Mau Mau rebellion (original) (raw)
La rebel·lió del Mau-Mau fou una revolta camperola anticolonial a Kenya que va durar entre l'octubre (de fet, el setembre) del 1952 i el setembre del 1956 (entre 1951 i 1959, incloent-hi accions menors).
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| dbo:abstract | كانت انتفاضة ماو ماو (Mau Mau Uprising، 1952-1960)، والمعروفة أيضًا باسم تمرد ماو ماو، وحالة الطوارئ في كينيا، وثورة ماو ماو، حربًا بين السلطات البريطانية وجيش الحرية والأرض الكيني «كي إل إف إيه» (المعروف أيضًا باسم ماو ماو) في مستعمرة كينيا البريطانية (1920-1963). (KLFA: أو الماو ماو جيش الأرض والحرية الكيني، كان يتبع أسلوب حرب العصابات ويقوده السكان القاطنون في مركز كينيا وشرقها). تحت هيمنة شعوب الكيكويو وميرو وشعب إمبو، ضم جيش الحرية والأرض الكيني أيضًا من وحدات من شعبي كامبا وماساي، الذين قاتلوا ضد المستعمرين الأوروبيين البيض المستوطنين في كينيا، والجيش البريطاني، والفوج الكيني المحلي (المستعمرون البريطانيون والميليشيات المحلية التابعة، وشعب الكيكويو الموالي للبريطانيين). قُبض على قائد المتمردين المشير ديدان كيماثي في 21 أوكتوبر عام 1956، الأمر الذي أنبأ بهزيمة ماو ماو، ومع ذلك استمر التمرد إلى ما بعد استقلال كينيا عن بريطانيا، تقوده بشكل رئيسي وحدات ميرو بقيادة المشير موسى موارياما والجنرال بايمونج، أحد آخر جنرالات ماو ماو، الذي قُتل بعد وقت قصير من حصول كينيا على الحكم الذاتي. فشل جيش الحرية والأرض الكيني (كي إل إف إيه) في الحصول على دعم شعبي واسع النطاق. يشير البروفيسور فرانك فوردي (أستاذ فخري لعلم الاجتماع بجامعة كينت في بريطانيا) في كتابه النظر في حرب الماو ماو إلى أن هذا كان بسبب السياسة البريطانية فرِّق تسُد، لكنه فشل في الاستشهاد بأي وثائق للحكومة البريطانية المعاصرة التي تؤكد كلامه. ألف الجنرال السير فرانك كيتسون؛ الذي خدم في القوات الاستعمارية البريطانية في كينيا، كتابًا بعنوان «العصابات والعصابات المضادة» الذي يصف فيه تكتيك تلاعب الماو ماو بالعصابات المنافسة لها وتحريضها للقتال ضد بعضها البعض. ظلت حركة ماو ماو منقسمةً داخليًا، رغم محاولات توحيد الفصائل، وفي الوقت نفسه طبق البريطانيون الاستراتيجيات والتكتيكات التي طوروها في قمع حالة الطوارئ المالايوية (1948-1960). أحدثت انتفاضة ماو ماو صدعًا في المجتمع الاستعماري الأوروبي في كينيا والميتروبول (عاصمة الإقليم)، وأسفرت أيضًا عن انقسامات عنيفة داخل مجتمع كيكويو. تكلفت بريطانيا لقمع انتفاضة ماو ماو في المستعمرة الكينية نحو 55 مليون جنيه إسترليني، وتسببت بمقتل ما لا يقل عن 11,000 شخصًا من الماو ماو وغيرها من القوات، وتوجد تقديرات تقول إن عدد القتلى كان أكبر، شمل ذلك 1,090 عملية إعدام في نهاية الحرب، وهو أكبر استخدام للإمبراطورية البريطانية لعقوبة الإعدام في زمن الحرب. (ar) La rebel·lió del Mau-Mau fou una revolta camperola anticolonial a Kenya que va durar entre l'octubre (de fet, el setembre) del 1952 i el setembre del 1956 (entre 1951 i 1959, incloent-hi accions menors). (ca) Povstání Mau Mau, také anglicky známé jako Mau Mau Uprising, Kenya Emergency a Mau Mau Revolt, byla válka v britské kolonii Keňa mezi jednotkami KLFA, také známé jako Mau Mau, a britskými úřady. Povstání vedli rebelové převážně z kmene Kikujů proti britské koloniální správě mezi lety 1952 a 1960. Spojenému království se jej podařilo vojensky porazit a zmasakrovat povstalce, způsobilo však, že se Spojené království přestalo orientovat na bílé osadníky v Keni a zabránilo vzniku nezávislého rasistického státu podobného Jižní Africe.[zdroj?] Zajetí vůdce povstalců polního maršála Dedana Kimathiho 21. října 1956, signalizovalo porážku povstalců Mau Mau. Povstání však přežilo až po době nezávislosti Keni na Británii, kdy ho vedly hlavně jednotky Meru s polním maršálem Musou Mwariamou a generálem Baimungim. Baimuingi, jeden z posledních generálů Mau Mau, byl zabit krátce poté, co Keňa dosáhla samostatnosti. (cs) La ribelo de la Maŭ Maŭ estis ribelo fare de indiĝenaj kenjanoj kontraŭ la brita regpovo disvolviĝinta de 1952 ĝis 1960. (eo) Als Mau-Mau-Krieg wird der Kampf der antikolonialen Unabhängigkeitsbewegung Mau-Mau in der Kolonie Kenia gegen die Herrschaft der weißen Siedler und der Kolonialmacht Großbritannien bezeichnet (1952–1960). Er brachte die Grundfesten der britischen Herrschaft in der ostafrikanischen Siedlerkolonie ins Wanken. Mit dem Kampf gegen die Mau-Mau fochten die Briten einen ihrer blutigsten und langwierigsten Kriege im Entkolonialisierungsprozess des britischen Empires aus. Der Begriff Mau-Mau ist britischen Ursprungs. Seine etymologische Herkunft ist ungeklärt. Die Aufständischen nannten sich selbst Land and Freedom Army. Der Begriff bedeutet in der Sprache der Kikuyu auch Land durch Freiheit. Der Kampf der Mau-Mau wurde hauptsächlich von den bäuerlichen Kikuyu in der Zentralregion Kenias getragen, die seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts unter großen Landenteignungen zugunsten weißer Siedler zu leiden hatten. Die Bewegung kämpfte mit Guerilla-Methoden gegen weiße Siedler und Angehörige der britischen Kolonialverwaltung, aber auch gegen Afrikaner, die die koloniale Herrschaft unterstützten oder die den bewaffneten Kampf und radikale Forderungen nach Landrückgabe ablehnten. In seinem Verlauf erhielt der Mau-Mau-Krieg zunehmend den Charakter eines Bürgerkrieges, seine Fronten bewegten sich nicht nur entlang der offensichtlichen Trennung zwischen Schwarzen und Weißen, sondern er spaltete auch die afrikanischen Gemeinschaften. Die britische Kolonialmacht reagierte auf die Rebellion mit einem engmaschigen Netz aus Internierungslagern, in dem nahezu die gesamte afrikanische Bevölkerung Zentralkenias zusammengepfercht wurde. Zugleich führte sie von 1952 bis 1957 mit immensem militärischen Aufwand einen Krieg gegen die Guerilla-Kämpfer in den Wäldern und in der Hauptstadt Nairobi. Obwohl die Mau-Mau am Ende der 1950er Jahre besiegt waren, führte ihr Kampf doch dazu, dass Großbritannien 1963 Kenia in die Unabhängigkeit entlassen musste. (de) Mau Mau matxinada altxamendu antikolonialista izan zen, 1952–1960 bitartean Kenya Britainiarrean gertatutakoa. Batez ere kikuyu etniako kideez osaturik zegoen Mau Mau higikundeak indarrez erantzun zion Britainia Handiko agintariek egindako lur banaketa diskriminatzaileari. Ingelesen eta haien laguntzaileen kontrako ekintzak egin zituzten. Britainiarren errepresioa oso bortitza izan zen. 1960an matxinada militarki zapaldua izan bazen ere, hiru urte geroago Kenyak independentzia erdietsi zuen. (eu) La Rebelión del Mau Mau, también llamada Revuelta del Mau Mau y Emergencia de Kenia, consistió en una insurrección de rebeldes kenianos contra la administración colonial británica, que se inició en 1952 y no finalizó hasta 1960. El núcleo de la resistencia estaba formado por miembros de la etnia kikuyu, junto con pequeños grupos embu y . La rebelión fracasó militarmente, aunque según algunos expertos podría haber acelerado el proceso de independencia de Kenia. Creó ciertas desavenencias entre la comunidad blanca del país y el gobierno británico preparando el terreno para la independencia, concedida en 1963. El nombre Mau Mau, con el que se conoce a los rebeldes, no era el que ellos se daban. Usaban otros como Muingi ("El movimiento"), Muigwithania ("El entendedor"), Muma wa Uiguano ("El juramento de unidad") o, simplemente, "El KCA" desde la creación de la Asociación Central Kikuyu (Kikuyu Central Association) poco después del inicio de la revuelta. Los veteranos del movimiento independentista se refieren a sí mismos como el "El ejército de la tierra y la libertad". (es) The Mau Mau rebellion (1952–1960), also known as the Mau Mau uprising, Mau Mau revolt or Kenya Emergency, was a war in the British Kenya Colony (1920–1963) between the Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA), also known as the Mau Mau, and the British authorities. Dominated by the Kikuyu people, Meru people and Embu people, the KLFA also comprised units of Kamba and Maasai peoples who fought against the white European colonist-settlers in Kenya, the British Army, and the local Kenya Regiment (British colonists, local auxiliary militia, and pro-British Kikuyu people). The capture of rebel leader Field Marshal Dedan Kimathi on 21 October 1956 signalled the defeat of the Mau Mau, and essentially ended the British military campaign. However, the rebellion survived until after Kenya's independence from Britain, driven mainly by the Meru units led by Field Marshal Musa Mwariama and General Baimungi. Baimungi, one of the last Mau Mau generals, was killed shortly after Kenya attained self-rule. The KLFA failed to capture widespread public support. Frank Füredi, in The Mau Mau War in Perspective, suggests this was due to a British policy of divide and rule. The Mau Mau movement remained internally divided, despite attempts to unify the factions. The British, meanwhile, applied the strategy and tactics they developed in suppressing the Malayan Emergency (1948–60). The Mau Mau Uprising created a rift between the European colonial community in Kenya and the metropole, and also resulted in violent divisions within the Kikuyu community: "Much of the struggle tore through the African communities themselves, an internecine war waged between rebels and so-called 'loyalists' – Africans who took the side of the government and opposed Mau Mau." Suppressing the Mau Mau Uprising in the Kenyan colony cost Britain £55 million and caused at least 11,000 among the Mau Mau and other forces, with some estimates considerably higher. This included 1,090 executions by hanging. The rebellion was marked by war crimes and massacres committed by both sides. (en) La révolte des Mau Mau ou des Mau-Mau est un mouvement insurrectionnel du Kenya des années 1950. Ce groupe rebelle agit à cette époque au nom du peuple Kikuyu opprimé par l'Empire britannique au Kenya. En octobre 1952, après une campagne de sabotages et d'assassinats imputée à des Mau Mau, les Britanniques instaurent l'état d'urgence et organisent des opérations militaires à l'encontre des rebelles. Fin 1956, selon l'historienne Caroline Elkins, plus de 100 000 rebelles et civils ont été tués au cours des combats ou dans les massacres qui caractérisent la répression et plus de 300 000 autres Kikuyu sont détenus dans des camps à l'intérieur desquels des tentatives pour les amener à adopter les vues politiques du gouvernement ont été entreprises. Cependant malgré les actions du gouvernement, la population Kikuyu a conservé ses aspirations nationalistes confirmées par l'arrivée au pouvoir en 1963 de Jomo Kenyatta, considéré par les Britanniques comme un chef de file du mouvement rebelle des Mau Mau et en cela perçu comme un héros par le mouvement. Il semblerait qu'il n'y ait absolument pas participé, bien qu'il ait également combattu le régime colonial. En pays kisii, les terres ont été remodelées par une politique de remembrement et de modernisation au lendemain de la révolte des Mau Mau (1952 - 1956). Les côtes de l’actuel Kenya sont d’abord colonisées par les Allemands puis par la British East Africa Company vers 1890. En 1895, la compagnie commerciale basée à Mombasa perd ses droits et la région devient Afrique orientale britannique. En 1920, elle prend le nom de protectorat du Kenya. La colonisation britannique a, comme ailleurs, généré des profondes mutations et transformations des sociétés. Dans l’Afrique orientale britannique, la situation est encore plus exceptionnelle du fait de la présence de colons blancs autorisés à s’installer dès 1902. Dans ce protectorat, on assiste à un développement et à un traitement asymétrique entre les populations européennes d’une part, africaines et indiennes d’autre part. En outre, le caractère agraire de cette colonie, globalement dépourvue de ressources minières, a fortement contribué à l’émergence d’inégalités entre les communautés coloniales et colonisées dans un premier temps et ensuite au sein même des sociétés colonisées dans un second temps. Enfin, l'indirect rule, chère à Lugard, a souvent substitué à des autorités « traditionnelles » reconnues et acceptées de nouvelles formes de pouvoir inconnues des conceptions des populations. Le peuple Kikuyu à l’origine de la révolte Mau Mau est, au moment de la colonisation, en pleine expansion géographique et démographique. Peuple lié à l’agriculture jusque dans ses légendes, il vit dans un profond malaise l’accaparement et la confiscation des terres par les Blancs. Quant à l’origine du terme Mau Mau, il n’a aucune signification en kikuyu. Toutefois, quelques pistes ont été exploitées et Mau Mau pourrait être une anagramme de « uma-uma » qui signifie « dehors », contraction fréquente souvent issue du langage infantile, ou bien d’une déformation du mot muma, le serment. (fr) Tharla Éirí Amach Mau Mau, mar a thugtar air in annálacha na staire, sna blianta 1952–1960. Bhí faltanas ag muintir na Céinia in aghaidh na Sasanach le fada an lá (toisc an dóigh ar roinneadh na tailte sa tír sin srl). Tháinig na fadhbanna seo chun solais sa bhliain 1951, agus Aontas Afracach na Céinia ag éileamh tuilleadh ionadaíochta do na bundúchasaigh i rialú agus i riarachán na tíre, chomh maith le athroinnt na talún srl. Nuair a diúltaíodh do na héilimh seo, fuair lucht an antoisceachais seilbh ar an ngluaiseacht, agus chuaigh muintir na Céinia chun cearmansaíochta ar na Sasanaigh. D'éirigh an cogadh níos fuiltí. Rinneadh bratbhuamáil ón aer (sé milliún buama san iomlán). Rinneadh na Kikuyu a imtheorannú (beagnach 500,000) and milliún eile sa chlár "villagisation". (ga) Mau-mau adalah gerakan gerilya terhadap Inggris di Kenya pada tahun 1952 - 1956 terutama didukung suku Kikuyu. Didirikan tahun 1947 semula merupakan organisasi keagamaan kemudian menjadi gerakan politik. Gerakan itu timbul karena kekeruhan kehidupan suku Kikuyu dan tekanan sosial, sebagian besar pemilikan tanah di tangan bangsa asing diskriminasi. Aksi-aksi gerilya Mau-Mau memuncak pada tahun 1953 - 1954, tokoh-tokohnya ditumpas habis pada tahun 1956. (in) マウマウ団の乱（マウマウだんのらん、英語：Mau Mau Uprising）は、イギリスの植民地だったケニア（）で1952年から1960年に起こった民族主義的独立運動。 (ja) Mau-Mau è stato un movimento politico nazionalista sorto nel Kenya sul finire della seconda guerra mondiale e nell'immediato dopoguerra fra i kikuyu, popolazioni rurali dell'altopiano centrale, e poi estesosi a tutte le tribù del Paese in opposizione al dominio coloniale del Regno Unito. (it) De Mau Mau-opstand was een militair conflict in Kenia, tussen 1952 en 1960. De Mau Mau was een guerrillabeweging die zich richtte tegen de Britse koloniale overheersing. Een belangrijk onderdeel van de strategie was het zaaien van angst onder de grote groep blanke uit Europa afkomstige kolonisten door het plegen van gewelddadige overvallen op afgelegen boerderijen en andere 'zachte doelwitten'. Ten gevolge hiervan verliet een groot aantal blanken het land. De Mau Mau werd uiteindelijk verslagen, maar stond wel aan de basis van de Keniaanse onafhankelijkheid doordat de Britten ontmoedigd raakten. (nl) 마우 마우는 케냐에서 1952년부터 1960년까지 통치에 대항하여 벌어진 무장 투쟁이었다. (ko) Powstanie Mau Mau (ang. Mau Mau Rebellion lub Mau Mau Revolt) – zbrojne walki rdzennej ludności Kenii toczone przeciw kolonialnej administracji Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1952–1955. (pl) Revolta dos Mau-Mau foi um movimento ocorrido durante o processo de descolonização do Quênia (1952), iniciado pelo grupo intitulado , uma organização clandestina que surgiu entre os Kikuyus, grupo étnico do Quênia, com a finalidade de libertar o seu país do colonizador europeu (1952-1963). A guerra faz perto de 100 000 mortos do lado africano e 320 000 prisioneiros (civis e rebeldes). Vários milhares de prisioneiros são torturados e cerca de mil são executados. (pt) Mau-Mau-rörelsen var en gerillarörelse i Kenya, främst aktiv mellan 1952 och 1956. Merparten av Mau-Mau utgjordes av medlemmar av kikuyu-stammen. Mau-Maus främsta mål var att överta den kenyanska mark som koloniserats av de vita nybyggarna. I upproret dödades totalt cirka 13 000 afrikaner (varav 2 000 civila), där de flesta tillhörde kikuyu. Samtidigt dödades ett hundratal vita européer, varav 32 var civila bosättare. Upproret slutade i brittisk militär seger 1956, men därefter verkade resterna av rörelsen underjordiskt. I förlängningen ledde upproret till Kenyas självständighet, då blodbadet blev avgörande för att vända hemmaopinionen i Europa mot kolonisationen i Östafrika. Den sista Mau Mau-ledaren, general Baimungi, dödades kort efter att Kenya uppnått självständighet 1963. Ledare för rörelsen var Jomo Kenyatta, senare Kenyas första president. (sv) Восстание Мау-Мау — произошедшее в 1950-е годы восстание народов Кении (главным образом, кикуйю, а также и меру) против английской практики отъёма земли у африканцев. (ru) 茅茅起義（英語：Mau Mau Uprising、Mau Mau Revolt），又译矛矛起义、毛毛起义、茂茂起义，英國稱為肯尼亚紧急状态（Kenya Emergency）、茅茅叛乱（ Mau Mau Rebellion），在英國殖民政府時期，肯尼亚於1952年至1960年間，發生的军事冲突。举事的反殖民主义团体称为茅茅，成员多是基庫尤人。与之对抗的是英军与当地亲英武装。 举事没有得到肯亞人民廣泛的支持，还遭到了英军强力镇压。1956年10月21日，首领（Dedan Kimathi）被捕，标志着举事的最终失败，英军在肯尼亚的行动也终告结束。 部分学者认为，这一事件为肯尼亚日后独立打下了基础。但另一些学者则认为，举事不但没有为独立打下基础，还为肯尼亚制造了混乱，推迟了英国赋予当地独立地位的时间。这一事件不但制造了肯尼亚欧裔居民与伦敦当局之间的裂痕，还制造了亲英、反英非裔居民族群的对立局面。 2013年，英國政府公開為茅茅起義期間的作為，向肯亞人民道歉。 (zh) |
| dbo:causalties | 3,000 native Kenyan police and soldiers killed |
| dbo:combatant | * *Kenya *Uganda *KLFA Mau Mau rebels |
| dbo:commander | dbr:Dedan_Kimathi dbr:George_Erskine dbr:Musa_Mwariama dbr:Anthony_Eden dbr:Winston_Churchill dbr:Waruhiu_Itote dbr:Kenneth_O'Connor dbr:Harold_Macmillan dbr:Terence_Gavaghan dbr:Ian_Henderson_(police_officer) dbr:Stanley_Mathenge dbr:Evelyn_Baring,_1st_Baron_Howick_of_Glendale |
| dbo:isPartOfMilitaryConflict | dbr:Decolonisation_of_Africa |
| dbo:place | dbr:British_Kenya |
| dbo:result | British victory |
| dbo:strength | unknown 10,000 regular troops 21,000 police 25,000Kikuyu Home Guard |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/KAR_Mau_Mau.jpg?width=300 |
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| dbp:caption | Troops of the King's African Rifles on watch for Mau Mau rebels (en) |
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| dbp:combatant | * Kenya * Uganda * (en) Mau Mau rebels * KLFA (en) |
| dbp:commander | dbr:Musa_Mwariama dbr:Waruhiu_Itote Winston Churchill (en) Anthony Eden (en) Ian Henderson (en) Harold Macmillan (en) Dedan Kimathi (en) Evelyn Baring (en) George Erskine (en) Kenneth O'Connor (en) Stanley Mathenge (en) Terence Gavaghan (en) |
| dbp:conflict | Mau Mau rebellion (en) |
| dbp:date | 1952 (xsd:integer) |
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| dbp:indent | yes (en) |
| dbp:partof | the Decolonisation of Africa (en) |
| dbp:place | dbr:British_Kenya |
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| dbp:quote | ... (en) 7.8894E8 (dbd:second) 1.262304E9 (dbd:second) If we are going to sin, we must sin quietly. (en) Main criticism we shall have to meet is that 'Cowan plan' which was approved by Government contained instructions which in effect authorised unlawful use of violence against detainees. (en) Between 1952 and 1956, when the fighting was at its worst, the Kikuyu districts of Kenya became a police state in the very fullest sense of that term. (en) [E]lectric shock was widely used, as well as cigarettes and fire. Bottles , gun barrels, knives, snakes, vermin, and hot eggs were thrust up men's rectums and women's vaginas. The screening teams whipped, shot, burned and mutilated Mau Mau suspects, ostensibly to gather intelligence for military operations and as court evidence. (en) It would be difficult to argue that the colonial government envisioned its own version of a gulag when the Emergency first started. Colonial officials in Kenya and Britain all believed that Mau Mau would be over in less than three months. (en) The greater part of the wealth of the country is at present in our hands. (en) Whilst they [the Kikuyu] could not be expected to take kindly at first to a departure from their traditional way of life, such as living in villages, they need and desire to be told just what to do. (en) This land we have made is our land by right—by right of achievement. (en) In a half-circle against the reed walls of the enclosure stand eight young, African women. There's neither hate nor apprehension in their gaze. It's like a talk in the headmistress's study; a headmistress who is firm but kindly. (en) From the health point of view, I regard villagisation as being exceedingly dangerous and we are already starting to reap the benefits. (en) [T]he horror of some of the so-called Screening Camps now present a state of affairs so deplorable that they should be investigated without delay, so that the ever increasing allegations of inhumanity and disregard of the rights of the African citizen are dealt with and so that the Government will have no reason to be ashamed of the acts which are done in its own name by its own servants. (en) to-morrow (en) It is often assumed that in a conflict there are two sides in opposition to one another, and that a person who is not actively committed to one side must be supporting the other. During the course of a conflict, leaders on both sides will use this argument to gain active support from the "crowd". In reality, conflicts involving more than two persons usually have more than two sides, and if a resistance movement is to be successful, propaganda and politicization are essential. (en) The number of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis which is being disclosed in Prison and Detention Camps is causing some embarrassment. (en) We are determined to have independence in peace, and we shall not allow hooligans to rule Kenya. We must have no hatred towards one another. Mau Mau was a disease which had been eradicated, and must never be remembered again. (en) Our sources have produced nothing to indicate that Kenyatta, or his associates in the UK, are directly involved in Mau Mau activities, or that Kenyatta is essential to Mau Mau as a leader, or that he is in a position to direct its activities. (en) Mau Mau fighters, ... contrary to African customs and values, assaulted old people, women and children. The horrors they practiced included the following: decapitation and general mutilation of civilians, torture before murder, bodies bound up in sacks and dropped in wells, burning the victims alive, gouging out of eyes, splitting open the stomachs of pregnant women. No war can justify such gruesome actions. In man's inhumanity to man, there is no race distinction. The Africans were practicing it on themselves. There was no reason and no restraint on both sides. (en) the only permanent evidence of our occupation would be the buildings we have erected for the use of our tax-collecting staff. (en) At the end of 1953, the Administration were faced with the serious problem of the concealment of terrorists and supply of food to them. This was widespread and, owing to the scattered nature of the homesteads, fear of detection was negligible; so, in the first instance, the inhabitants of those areas were made to build and live in concentrated villages. This first step had to be taken speedily, somewhat to the detriment of usual health measures and was definitely a punitive short-term measure. (en) We knew the slow method of torture [at the Mau Mau Investigation Center] was worse than anything we could do. Special Branch there had a way of slowly electrocuting a Kuke—they'd rough up one for days. Once I went personally to drop off one gang member who needed special treatment. I stayed for a few hours to help the boys out, softening him up. Things got a little out of hand. By the time I cut his balls off, he had no ears, and his eyeball, the right one, I think, was hanging out of its socket. Too bad, he died before we got much out of him. (en) [T]here is something peculiarly chilling about the way colonial officials behaved, most notoriously but not only in Kenya, within a decade of the liberation of the [Nazi] concentration camps and the return of thousands of emaciated British prisoners of war from the Pacific. One courageous judge in Nairobi explicitly drew the parallel: Kenya's Belsen, he called one camp. (en) Short rations, overwork, brutality, humiliating and disgusting treatment and flogging—all in violation of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (en) The principal item in the natural resources of Kenya is the land, and in this term we include the colony's mineral resources. It seems to us that our major objective must clearly be the preservation and the wise use of this most important asset. (en) |
| dbp:quoted | yes (en) |
| dbp:result | British victory (en) |
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| dbp:source | 0001-01-09 (xsd:gMonthDay) 0001-03-19 (xsd:gMonthDay) 0001-04-11 (xsd:gMonthDay) 0001-05-18 (xsd:gMonthDay) 0001-11-06 (xsd:gMonthDay) 0001-11-22 (xsd:gMonthDay) 1946-11-30 (xsd:date) —Kenyan Attorney-General Eric Griffith-Jones (en) Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd (en) One settler's description of British interrogation. The extent to which such accounts can be taken at face value has been questioned. (en) four months after the institution of villagisation (en) —One colonial officer's description of British works camps (en) —A contemporary BBC-description of screening (en) —Bethwell Ogot (en) —Caroline Elkins (en) —Chief Native Commissioner of Kenya, 1925 (en) —Council of Kenya-Colony's Ministers, July 1954 (en) —David Anderson (en) —Deputy Governor to Secretary of State (en) —District Commissioner of Nyeri (en) —John Lonsdale (en) —Letter from Police Commissioner Arthur Young to (en) —Louise Pirouet (en) —Percy Sillitoe, Director General of MI5 (en) —Speech by Deputy Colonial Governor (en) —Speech by Jomo Kenyatta, April 1963 (en) —Memorandum to Commissioner of Prisons John 'Taxi' Lewis (en) |
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| dct:subject | dbc:Rebellions_against_the_British_Empire dbc:Wars_of_independence dbc:Kikuyu dbc:20th-century_revolutions dbc:Wars_involving_Kenya dbc:African_resistance_to_colonialism dbc:Proxy_wars dbc:20th-century_conflicts dbc:Insurgencies_in_Africa dbc:20th_century_in_Kenya dbc:Mau_Mau_Uprising |
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| rdfs:comment | La rebel·lió del Mau-Mau fou una revolta camperola anticolonial a Kenya que va durar entre l'octubre (de fet, el setembre) del 1952 i el setembre del 1956 (entre 1951 i 1959, incloent-hi accions menors). (ca) La ribelo de la Maŭ Maŭ estis ribelo fare de indiĝenaj kenjanoj kontraŭ la brita regpovo disvolviĝinta de 1952 ĝis 1960. (eo) Mau Mau matxinada altxamendu antikolonialista izan zen, 1952–1960 bitartean Kenya Britainiarrean gertatutakoa. Batez ere kikuyu etniako kideez osaturik zegoen Mau Mau higikundeak indarrez erantzun zion Britainia Handiko agintariek egindako lur banaketa diskriminatzaileari. Ingelesen eta haien laguntzaileen kontrako ekintzak egin zituzten. Britainiarren errepresioa oso bortitza izan zen. 1960an matxinada militarki zapaldua izan bazen ere, hiru urte geroago Kenyak independentzia erdietsi zuen. (eu) Mau-mau adalah gerakan gerilya terhadap Inggris di Kenya pada tahun 1952 - 1956 terutama didukung suku Kikuyu. Didirikan tahun 1947 semula merupakan organisasi keagamaan kemudian menjadi gerakan politik. Gerakan itu timbul karena kekeruhan kehidupan suku Kikuyu dan tekanan sosial, sebagian besar pemilikan tanah di tangan bangsa asing diskriminasi. Aksi-aksi gerilya Mau-Mau memuncak pada tahun 1953 - 1954, tokoh-tokohnya ditumpas habis pada tahun 1956. (in) マウマウ団の乱（マウマウだんのらん、英語：Mau Mau Uprising）は、イギリスの植民地だったケニア（）で1952年から1960年に起こった民族主義的独立運動。 (ja) Mau-Mau è stato un movimento politico nazionalista sorto nel Kenya sul finire della seconda guerra mondiale e nell'immediato dopoguerra fra i kikuyu, popolazioni rurali dell'altopiano centrale, e poi estesosi a tutte le tribù del Paese in opposizione al dominio coloniale del Regno Unito. (it) De Mau Mau-opstand was een militair conflict in Kenia, tussen 1952 en 1960. De Mau Mau was een guerrillabeweging die zich richtte tegen de Britse koloniale overheersing. Een belangrijk onderdeel van de strategie was het zaaien van angst onder de grote groep blanke uit Europa afkomstige kolonisten door het plegen van gewelddadige overvallen op afgelegen boerderijen en andere 'zachte doelwitten'. Ten gevolge hiervan verliet een groot aantal blanken het land. De Mau Mau werd uiteindelijk verslagen, maar stond wel aan de basis van de Keniaanse onafhankelijkheid doordat de Britten ontmoedigd raakten. (nl) 마우 마우는 케냐에서 1952년부터 1960년까지 통치에 대항하여 벌어진 무장 투쟁이었다. (ko) Powstanie Mau Mau (ang. Mau Mau Rebellion lub Mau Mau Revolt) – zbrojne walki rdzennej ludności Kenii toczone przeciw kolonialnej administracji Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1952–1955. (pl) Revolta dos Mau-Mau foi um movimento ocorrido durante o processo de descolonização do Quênia (1952), iniciado pelo grupo intitulado , uma organização clandestina que surgiu entre os Kikuyus, grupo étnico do Quênia, com a finalidade de libertar o seu país do colonizador europeu (1952-1963). A guerra faz perto de 100 000 mortos do lado africano e 320 000 prisioneiros (civis e rebeldes). Vários milhares de prisioneiros são torturados e cerca de mil são executados. (pt) Восстание Мау-Мау — произошедшее в 1950-е годы восстание народов Кении (главным образом, кикуйю, а также и меру) против английской практики отъёма земли у африканцев. (ru) 茅茅起義（英語：Mau Mau Uprising、Mau Mau Revolt），又译矛矛起义、毛毛起义、茂茂起义，英國稱為肯尼亚紧急状态（Kenya Emergency）、茅茅叛乱（ Mau Mau Rebellion），在英國殖民政府時期，肯尼亚於1952年至1960年間，發生的军事冲突。举事的反殖民主义团体称为茅茅，成员多是基庫尤人。与之对抗的是英军与当地亲英武装。 举事没有得到肯亞人民廣泛的支持，还遭到了英军强力镇压。1956年10月21日，首领（Dedan Kimathi）被捕，标志着举事的最终失败，英军在肯尼亚的行动也终告结束。 部分学者认为，这一事件为肯尼亚日后独立打下了基础。但另一些学者则认为，举事不但没有为独立打下基础，还为肯尼亚制造了混乱，推迟了英国赋予当地独立地位的时间。这一事件不但制造了肯尼亚欧裔居民与伦敦当局之间的裂痕，还制造了亲英、反英非裔居民族群的对立局面。 2013年，英國政府公開為茅茅起義期間的作為，向肯亞人民道歉。 (zh) كانت انتفاضة ماو ماو (Mau Mau Uprising، 1952-1960)، والمعروفة أيضًا باسم تمرد ماو ماو، وحالة الطوارئ في كينيا، وثورة ماو ماو، حربًا بين السلطات البريطانية وجيش الحرية والأرض الكيني «كي إل إف إيه» (المعروف أيضًا باسم ماو ماو) في مستعمرة كينيا البريطانية (1920-1963). (KLFA: أو الماو ماو جيش الأرض والحرية الكيني، كان يتبع أسلوب حرب العصابات ويقوده السكان القاطنون في مركز كينيا وشرقها). ظلت حركة ماو ماو منقسمةً داخليًا، رغم محاولات توحيد الفصائل، وفي الوقت نفسه طبق البريطانيون الاستراتيجيات والتكتيكات التي طوروها في قمع حالة الطوارئ المالايوية (1948-1960). (ar) Povstání Mau Mau, také anglicky známé jako Mau Mau Uprising, Kenya Emergency a Mau Mau Revolt, byla válka v britské kolonii Keňa mezi jednotkami KLFA, také známé jako Mau Mau, a britskými úřady. Povstání vedli rebelové převážně z kmene Kikujů proti britské koloniální správě mezi lety 1952 a 1960. Spojenému království se jej podařilo vojensky porazit a zmasakrovat povstalce, způsobilo však, že se Spojené království přestalo orientovat na bílé osadníky v Keni a zabránilo vzniku nezávislého rasistického státu podobného Jižní Africe.[zdroj?] (cs) Als Mau-Mau-Krieg wird der Kampf der antikolonialen Unabhängigkeitsbewegung Mau-Mau in der Kolonie Kenia gegen die Herrschaft der weißen Siedler und der Kolonialmacht Großbritannien bezeichnet (1952–1960). Er brachte die Grundfesten der britischen Herrschaft in der ostafrikanischen Siedlerkolonie ins Wanken. Mit dem Kampf gegen die Mau-Mau fochten die Briten einen ihrer blutigsten und langwierigsten Kriege im Entkolonialisierungsprozess des britischen Empires aus. (de) La Rebelión del Mau Mau, también llamada Revuelta del Mau Mau y Emergencia de Kenia, consistió en una insurrección de rebeldes kenianos contra la administración colonial británica, que se inició en 1952 y no finalizó hasta 1960. El núcleo de la resistencia estaba formado por miembros de la etnia kikuyu, junto con pequeños grupos embu y . La rebelión fracasó militarmente, aunque según algunos expertos podría haber acelerado el proceso de independencia de Kenia. Creó ciertas desavenencias entre la comunidad blanca del país y el gobierno británico preparando el terreno para la independencia, concedida en 1963. (es) The Mau Mau rebellion (1952–1960), also known as the Mau Mau uprising, Mau Mau revolt or Kenya Emergency, was a war in the British Kenya Colony (1920–1963) between the Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA), also known as the Mau Mau, and the British authorities. Dominated by the Kikuyu people, Meru people and Embu people, the KLFA also comprised units of Kamba and Maasai peoples who fought against the white European colonist-settlers in Kenya, the British Army, and the local Kenya Regiment (British colonists, local auxiliary militia, and pro-British Kikuyu people). (en) Tharla Éirí Amach Mau Mau, mar a thugtar air in annálacha na staire, sna blianta 1952–1960. Bhí faltanas ag muintir na Céinia in aghaidh na Sasanach le fada an lá (toisc an dóigh ar roinneadh na tailte sa tír sin srl). Tháinig na fadhbanna seo chun solais sa bhliain 1951, agus Aontas Afracach na Céinia ag éileamh tuilleadh ionadaíochta do na bundúchasaigh i rialú agus i riarachán na tíre, chomh maith le athroinnt na talún srl. Nuair a diúltaíodh do na héilimh seo, fuair lucht an antoisceachais seilbh ar an ngluaiseacht, agus chuaigh muintir na Céinia chun cearmansaíochta ar na Sasanaigh. (ga) La révolte des Mau Mau ou des Mau-Mau est un mouvement insurrectionnel du Kenya des années 1950. Ce groupe rebelle agit à cette époque au nom du peuple Kikuyu opprimé par l'Empire britannique au Kenya. En octobre 1952, après une campagne de sabotages et d'assassinats imputée à des Mau Mau, les Britanniques instaurent l'état d'urgence et organisent des opérations militaires à l'encontre des rebelles. Fin 1956, selon l'historienne Caroline Elkins, plus de 100 000 rebelles et civils ont été tués au cours des combats ou dans les massacres qui caractérisent la répression et plus de 300 000 autres Kikuyu sont détenus dans des camps à l'intérieur desquels des tentatives pour les amener à adopter les vues politiques du gouvernement ont été entreprises. Cependant malgré les actions du gouvernement, (fr) Mau-Mau-rörelsen var en gerillarörelse i Kenya, främst aktiv mellan 1952 och 1956. Merparten av Mau-Mau utgjordes av medlemmar av kikuyu-stammen. Mau-Maus främsta mål var att överta den kenyanska mark som koloniserats av de vita nybyggarna. Ledare för rörelsen var Jomo Kenyatta, senare Kenyas första president. (sv) |
| rdfs:label | انتفاضة ماو ماو (ar) Rebel·lió del Mau-Mau (ca) Povstání Mau Mau (cs) Mau-Mau-Krieg (de) Maŭ Maŭ (eo) Mau Mau (es) Mau Mau matxinada (eu) Éirí Amach na Mau Mau (ga) Pemberontakan Mau Mau (in) Révolte des Mau Mau (fr) Mau-Mau (it) Mau Mau rebellion (en) 마우 마우 (ko) マウマウ団の乱 (ja) Mau Mau-opstand (nl) Powstanie Mau Mau (pl) Восстание Мау-Мау (ru) Revolta dos Mau-Mau (pt) Mau-Mau-rörelsen (sv) 茅茅起義 (zh) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:British_war_crimes |
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| foaf:name | Mau Mau rebellion (en) |
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