John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (original) (raw)
John de Mowbray (12 septembre 1415 – 6 novembre 1461), 3e duc de Norfolk, est un noble anglais, qui joue un rôle important dans la guerre des Deux-Roses.
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| dbo:abstract | John Mowbray, 3. Duke of Norfolk KG (* 12. September 1415; † 6. November 1461) war ein englischer Adliger. Seine Eltern waren John Mowbray, 2. Duke of Norfolk (1392–1432), und dessen Ehefrau, Katherine Neville, Tochter von Ralph Neville, 1. Earl of Westmorland, und von dessen Ehefrau Joan Beaufort. Beim Tode seines Vaters 1432 übernahm er dessen Titel sowie den Titel des Earl Marshals von England. John war mit Eleanor Bourchier, Tochter von William Bourchier, 1. Count of Eu, und von dessen Ehefrau Anne of Gloucester, Countess of Buckingham, verheiratet. Der Ehe entstammt ein Sohn, John, der nach dem Tode seines Vaters dessen Erbe antrat. John vollzog in den Rosenkriegen mehrere politische Wendungen. Zunächst unterstützte er das Haus York und dessen Vertreter, Richard Plantagenet, 3. Duke of York. 1459, nach der Schlacht von Ludlow, schwor er Heinrich VI. aus dem Haus Lancaster Treue, um kurz danach wieder zur Seite Yorks überzulaufen. Auch nach dem Tod Yorks 1460 blieb er dessen Sohn Eduard, Earl of March und nun 4. Duke of York, treu und kämpfte für York in der verlorenen Zweiten Schlacht von St Albans. Am 29. März 1461 entschied Johns Erscheinen während der bis dahin unentschiedenen Schlacht von Towton jedoch den Kampf für York. Er war einer der Adligen, die schließlich den jungen York aufforderten, die Englische Königskrone anzunehmen und spielte bei dessen Krönung am 28. Juni 1461 als Marschall Englands eine wichtige zeremonielle Rolle. (de) John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, KG, Earl Marshal (12 September 1415 – 6 November 1461) was a fifteenth-century English magnate who, despite having a relatively short political career, played a significant role in the early years of the Wars of the Roses. Mowbray was born in 1415, the only son and heir of John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, and Katherine Neville. He inherited his titles upon his father's death in 1432. As a minor he became a ward of King Henry VI and was placed under the protection of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, alongside whom Mowbray would later campaign in France. He seems to have had an unruly and rebellious youth. Although the details of his misconduct are unknown, they were severe enough for the King to place strictures upon him and separate him from his followers. Mowbray's early career was spent in the military, where he held the wartime office of Earl Marshal. Later he led the defence of England's possessions in Normandy during the Hundred Years' War. He fought in Calais in 1436, and during 1437–38 served as warden of the east march on the Anglo-Scottish border, before returning to Calais. Mowbray's marriage to Eleanor Bourchier in the early 1430s drew him into the highly partisan and complex politics of East Anglia, and he became the bitter rival of William de la Pole, Earl (later Duke) of Suffolk. Mowbray prosecuted his feuds with vigour, often taking the law into his own hands. This often violent approach drew the disapproving attention of the Crown, and he was bound over for massive sums and imprisoned twice in the Tower of London. His enemies, particularly de la Pole, also resorted to violent tactics. As a result, the local gentry looked to Mowbray for leadership, but often in vain; De la Pole was a powerful local force and a favourite of the King, while Mowbray was neither. As law and order collapsed in eastern England, national politics became increasingly factional, with popular revolts against the King's councillors. Richard, Duke of York, who by the 1450s felt excluded from government, grew belligerent. He rebelled twice, and both times Mowbray defended King Henry. Eventually, Mowbray drifted towards York, with whom he shared enmity towards de la Pole. For much of the decade, Mowbray was able to evade direct involvement in the fractious political climate, and aligned with York early in 1460 until York's death later that year. In March 1461, Mowbray was instrumental in Edward's victory at the Battle of Towton, bringing reinforcements late in the combat. He was rewarded by the new regime but did not live to enjoy it. He died in November 1461, and was succeeded as Duke of Norfolk by his only son, John. (en) John de Mowbray (12 septembre 1415 – 6 novembre 1461), 3e duc de Norfolk, est un noble anglais, qui joue un rôle important dans la guerre des Deux-Roses. (fr) 第3代ノーフォーク公ジョン・モウブレー（John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, 1415年9月12日 - 1461年11月6日）は、イングランドの貴族で、薔薇戦争期の軍人である。第2代ノーフォーク公ジョン・モウブレーとウェストモーランド伯ラルフ・ネヴィルの娘キャサリンの子。ノーフォーク公の称号を相続した1432年から軍務伯（後の紋章院総裁）の地位に就いた。 (ja) John de Mowbray III duca di Norfolk (Regno d'Inghilterra, 12 settembre 1415 – Regno d'Inghilterra, 6 novembre 1461) fu un nobile inglese che combatté nella Guerra delle due rose. (it) Джон де Моубрей (англ. John de Mowbray; 12 сентября 1415 — 6 ноября 1461) — английский аристократ, 3-й герцог Норфолк, 6-й граф Норфолк, 4-й граф Ноттингем, 10-й барон Сегрейв и 9-й барон Моубрей, лорд-маршал Англии (с 1432 года). Кавалер ордена Подвязки (с 1451 года). Был единственным сыном Джона Моубрея, 2-го герцога Норфолка, и Кэтрин Невилл, наследником нескольких аристократических семейств. Наследовал отцу в 1432 году, но ещё несколько лет его владения находились под управлением Хамфри Ланкастерского, герцога Глостера. Моубрей участвовал в Столетней войне, заседал в Тайном совете. Он пытался добиться главенства в Восточной Англии, с которой были связаны его главные титулы, но столкнулся с противодействием Уильяма де ла Поля, 1-го герцога Саффолка, и местного дворянства; из-за ряда частных войн и беззаконий, связанных с этим конфликтом, герцог по крайней мере трижды оказывался в тюрьме. В 1450 году он поддержал Ричарда, герцога Йоркского, в его борьбе с семейством Бофортов за влияние на короля. На первом этапе Войны Алой и Белой розы герцог вёл себя довольно нерешительно: он не принял участие в первой битве при Сент-Олбансе (1455 год), ещё несколько лет не присоединялся ни к одной из противоборствующих партий, в «Парламенте дьяволов» поклялся быть верным сыну Генриха VI Эдуарду Вестминстерскому (1459). Летом 1460 года Моубрей открыто примкнул к йоркистам. Он сражался во второй битве при Сент-Олбансе, поддержал передачу короны Эдуарду IV. Его отряд сыграл решающую роль в битве при Таутоне в марте 1461 года. Герцог умер в ноябре того же года, не успев использовать победу Йорков в своих интересах. Его наследником стал единственный сын, тоже Джон Моубрей, 4-й герцог Норфолк, а после смерти его единственной внучки Анны род Моубреев угас. 3-й герцог Норфолк стал персонажем исторической хроники Уильяма Шекспира «Генрих VI, часть 3» и нескольких телевизионных фильмов. Историки характеризуют этого лорда как человека некомпетентного и безответственного, оказавшегося плохим господином для своих вассалов. (ru) |
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| dbo:deathDate | 1461-11-06 (xsd:date) |
| dbo:spouse | dbr:Eleanor_Bourchier |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Coat_of_Arms_of_Sir_J...3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk,_KG.png?width=300 |
| dbo:title | 3rdDuke of Norfolk(1397) (en) |
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| dbp:birthDate | 1415-09-12 (xsd:date) |
| dbp:birthPlace | Epworth, Isle of Axholme, Lincolnshire, England (en) |
| dbp:caption | Arms of Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, KG (en) |
| dbp:deathDate | 1461-11-06 (xsd:date) |
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| dbp:name | John de Mowbray (en) |
| dbp:quote | The King was urged "to take about his noble person his true blood of his royal realm, that is to say, the high and mighty prince the Duke of York, exiled from our sovereign lord's person by the noising of the false traitor the Duke of Suffolk and his affinity. Also to take about him his person the mighty prince the Duke of Exeter, the Duke of Buckingham, the Duke of Norfolk ... and he shall be the richest Christian king." (en) ...after the dethe of Henri Howard the sessions of pees were at Gippeswiche the Saturday next after Trinity Sunday last passed there being oure right trusty and right welbeloved cousin the Duc of Norff... at the wyche tyme the said Duc as it is said seing that he might not doo endite the said lord Scrop nor noone of his maynee for the dethe of the said Howard... (en) So did The White Lion [Mowbray] full worthily he wrought, Almighty Jesus bless his soul, that their armies taught. Blessed be the time, that God ever spread that flower! (en) Certayn notable knyghtis and squyers of this countee theer to have comonyngs with your good Lordshep for the sad rule and governaunce of this counte, wych standyth ryght indisposed. (en) For the good rewle and governaunce of my lord of Northfolk beyng in the Kynges ward, it semeth expedient that he as wele as tho that shall be a boute hys person kepe and observe as hit towcheth hem severally the rewle comprised in tharticles undir wryton... (en) |
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| dbp:sign | The Hearne fragment (en) |
| dbp:source | – August 1450, and Mowbray summons his men to parley with him and the Earl of Oxford at Framlingham. (en) The National Archives, KB 145/6/25. (en) The Rose of Rouen, c. 1461 (en) Thomas Hearne's Thomae Sprotti Chronica (en) The National Archives, Chancery Masters' Exhibits, C 115/K2/6682 fo. 251, Ordinances for John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, c. 1435. (en) John Stowe's Historical Memoranda on Cade's rebellion. (en) |
| dbp:spouse | dbr:Eleanor_Bourchier |
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| dbp:text | And about four o'clock at night [i.e., 4 am] the two battles joined and fought all night till on the morrow in the afternoon. About noon the aforesaid John, Duke of Norfolk, with a fresh band of good men of war came to the aid of the newly elected King Edward... (en) |
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| dbp:warsAndBattles | * Wars of the Roses **Second Battle of St Albans **Battle of Towton (en) |
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| dbp:years | 1432 (xsd:integer) 1461 (xsd:integer) |
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| rdfs:comment | John de Mowbray (12 septembre 1415 – 6 novembre 1461), 3e duc de Norfolk, est un noble anglais, qui joue un rôle important dans la guerre des Deux-Roses. (fr) 第3代ノーフォーク公ジョン・モウブレー（John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, 1415年9月12日 - 1461年11月6日）は、イングランドの貴族で、薔薇戦争期の軍人である。第2代ノーフォーク公ジョン・モウブレーとウェストモーランド伯ラルフ・ネヴィルの娘キャサリンの子。ノーフォーク公の称号を相続した1432年から軍務伯（後の紋章院総裁）の地位に就いた。 (ja) John de Mowbray III duca di Norfolk (Regno d'Inghilterra, 12 settembre 1415 – Regno d'Inghilterra, 6 novembre 1461) fu un nobile inglese che combatté nella Guerra delle due rose. (it) John Mowbray, 3. Duke of Norfolk KG (* 12. September 1415; † 6. November 1461) war ein englischer Adliger. Seine Eltern waren John Mowbray, 2. Duke of Norfolk (1392–1432), und dessen Ehefrau, Katherine Neville, Tochter von Ralph Neville, 1. Earl of Westmorland, und von dessen Ehefrau Joan Beaufort. Beim Tode seines Vaters 1432 übernahm er dessen Titel sowie den Titel des Earl Marshals von England. (de) John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, KG, Earl Marshal (12 September 1415 – 6 November 1461) was a fifteenth-century English magnate who, despite having a relatively short political career, played a significant role in the early years of the Wars of the Roses. Mowbray was born in 1415, the only son and heir of John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, and Katherine Neville. He inherited his titles upon his father's death in 1432. As a minor he became a ward of King Henry VI and was placed under the protection of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, alongside whom Mowbray would later campaign in France. He seems to have had an unruly and rebellious youth. Although the details of his misconduct are unknown, they were severe enough for the King to place strictures upon him and separate him from his followe (en) Джон де Моубрей (англ. John de Mowbray; 12 сентября 1415 — 6 ноября 1461) — английский аристократ, 3-й герцог Норфолк, 6-й граф Норфолк, 4-й граф Ноттингем, 10-й барон Сегрейв и 9-й барон Моубрей, лорд-маршал Англии (с 1432 года). Кавалер ордена Подвязки (с 1451 года). Был единственным сыном Джона Моубрея, 2-го герцога Норфолка, и Кэтрин Невилл, наследником нескольких аристократических семейств. Наследовал отцу в 1432 году, но ещё несколько лет его владения находились под управлением Хамфри Ланкастерского, герцога Глостера. Моубрей участвовал в Столетней войне, заседал в Тайном совете. Он пытался добиться главенства в Восточной Англии, с которой были связаны его главные титулы, но столкнулся с противодействием Уильяма де ла Поля, 1-го герцога Саффолка, и местного дворянства; из-за ряда час (ru) |
| rdfs:label | John Mowbray, 3. Duke of Norfolk (de) John de Mowbray (3e duc de Norfolk) (fr) John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (en) John de Mowbray, III duca di Norfolk (it) ジョン・モウブレー (第3代ノーフォーク公) (ja) Моубрей, Джон, 3-й герцог Норфолк (ru) |
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