Muhammad Kazim Khurasani (original) (raw)
Mohammad Kāzem Chorāsāni (persisch محمد كاظم خراساني, DMG Moḥammad Kāẓem Ḫorāsānī geb. 1839 in Maschhad; gest. 12. Dezember 1911 in Nadschaf), bekannt als Āchund Chorāsāni, war ein schiitischer Mudschtahid und politischer Aktivist aus Persien, der die meiste Zeit seines Lebens im Irak verbrachte und zu den wichtigsten Unterstützern der Iranischen Konstitutionellen Revolution (1905–1911) aus dem Kreise der schiitischen Geistlichkeit gehörte. Nach seinem Tod im Jahre 1911 erlebte die konstitutionalistische Bewegung innerhalb des schiitischen Klerus einen Niedergang.
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| dbo:abstract | الآخوند الخراساني الملّا محمد كاظم الخرساني (1255 ــ 1329 هـ / 1839 ــ 1911م)، فقيه أصولي ومرجع تقليد للشيعة وزعيم ديني سياسي في عهد الحركة الدستورية ، هو الابن الأصغر لحسين الواعظ الهراتي الذي كان يسكن مدينة مشهد ، حيث ولد هناك محمد كاظم، ودرس مقدمات العلوم وتزوج فيها. وكان مواقفه إزاء الثورة الدستورية وقراره الجاد على مغادرة النجف متوجها إلى إيران للاحتجاج على احتلال أجزاء منها تعبر عن رفضه الكامل للاستعمار والاستبداد. كان الآخوند يرى الحركة الدستورية آلية للحيلولة دون الظلم والاضطهاد في حق الشعب، وكان يرى أنّ من الواجب دعم تلك الحركة ؛ لذلك دعا إلى الجهاد والكفاح بعد أن قصف الشاه محمد علي القاجاري المجلس النيابي في 23 جمادى الأولى سنة 1326 هـ. تتلمذ الكثير من الأعلام والمجتهدين على يدي الآخوند الخراساني منهم : محمد حسين النائيني، وأبو الحسن الأصفهاني ، وحسين الطباطبايي البروجردي، ومحمد حسين كاشف الغطاء، وضياء العراقي، وعبد الكريم الحائري اليزدي. (ar) Akhund Mulla Muhammad Kazim Khurasani (1839-1911) fou un aiatol·là persa nascut a Tus (Khurasan) que va estudiar a Mashad. El 1861 es va establir a Najaf i fou deixeble de Mirza Hasan Shirazi, el gran cap xiïta. A la mort d'aquest el 1895 va esdevenir el seu successor. A partir del 1906 va ser partidari de la constitució persa del que fou un gran defensor junt amb Mazanderani, Tihrani i Naini. Quan Muhammad Ali Shah va derogar la constitució el 1908 va emetre una fatwa declarant que l'obediència al xa i el pagament d'impostos al seu govern eren contraris a l'islam, i es va oposar a l'aiatol·là Fadl Allah Nuri de Teheran, que opinava tot el contrari. Després de la revolució a l'Imperi Otomà del 1908, va sostenir als Joves Turcs i va amenaçar d'enderrocar al sultà després de la contrarevolució de 1909 (vivia a l'Iraq que llavors era província otomana). Després es va arranjar el conflicte i va reconèixer al sultà com a califa i el 1911 va declarar la guerra santa a Itàlia quan va envair Líbia. El 1909 va estar a punt d'anat a Pèrsia amb milers de seguidors per enderrocar al xa però aquest va caure abans de l'actuació de Khurasani; el 1911 va intentar combatre l'antic xa que amb suport rus buscava recuperar al tron però va morir sobtadament. (ca) Mohammad Kāzem Chorāsāni (persisch محمد كاظم خراساني, DMG Moḥammad Kāẓem Ḫorāsānī geb. 1839 in Maschhad; gest. 12. Dezember 1911 in Nadschaf), bekannt als Āchund Chorāsāni, war ein schiitischer Mudschtahid und politischer Aktivist aus Persien, der die meiste Zeit seines Lebens im Irak verbrachte und zu den wichtigsten Unterstützern der Iranischen Konstitutionellen Revolution (1905–1911) aus dem Kreise der schiitischen Geistlichkeit gehörte. Nach seinem Tod im Jahre 1911 erlebte die konstitutionalistische Bewegung innerhalb des schiitischen Klerus einen Niedergang. (de) Ayatullah Sheikh Muhammad Kazim Khurasani (Persian: محمد کاظم خراسانی; 1839 – 12 December 1911), commonly known as Akhund Khurasani (Persian: آخوند خراسانی) was a Shia jurist and political activist. He is known for using his position as a Marja as legitimizing force behind the first democratic revolution of Asia that happened in Iran (1905–1911), where he was the main clerical supporter of the revolution. He believed that the democratic form of government would be the best possible choice in the absence of Imam and regarded the democratic constitutional revolution a Jihad (holy war) in which all Muslims had to participate. Along with Mirza Husayn Tehrani and Shaikh Abdallah Mazandarani, he led people against what they called a “state tyranny” and issued fatwas and “sent telegrams to tribal chiefs, prominent national and political leaders, and heads of state in England, France, Germany, and Turkey”. When Mohammad Ali Shah became king of Iran, Mohammad Kazim Khorasani sent him a “ten-point” instruction including points on protecting Islam, promoting domestic industries and modern science, stopping colonial intervention in Iran “while retaining diplomatic relations”, and establishing “justice and equality”. He is regarded as one of the most important Shia Mujtahids of all times, and the title Akhund (the scholar) is almost exclusively used for him. He started to deliver his lectures at Najaf seminary in 1874 CE, when his mentor Syed Mirza Muhammad Hasan Shirazi left for Samarra and appointed him as his successor. He became a source of emulation in 1895 and he taught for years in Najaf till his death in 1911 CE and trained a significant number of students from different regions of the Shi'ite world. All major Shia jurists in the twentieth century were in some way related to his circle. He was known for his credibility, independent thinking and intellectual rigor. His most famous work Kifayat al-Usul (Sufficiency of Principles (Arabic: کفایة الاصول)), published in 1903 established him as the supreme authority on Shia theology, where he presented the Shi'ite jurisprudential principles in a more rigorous fashion as a unified theory of jurisprudence. It was recently published for 453rd time. This book is considered the pinnacle of advanced theology and foundation of Usul al-Fiqh in Shia seminaries of Najaf and Qom. All major Shia jurists following Akhund Khurasani have written commentaries on it, the best known is written by Ayatullah al-Khoei. (en) Grand Ayatollah Cheikh Muhammad-Kadhim Herati Khorasani (en persan : محمد کاظم هراتى خراسانی ; 1839 - 12 décembre 1911), communément appelé Akhund Khorasani, était un Marja-e Taqlid et philosophe chiite iranien. Il est considéré comme l'un des Shia Mujtahid les plus importants de l'époque. Il a été professeur au séminaire de Najaf pendant des années et un nombre important d'étudiants de différentes régions du monde musulman participaient à ses conférences. Son œuvre la plus célèbre est La Suffisance (en arabe : کفایه), où il a rassemblé les idées jurisprudentielles telles que la « continuité » et « les a présentées d'une manière encore plus rigoureuse comme une théorie unifiée de la jurisprudence ». Il est connu pour avoir utilisé sa position de marja à des fins politiques dans la Révolution constitutionnelle perse (1905-1911), où il était l'un des principaux partisans cléricaux de la révolution. Il pensait que la forme constitutionnelle du gouvernement serait le meilleur choix possible en l'absence d'Imam et considérait la révolution perse comme un Jihad (guerre sainte) à laquelle tous les musulmans devaient participer. Il est mort subitement et mystérieusement, alors qu'il avait l'intention de quitter l'Irak pour l'Iran afin de soutenir la résistance des constitutionnalistes à l'invasion anglo-russe en 1911. (fr) |
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| dbp:name | Muhammad Kazim Khurasani (en) |
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| dbp:sign | Muhammad Kazim Khurasani (en) Mirza Husayn Tehrani, Muhammad Kazim Khurasani, Abdallah Mazandaran. (en) |
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| dbp:text | (en) سلطنت مشروعه آن است کہ متصدی امور عامه ی ناس و رتق و فتق کارهای قاطبه ی مسلمین و فیصل کافه ی مهام به دست شخص معصوم و موید و منصوب و منصوص و مأمور مِن الله باشد مانند انبیاء و اولیاء و مثل خلافت امیرالمومنین و ایام ظهور و رجعت حضرت حجت، و اگر حاکم مطلق معصوم نباشد، آن سلطنت غیرمشروعه است، چنان کہ در زمان غیبت است و سلطنت غیرمشروعه دو قسم است، عادله، نظیر مشروطه کہ مباشر امور عامه، عقلا و متدینین باشند و ظالمه و جابره است، مثل آنکه حاکم مطلق یک نفر مطلق العنان خودسر باشد. البته به صریح حکم عقل و به فصیح منصوصات شرع «غیر مشروعه ی عادله» مقدم است بر «غیرمشروعه ی جابره». و به تجربه و تدقیقات صحیحه و غور رسی های شافیه مبرهن شده که نُه عشر تعدیات دوره ی استبداد در دوره ی مشروطیت کمتر میشود و دفع افسد و اقبح به فاسد و به قبیح واجب است. (en) “Those who do not accept this fact are either ignorant subordinates or adversaries of the noble Muslim religion.” (en) . If the absolute guardianship is not with the infallible then it will be a non-islamic government. Since this is a time of occultation, there can be two types of non-islamic regimes: the first is a just democracy in which the affairs of the people are in the hands of faithful and educated men, and the second is a government of tyranny in which a dictator has absolute powers. Therefore, both in the eyes of the Sharia and reason what is just prevails over the unjust. From human experience and careful reflection it has become clear that democracy reduces the tyranny of state and it is obligatory to give precedence to the lesser evil.” (en) Persian: چون نوری مخل آسائش و مفسد است، تصرفش در امور حرام است. محمد حسین میرزا خلیل، محمد کاظم خراسانی، عبدالله مازندرانی “Because Nuri is causing trouble and sedition, his interfering in any affair is forbidden.” (en) Persian: رفع اغتشاشات حادثه و تبعید نوری را عاجلاً اعلام. الداعی محمد حسین نجل المرحوم میرزا خلیل، الداعی محمد کاظم الخراسانی، عبدالله المازندرانی “Restore peace and expel Nuri as quickly as possible.” (en) Persian: اساس این مجلس محترم مقدس بر امور مذکور مبتنی است. بر هر مسلمی سعی و اهتمام در استحکام و تشیید این اساس قویم لازم، و اقدام در موجبات اختلال آن محاده و معانده با صاحب شریعت مطهره علی الصادع بها و آله الطاهرین افضل الصلاه و السلام، و خیانت به دولت قوی شوکت است. الاحقر نجل المرحوم الحاج میرزا خلیل قدس سره محمد حسین، حررّہ الاحقر الجانی محمد کاظم الخراسانی، من الاحقر عبدالله المازندرانی “Because we are aware of the intended reasons for this institution, it is therefore incumbent on every Muslim to support its foundation, and those who try to defeat it, and their action against it, are considered contrary to shari‘a.” (en) “In the name of Allah, terrorizing or insulting the Zoroastrians or other non-Muslims living in peace is forbidden. Muslims are obliged to be kind and generous towards them and protect their lives and properties, as advised by the last prophet, Muhammad , by the grace of God.” (en) “If the absolute guardianship is not with the infallible then it will be a non-islamic government. Since this is a time of occultation, there can be two types of non-islamic regimes: the first is a just democracy in which the affairs of the people are in the hands of faithful and educated men, and the second is a government of tyranny in which a dictator has absolute powers. Therefore, both in the eyes of the Sharia and reason what is just prevails over the unjust.” (en) اگر حاکم مطلق معصوم نباشد، آن سلطنت غیرمشروعه است، چنان کہ در زمان غیبت است و سلطنت غیرمشروعه دو قسم است، عادله، نظیر مشروطه کہ مباشر امور عامه، عقلا و متدینین باشند و ظالمه و جابره است، مثل آنکه حاکم مطلق یک نفر مطلق العنان خودسر باشد. البته به صریح حکم عقل و به فصیح منصوصات شرع «غیر مشروعه ی عادله» مقدم است بر «غیرمشروعه ی جابره» . (en) Persian: به عموم ملت ایران، حکم خدا را اعلام می داریم، الیوم همت در دفع این سفاک جبار، و دفاع از نفوس و اعراض و اموال مسلمین از اهم واجبات، و دادن مالیات به گماشتگان او از اعظم محرمات، و بذل جهد و سعی بر استقرار مشروطیت به منزله جہاد در رکاب امام زمان ارواحنا فداه، و سر موئی مخالفت و مسامحه به منزله خذلان و محاربه با آن حضرت صلوات الله و سلامه علیه است. اعاذ الله المسلمین من ذلک. ان شا الله تعالیٰ الاحقر عبدالله المازندرانی، الاحقر محمد کاظم الخراسانی، الاحقر نجل الحاج میرزا خلیل “The religious duty of the Iranian nation is as follows: today efforts to dethrone this tyrant despot and protecting the lives, belongings and honor of Muslims is the greatest obligation. Paying taxes to his officers is a great sin. Working for restoration of democracy is as good as fighting for the cause of Imam al-Mahdi, and opposing constitutionalism is equal to leaving his camp. May God help us all.” (en) “The ruling that the learning of modern military skills, establishment of public education school system and creation of a national bank are collective obligation, is issued by me, the humble servant of the religious law, as written and explained in the separate paper.” (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Mohammad Kāzem Chorāsāni (persisch محمد كاظم خراساني, DMG Moḥammad Kāẓem Ḫorāsānī geb. 1839 in Maschhad; gest. 12. Dezember 1911 in Nadschaf), bekannt als Āchund Chorāsāni, war ein schiitischer Mudschtahid und politischer Aktivist aus Persien, der die meiste Zeit seines Lebens im Irak verbrachte und zu den wichtigsten Unterstützern der Iranischen Konstitutionellen Revolution (1905–1911) aus dem Kreise der schiitischen Geistlichkeit gehörte. Nach seinem Tod im Jahre 1911 erlebte die konstitutionalistische Bewegung innerhalb des schiitischen Klerus einen Niedergang. (de) الآخوند الخراساني الملّا محمد كاظم الخرساني (1255 ــ 1329 هـ / 1839 ــ 1911م)، فقيه أصولي ومرجع تقليد للشيعة وزعيم ديني سياسي في عهد الحركة الدستورية ، هو الابن الأصغر لحسين الواعظ الهراتي الذي كان يسكن مدينة مشهد ، حيث ولد هناك محمد كاظم، ودرس مقدمات العلوم وتزوج فيها. وكان مواقفه إزاء الثورة الدستورية وقراره الجاد على مغادرة النجف متوجها إلى إيران للاحتجاج على احتلال أجزاء منها تعبر عن رفضه الكامل للاستعمار والاستبداد. (ar) Akhund Mulla Muhammad Kazim Khurasani (1839-1911) fou un aiatol·là persa nascut a Tus (Khurasan) que va estudiar a Mashad. El 1861 es va establir a Najaf i fou deixeble de Mirza Hasan Shirazi, el gran cap xiïta. A la mort d'aquest el 1895 va esdevenir el seu successor. El 1909 va estar a punt d'anat a Pèrsia amb milers de seguidors per enderrocar al xa però aquest va caure abans de l'actuació de Khurasani; el 1911 va intentar combatre l'antic xa que amb suport rus buscava recuperar al tron però va morir sobtadament. (ca) Ayatullah Sheikh Muhammad Kazim Khurasani (Persian: محمد کاظم خراسانی; 1839 – 12 December 1911), commonly known as Akhund Khurasani (Persian: آخوند خراسانی) was a Shia jurist and political activist. He is known for using his position as a Marja as legitimizing force behind the first democratic revolution of Asia that happened in Iran (1905–1911), where he was the main clerical supporter of the revolution. He believed that the democratic form of government would be the best possible choice in the absence of Imam and regarded the democratic constitutional revolution a Jihad (holy war) in which all Muslims had to participate. Along with Mirza Husayn Tehrani and Shaikh Abdallah Mazandarani, he led people against what they called a “state tyranny” and issued fatwas and “sent telegrams to tribal (en) Grand Ayatollah Cheikh Muhammad-Kadhim Herati Khorasani (en persan : محمد کاظم هراتى خراسانی ; 1839 - 12 décembre 1911), communément appelé Akhund Khorasani, était un Marja-e Taqlid et philosophe chiite iranien. Il est considéré comme l'un des Shia Mujtahid les plus importants de l'époque. Il a été professeur au séminaire de Najaf pendant des années et un nombre important d'étudiants de différentes régions du monde musulman participaient à ses conférences. Son œuvre la plus célèbre est La Suffisance (en arabe : کفایه), où il a rassemblé les idées jurisprudentielles telles que la « continuité » et « les a présentées d'une manière encore plus rigoureuse comme une théorie unifiée de la jurisprudence ». (fr) |
| rdfs:label | Muhammad Kazim Khurasani (en) محمد كاظم الخراساني (ar) Akhund Mulla Muhammad Kazim Khurasani (ca) Mohammad Kāzem Chorāsāni (de) Muhammad Kadhim Khorasani (fr) |
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