Mutual Defense Pact of the Southeastern Provinces (original) (raw)
東南互保（とうなんごほ）とは清末の義和団の乱の間に、南方の各省が中央政府の命令に背いて、外国との開戦を拒否した事件である。
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| dbo:abstract | The Mutual Defense Pact of the Southeastern Provinces (simplified Chinese: 东南互保; traditional Chinese: 東南互保; pinyin: Dōngnán Hùbǎo) was an agreement reached in the summer of 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion by Qing dynasty governors of the provinces in southern, eastern and central China when the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded northern China. The governors, including Li Hongzhang (governor-general of Guangdong, Guangxi), Xu Yingkui (governor-general of Fujian, Zhejiang), Liu Kunyi (governor-general of Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi), Zhang Zhidong (governor-general of Hubei, Hunan) and Yuan Shikai (provincial governor of Shandong), refused to carry out the imperial decree promulgated by the Qing imperial court to declare war on 11 foreign states, with the aim of preserving peace in their own provinces. Some other Han-majority provincial authorities, such as the governor-general of Sichuan and the provincial governor of Shaanxi, did not formally join the mutual protection agreement but similarly disobeyed the imperial edict. Thus, for the first time, the vast majority of Han regional authorities refused to aid the Qing court. For much of the conflict, the main forces fighting for the Qing court (alongside the Boxers) were the Manchu Hushenying, the Manchu Peking Field Force and three of five divisions of the Qing court's most modernized Wuwei Corps (including its Manchu division and Muslim Gansu division), but Yuan Shikai commanded the other two divisions into Shandong and actively used them to suppress the Boxers, in open defiance of the Qing court. In Manchuria, large groups of Han bandits named Honghuzi ("Red Beards") also actively fought alongside Manchu banners, mostly as a response to the separate Russian invasion that had widespread atrocities. (en) 東南互保（とうなんごほ）とは清末の義和団の乱の間に、南方の各省が中央政府の命令に背いて、外国との開戦を拒否した事件である。 (ja) 동남호보(東南互保)는 청나라 말기 의화단 운동이 벌어지고 있을 때 남방의 각 성이 청나라 중앙 정부의 명령에 불순종하여 외국과의 개전을 거부한 사건이다. (ko) 東南互保，又稱東南自保，指清末八國聯軍時大清帝國東南各省督撫不理會慈禧太后命令，不與列強宣戰，避免與整個清帝國一起陷入戰爭局面。 慈禧太后向各國宣戰後，兩廣總督李鴻章、兩江總督劉坤一、湖廣總督張之洞、閩浙總督許應騤、山東巡撫袁世凱、安徽巡撫王之春、廣東巡撫德壽等督撫，即私下和外國達成和平協議，他們在東南各省違抗“支持義和團”的命令。為了政治正確，這些督撫出具的理由是慈禧的宣戰詔書，並非太后與天子的本意，是「拳匪劫持太后與天子而矯詔」，是「亂命」。 (zh) |
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| dbp:p | Dōngnán Hùbǎo (en) |
| dbp:s | 东南互保 (en) |
| dbp:t | 東南互保 (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | 東南互保（とうなんごほ）とは清末の義和団の乱の間に、南方の各省が中央政府の命令に背いて、外国との開戦を拒否した事件である。 (ja) 동남호보(東南互保)는 청나라 말기 의화단 운동이 벌어지고 있을 때 남방의 각 성이 청나라 중앙 정부의 명령에 불순종하여 외국과의 개전을 거부한 사건이다. (ko) 東南互保，又稱東南自保，指清末八國聯軍時大清帝國東南各省督撫不理會慈禧太后命令，不與列強宣戰，避免與整個清帝國一起陷入戰爭局面。 慈禧太后向各國宣戰後，兩廣總督李鴻章、兩江總督劉坤一、湖廣總督張之洞、閩浙總督許應騤、山東巡撫袁世凱、安徽巡撫王之春、廣東巡撫德壽等督撫，即私下和外國達成和平協議，他們在東南各省違抗“支持義和團”的命令。為了政治正確，這些督撫出具的理由是慈禧的宣戰詔書，並非太后與天子的本意，是「拳匪劫持太后與天子而矯詔」，是「亂命」。 (zh) The Mutual Defense Pact of the Southeastern Provinces (simplified Chinese: 东南互保; traditional Chinese: 東南互保; pinyin: Dōngnán Hùbǎo) was an agreement reached in the summer of 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion by Qing dynasty governors of the provinces in southern, eastern and central China when the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded northern China. The governors, including Li Hongzhang (governor-general of Guangdong, Guangxi), Xu Yingkui (governor-general of Fujian, Zhejiang), Liu Kunyi (governor-general of Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi), Zhang Zhidong (governor-general of Hubei, Hunan) and Yuan Shikai (provincial governor of Shandong), refused to carry out the imperial decree promulgated by the Qing imperial court to declare war on 11 foreign states, with the aim of preserving peace in their own provinc (en) |
| rdfs:label | 동남호보 (ko) 東南互保 (ja) Mutual Defense Pact of the Southeastern Provinces (en) 東南互保 (zh) |
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