2019. The park runs for about 20 miles (32 km) along the southern shore of Lake Michigan and covers 15,349 acres (6,212 ha). Along the lakefront, the eastern area is roughly the lake shore south to U.S. 12 or U.S. 20 between Michigan City, Indiana, on the east and the Cleveland-Cliffs steel plant on the west. A small extension south of the steel mill continues west along Salt Creek to Indiana 249. The western area is roughly the shoreline south to U.S. 12 between the Burns Ditch west to Broadway in downtown Gary, (en) Il Parco nazionale delle dune dell'Indiana (in inglese Indiana Dunes National Park) è un parco nazionale degli Stati Uniti d'America situato nel nordovest dello stato dell'Indiana, gestito dal National Park Service. (it) Park Narodowy Indiana Dunes (ang. Indiana Dunes National Park) – park narodowy w stanie Indiana w USA, położony 80 km na południowy wschód od Chicago na wydmach jeziora Michigan, wzdłuż jego południowego brzegu, pomiędzy Michigan City na wschodzie i Gary na zachodzie. Zarządzany jest przez National Park Service, agencję która zarządza również parkami narodowymi w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Powstał w 1966 roku jako odpowiedź na nasilającą się industrializację okolic jeziora. Podstawowe informacje: (pl) |
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