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خدمت مجموعة كبيرة من الأميركيين الأفارقة في الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية، إذ التحق 186,097 رجلًا أسودًا في صفوف جيش الاتحاد منهم 7,122 ضابطًا و178,975 جندي، وانضم كذلك نحو 20 ألف بحار أسود للقوات البحرية، وشكلوا أكثرية في عدد من أطقم السفن الحربية، عزز الجنود السود الجانب الشمالي بشكل كبير، إذ انضم الرجال السود الأحرار من الشمال، والعبيد الهاربون من الجنوب إلى القتال، وخدم هؤلاء في أربعين معركة كبيرة وفي مئات المناوشات الصغيرة، وتلقى ستة عشر جنديًا منهم وسام الشرف. أما بالنسبة للجيش الكونفدرالي الجنوبي فقد استخدم السود الأحرار والعبيد على حد سواء للأعمال اليدوية، لكن مسألة تسليحهم وتحت أي شروط أصبحت مصدر جدل داخل الكونغرس الكونفدرالي ومجلس الوزراء وبين قادة الحرب، وكانت الصحف والسياسيون وقادة الجيش على حد سواء رافضين لأي جهود لتسليح الرجال السود، ولكن تدهور الوضع العسكري لجيش الجنوب دفع الكونفدرالية لتغيير سياستها في الشهر الأخير من الحرب، إذ بدأت في مارس 1865 بتجنيد الرجال السود وتدريبهم وتسليحهم. (ar) A large contingent of African Americans served in the American Civil War. The 186,097 black men who joined the Union Army included 7,122 officers and 178,975 enlisted soldiers. Approximately 20,000 black sailors served in the Union Navy and formed a large percentage of many ships' crews. Later in the war, many regiments were recruited and organized as the United States Colored Troops, which reinforced the Northern forces substantially during the conflict's last two years. Both Northern Free Negro and Southern runaway slaves joined the fight. Throughout the course of the war, black soldiers served in forty major battles and hundreds of more minor skirmishes; sixteen African Americans received the Medal of Honor. For the Confederacy, both free and enslaved black Americans were used for manual labor, but the issue of whether to arm them, and under what terms, became a major source of debate within the Confederate Congress, the President's Cabinet, and C.S. War Department staff. In general, newspapers, politicians, and army leaders alike were hostile to any efforts to arm blacks. The war's desperate circumstances meant that the Confederacy changed their policy in the last month of the war; in March 1865, a small program attempted to recruit, train, and arm blacks, but no significant numbers were ever raised or recruited, and those that were never saw combat. (en) Pendant la guerre de Sécession, le nombre d'Afro-Américains qui se sont enrôlés dans l'Armée de l'Union a été de 186 097, formant 163 unités militaires. Un plus grand nombre encore s'est enrôlé dans l'Union Navy. Il s'agissait de noirs libres, d'affranchis, ou d'esclaves (ayant fui les états esclavagistes ou libérés par les troupes unionistes) qui voyaient leur enrôlement comme une étape vers leur émancipation et leur intégration. Les soldats Afro-américains sont enrôlés par l'Union (et au début avec parcimonie) d'abord dans l'ouest et dans le sud. Puis leur nombre augmente notablement, et ils sont utilisés par milliers sur les théâtres d'opérations de l'est, en particulier dans les grandes batailles d'attrition et de siège que les Nordistes décident de livrer à partir de fin 1863 pour écraser définitivement la Confédération. Des études statistiques ont permis de constater que proportionnellement le taux de mortalité a été beaucoup plus élevé (35 % plus élevé) chez les soldats noirs que chez leurs homologues blancs, et ceci bien qu'ils ne soient entrés dans le conflit que 18 mois après les blancs : tant les United States Colored Troops que les régiments de volontaires Noirs recrutés dans le Nord ont perdu pendant la guerre 70 929 hommes : 2 751 tués au combat ou morts ultérieurement de leurs blessures - et 68 178 morts d'autres causes (essentiellement de maladie). (fr) |
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Our Presidents, Governors, Generals and Secretaries are calling, with almost frantic vehemence, for men.-"Men! men! send us men!" they scream, or the cause of the Union is gone...and yet these very officers, representing the people and the Government, steadily, and persistently refuse to receive the very class of men which have a deeper interest in the defeat and humiliation of the rebels than all others. (en) [The Fifty-fourth Massachusetts] made Fort Wagner such a name to the colored race as Bunker Hill has been for ninety years to the white Yankees. (en) THE BATTALION from Camps Winder and Jackson, under the command of Dr. Chambliss, including the company of colored troops under Captain Grimes, will parade on the square on Wednesday evening, at 4* o'clock. This is the first company of negro troops raised in Virginia. It was organized about a month since, by Dr. Chambliss, from the employees of the hospitals, and served on the lines during the recent Sheridan raid. (en) Will the slaves fight?−the experience of this war so far has been that half-trained Negroes have fought as bravely as half-trained Yankees. (en) |
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خدمت مجموعة كبيرة من الأميركيين الأفارقة في الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية، إذ التحق 186,097 رجلًا أسودًا في صفوف جيش الاتحاد منهم 7,122 ضابطًا و178,975 جندي، وانضم كذلك نحو 20 ألف بحار أسود للقوات البحرية، وشكلوا أكثرية في عدد من أطقم السفن الحربية، عزز الجنود السود الجانب الشمالي بشكل كبير، إذ انضم الرجال السود الأحرار من الشمال، والعبيد الهاربون من الجنوب إلى القتال، وخدم هؤلاء في أربعين معركة كبيرة وفي مئات المناوشات الصغيرة، وتلقى ستة عشر جنديًا منهم وسام الشرف. (ar) A large contingent of African Americans served in the American Civil War. The 186,097 black men who joined the Union Army included 7,122 officers and 178,975 enlisted soldiers. Approximately 20,000 black sailors served in the Union Navy and formed a large percentage of many ships' crews. Later in the war, many regiments were recruited and organized as the United States Colored Troops, which reinforced the Northern forces substantially during the conflict's last two years. Both Northern Free Negro and Southern runaway slaves joined the fight. Throughout the course of the war, black soldiers served in forty major battles and hundreds of more minor skirmishes; sixteen African Americans received the Medal of Honor. (en) Pendant la guerre de Sécession, le nombre d'Afro-Américains qui se sont enrôlés dans l'Armée de l'Union a été de 186 097, formant 163 unités militaires. Un plus grand nombre encore s'est enrôlé dans l'Union Navy. Il s'agissait de noirs libres, d'affranchis, ou d'esclaves (ayant fui les états esclavagistes ou libérés par les troupes unionistes) qui voyaient leur enrôlement comme une étape vers leur émancipation et leur intégration. (fr) |
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Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War (en) التاريخ العسكري للأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي في الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية (ar) Histoire militaire des Afro-Américains pendant la guerre de Sécession (fr) |
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