John/Eleanor Rykener (original) (raw)
Eleanor Rykener, also known as John, was a 14th-century sex worker arrested in December 1394 for performing a sex act with John Britby, a man who was a former chaplain of the St Margaret Pattens church, in London's Cheapside while dressed as a woman. Although historians tentatively link Rykener to a prisoner of the same name, the only known facts of the sex worker's life come from an interrogation made by the mayor of London. Rykener was questioned on two offences: prostitution and sodomy. Prostitutes were not usually arrested in London during this period, while sodomy was an offence against morality rather than common law, and so pursued in ecclesiastical courts. There is no evidence that Rykener was prosecuted for either crime.
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| dbo:abstract | Eleanor Rykener, also known as John, was a 14th-century sex worker arrested in December 1394 for performing a sex act with John Britby, a man who was a former chaplain of the St Margaret Pattens church, in London's Cheapside while dressed as a woman. Although historians tentatively link Rykener to a prisoner of the same name, the only known facts of the sex worker's life come from an interrogation made by the mayor of London. Rykener was questioned on two offences: prostitution and sodomy. Prostitutes were not usually arrested in London during this period, while sodomy was an offence against morality rather than common law, and so pursued in ecclesiastical courts. There is no evidence that Rykener was prosecuted for either crime. Rykener spoke of being introduced to sexual contact with men by Elizabeth Brouderer, a London embroideress who dressed Rykener as a woman and may have acted as procurer. According to the court transcription of this account, Rykener had sex with both men and women, including priests and nuns. Rykener spent part of summer 1394 in Oxford, working both as a prostitute and as an embroideress, and in Beaconsfield had a sexual relationship with a woman. Rykener returned to London via Burford in Oxfordshire, working there as a barmaid and continuing with sex work. On returning to London, Rykener had paid encounters near the Tower of London, just outside the city. Rykener was arrested with Britby one Sunday evening in women's clothes, and was still wearing them during the interrogation on 11 December. There, Rykener described prior sexual encounters in great detail. But it appears that no charges were ever brought against Rykener; or at least, no records have been found suggesting so. Nothing definite is known of Rykener after this interrogation; Jeremy Goldberg has tentatively identified as the same person a John Rykener imprisoned by and escaping from the Bishop of London in 1399. Historians of social, sexual and gender history are especially interested in Rykener's case because of what it reveals about medieval views on sex and gender. Goldberg, for example, views it firmly in the context of King Richard II's quarrel with the city of London—although he has also questioned the veracity of the entire record, and posited that the case was merely a propaganda piece by city officials. Historian James A. Schultz has viewed the affair as being of greater significance to historians than more famous medieval stories such as Tristan and Iseult. Ruth Mazo Karras—who in the 1990s rediscovered the Rykener case in the City of London archives—sees it as illustrating the difficulties the law has in addressing things it cannot describe. Modern interest in John/Eleanor Rykener has not been confined to academia. Rykener has appeared as a character in at least one work of popular historical fiction, and the story has been adapted for the stage. Rykener's persistent use of women's clothing and presentation as an embroideress, prostitute, or barmaid has prompted some contemporary scholars to suggest that Rykener was a trans woman. (en) John Rykener, juga dikenal dengan nama Eleanor, adalah seorang pekerja seks yang berpakaian seperti wanita (transvestit) yang ditangkap pada bulan Desember 1394 karena berhubungan seks dengan pria lain, John Britby, di Cheapside London. Meskipun sejarawan sempat mengaitkan Rykener dengan seorang tahanan dengan nama yang sama, fakta-fakta mengenai kehidupan John Rykener hanya diketahui dari hasil interogasi yang dilakukan oleh wali kota London. Rykener diinterogasi karena ia dituduh telah melakukan dua pelanggaran, yaitu pelacuran dan sodomi. Pelacur biasanya tidak ditangkap di London pada masa ini, sementara sodomi dianggap sebagai pelanggaran terhadap moralitas dan bukan pelanggaran hukum umum, dan dengan demikian ia diadili di pengadilan gerejawi. Tidak ada bukti bahwa Rykener diadili atas kedua pelanggaran ini. Rykener mengatakan bahwa ia mulai berhubungan seks dengan pria akibat Elizabeth Brouderer, seorang penyulam asal London yang mendandaninya seperti seorang wanita dan mungkin adalah orang yang menjadi mucikarinya. (in) John Rykener, também conhecido pelo nome alternativo de Johannes Richer (nome de guerra masculino) e por Eleanor (nome de guerra feminino), foi uma travesti e prostituta inglês do século XIV que trabalhou principalmente em Londres, perto da histórica Rua Cheapside, mas também na cidade universitária de Oxford. Em 1395 John Rykener foi encontrado em flagrante pelas autoridades policiais londrinas vestido de mulher (cross-dressing) e fazendo sexo com um tal de John Britby, quando ambos foram apreendidos e interrogados em frente ao prefeito e seu assistente administrativo. John Rykener ofereceu um relato detalhado e revelador sobre a sua vida sexual. Uma inquestionável raridade, o boletim de ocorrência medieval sobreviveu os séculos, sendo presentemente o único registro oficial deste tipo tratando descritivamente o assunto da copulação sendo praticada por pessoas do mesmo sexo naquela época. Em seu depoimento John Rykener afirmou ter muitos clientes sexuais, inclusive padres, monges, e freiras. Ele disse que preferia os padres, pois pagavam bem mais do que os demais. Rykener revelou às autoridades que um frade da ordem dos franciscanos lhe deu um anel de ouro e que, em certa ocasião, quando esteve com um grupo de clientes composto por um frade da Ordem do Carmo e seis "estrangeiros", recebeu de um deles, como pagamento, doze pence, e de outro, dois xelins. Não se sabe se John Rykener chegou a ser preso por prostituição e pela prática do chamado "pecado nefando contra a natureza", muito perseguido em seu tempo. Também não é sabido se foi instaurado um processo formal contra Rykener, por autoridades civis ou eclesiásticas, como era de costume, mesmo no final da Idade Média, na Inglaterra. (pt) |
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| dbp:quote | The case of Johannes Rykener, se Elianoram nominans was tried in 1395. The verdicts are still being written. It was an unusual case with all the right ingredients for a ripping yarn—sex, money, cross-dressing, nuns—but even for all that, those involved might scarcely have believed the celebrity it would achieve six centuries later. (en) While Rykener might have engaged in prostitution, he was not identified as a prostitute; while he might have practised sodomy, he was not clearly identified as a sodomite. (en) [Rykener] said that he accommodated priests more readily than other people because they wished to give him more than others. (en) Besides the encounter in question, Rykener spoke of having sex as a man "with many nuns", and as woman with an Essex rector, three Oxford scholars, four Franciscans, one Carmelite, three chaplains and many priests. (en) The unusually full account contained in the London Plea and Memoranda Rolls of John Rykener's appearance before the mayor's court is both vivid and dramatic. Its narrative of cross-dressing, male prostitution, gay sex, clerical promiscuity and the like seems to offer a rare window onto medieval sexuality and sexual mores. (en) |
| dbp:source | dbr:Jeremy_Goldberg Ruth Karras and David Boyd (en) Victoria Blud (en) |
| dbp:text | He further said that a certain Elizabeth Bronderer first dressed him in women's clothing; she also brought her daughter Alice to diverse men for the sake of lust, placing her with those men in their beds at night without light, making her leave early in the morning and showing them the said John Rykener dressed up in women's clothing, calling him Eleanor and saying that they had misbehaved with her. He further said that certain Phillip, Rector of Theydon Garnon, had sex with him as with a woman in Elizabeth Bronderer's house outside Bishopsgate, at which time Rykener took away two gowns of Phillip', and when Phillip requested them from Rykener he said that he was the wife of a certain man and that if Phillip wished to ask for them back he would make his husband bring suit against him. (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Eleanor Rykener, also known as John, was a 14th-century sex worker arrested in December 1394 for performing a sex act with John Britby, a man who was a former chaplain of the St Margaret Pattens church, in London's Cheapside while dressed as a woman. Although historians tentatively link Rykener to a prisoner of the same name, the only known facts of the sex worker's life come from an interrogation made by the mayor of London. Rykener was questioned on two offences: prostitution and sodomy. Prostitutes were not usually arrested in London during this period, while sodomy was an offence against morality rather than common law, and so pursued in ecclesiastical courts. There is no evidence that Rykener was prosecuted for either crime. (en) John Rykener, juga dikenal dengan nama Eleanor, adalah seorang pekerja seks yang berpakaian seperti wanita (transvestit) yang ditangkap pada bulan Desember 1394 karena berhubungan seks dengan pria lain, John Britby, di Cheapside London. Meskipun sejarawan sempat mengaitkan Rykener dengan seorang tahanan dengan nama yang sama, fakta-fakta mengenai kehidupan John Rykener hanya diketahui dari hasil interogasi yang dilakukan oleh wali kota London. Rykener diinterogasi karena ia dituduh telah melakukan dua pelanggaran, yaitu pelacuran dan sodomi. Pelacur biasanya tidak ditangkap di London pada masa ini, sementara sodomi dianggap sebagai pelanggaran terhadap moralitas dan bukan pelanggaran hukum umum, dan dengan demikian ia diadili di pengadilan gerejawi. Tidak ada bukti bahwa Rykener diadili at (in) John Rykener, também conhecido pelo nome alternativo de Johannes Richer (nome de guerra masculino) e por Eleanor (nome de guerra feminino), foi uma travesti e prostituta inglês do século XIV que trabalhou principalmente em Londres, perto da histórica Rua Cheapside, mas também na cidade universitária de Oxford. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | John/Eleanor Rykener (in) John/Eleanor Rykener (en) John Rykener (pt) |
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