MIM-3 Nike Ajax (original) (raw)
Die MIM-3 Nike Ajax ist eine Flugabwehrrakete, die im Rahmen des US-amerikanischen „Nike“-Programms entwickelt wurde. Sie war die weltweit erste gelenkte Überschall-Flugabwehrrakete, die zum operativen Einsatz kam, wurde aber ab 1958 kontinuierlich durch ihre Nachfolgerin MIM-14 Nike Hercules ersetzt.
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| dbo:abstract | Die MIM-3 Nike Ajax ist eine Flugabwehrrakete, die im Rahmen des US-amerikanischen „Nike“-Programms entwickelt wurde. Sie war die weltweit erste gelenkte Überschall-Flugabwehrrakete, die zum operativen Einsatz kam, wurde aber ab 1958 kontinuierlich durch ihre Nachfolgerin MIM-14 Nike Hercules ersetzt. (de) The United States Army's Nike Ajax was the world's first operational guided surface-to-air missile (SAM), entering service in 1954. Nike Ajax was designed to attack conventional bomber aircraft flying at high subsonic speeds and altitudes above 50,000 feet (15 km). Nike was initially deployed in the US to provide defense against Soviet bomber attacks, and was later deployed overseas to protect US bases, as well as being sold to various allied forces. Some examples remained in use until the 1970s. Originally known simply as Nike, it gained the Ajax as part of a 1956 renaming effort that resulted from the introduction of Hercules. It was initially given the identifier SAM-A-7 (Surface-to-air, Army, design 7) as part of an early tri-service identification system, but later changed to MIM-3 (Mobile Interceptor Missile, design 3) in 1962. Technological development during the 1950s quickly rendered the MIM-3 obsolete. It was unable to defend against more capable bombers or multiple targets in formation, and had relatively short range. Even while Nike was being deployed, these concerns led to the contracts for the greatly improved MIM-14 Nike Hercules, which began deployment in 1959. As Hercules developed, the threat moved from bombers to ICBMs, and the LIM-49 Nike Zeus anti-ballistic missile project started to address these. All of the Nike projects were led by Bell Labs, due to their early work in radar guidance systems during World War II. Part of the Nike Ajax development program designed a new solid fuel rocket motor used for the missile's booster. This had originally been designed for the US Navy's missiles, and was enlarged for the Nike efforts. The rocket was so useful that it found numerous applications outside the military world as the Ajax missiles were decommissioned in the 1960s. Many sounding rockets used the booster as their first or second stage, and many of those used "Nike" in their name. (en) Le MIM-3 Nike Ajax est le premier missile sol-air opérationnel de l’histoire, entré en service en 1954. (fr) Nike Ajax Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat adalah sebuah rudal udara permukaan (SAM) operasional pertama di dunia untuk, memasuki layanan pada tahun 1954. Nike Ajax dirancang untuk menyerang pesawat pembom terbang konvensional pada kecepatan subsonik tinggi dan ketinggian di atas 50.000 kaki (15 km). (in) MIM-3 ナイキ・エイジャックス（英: Nike Ajax）は、アメリカ陸軍が運用していた地対空ミサイルである。2段式ロケットであり、ナイキミサイルの最初の型として実用化され、アメリカ合衆国本土防空を担った。当初の制式名はSAM-A-7、後にM1と呼ばれる。 (ja) Il Nike Ajax (MIN-3A) fu il primo sistema missilistico superficie-aria teleguidato del mondo ad entrare in servizio. Il progetto prese le mosse nell'immediato dopoguerra quando l'esercito degli Stati Uniti si rese conto che i missili guidati erano la sola risposta praticabile per la futura difesa antiaerea contro i nuovi e veloci bombardieri in grado di volare anche ad alte quote.Per i pochi eventuali Tu-4 e Tu-95 arrivati sul territorio americano, i missili Nike Ajax erano disponibili con testata HE ed una gittata di circa 40 km. Essi pesavano 1110 kg al lancio ed avevano una forma slanciata, con un sistema di radioguida, simile a quello dei successivi SA-2 Guideline di produzione sovietica. Ampiamente esportato, con oltre 16 000 unità prodotte, era denominato nell'United States Army MIM-3. Il suo primo ruolo fu la difesa della capitale Washington, dove fu impiegato a partire dal dicembre del 1953. Molti di questi missili furono forniti a diversi paesi della NATO ancora prima dell'inizio degli anni sessanta. Il Nike Hercules esposto presso il parco del Museo dell'aria e dello spazio in località San pelagio, Due Carrare (PD). Lo si può trovare in 1 batteria di 3 Nike Hercules anche presso la "Base Tuono" sul passo Coe di Folgaria. Il Nike Hercules è stato un'evoluzione dell'Ajax ed è entrato in servizio a partire dal 1958. Il prototipo non guidato fu lanciato per la prima volta nel 1946, ma problemi con il booster ad 8 motori a stadio solido rese le cose difficili ed il progetti subì ritardi. Nel 1948 si decise di sostituire questo gruppo di motori con un solo stadio propulsore allineato in coda al missile (nella prima soluzione il gruppo di 8 motori formava una fascia intorno al missile vero e proprio). Questa soluzione era a combustibile liquido e il volo del missile veniva controllato da quattro piccoli impennaggi sistemati vicino alla punta.Nel 1951 fu condotto con successo un lancio sperimentale con l'intercettazione di un QB-17, ossia un Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress trasformato in drone. Il primo missile di serie fu sperimentato nel 1952 e nel 1954 il sistema d'arma divenne operativo. Denominato dapprima SAM-A-7, poi “Nike I” per distinguerlo dal successivo “Nike B”, finalmente nel 1956 assunse la denominazione definitiva di Nike Ajax. Il sistema d'arma era del tipo a guida “command” ed il missile era armato con tre testate esplosive a frammentazione sistemate sulla punta, al centro e nella parte posteriore.Il missile (compreso il booster) lungo 10,61 metri, del peso di 1110 kg, era in grado di raggiungere una velocità massima di 2,3 Mach. Aveva una portata di 48 km e poteva raggiungere una quota massima di 21.300 metri.Il sistema d'arma Nike Ajax entrò in servizio anche con l'Aeronautica Militare Italiana equipaggiando i 12 Gruppi Intercettori Teleguidati della 1ª Brigata aerea Intercettori Teleguidati di Padova. (it) MIM-3 Nike-Ajax var USA:s och världens första operativa luftvärnsrobot. (sv) MIM-3 «На́йк-Ая́кс» (англ. MIM-3 Nike Ajax, /ˈnaɪki ˈeɪdʒɑːks/ ; первоначально SAM-A-7) — американский зенитный ракетный комплекс, один из первых зенитных ракетных комплексов в мире. Принят на вооружение в 1953 году (в производстве с 1951 года). (ru) O projeto Nike Ajax foi um míssil terra-ar de dois estágios, construído combinando o foguete auxiliarNike como primeiro estágio e o foguete Ajax como segundo. O Exército Norte Americano, iniciou o seu desenvolvimento logo após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. A Western Electric ficousendo a empresa líder do projeto, responsável pelo sistema de radares, computadores, sistemas de orientação e lançadores, ficando a Douglas com aresponsabilidade dos mísseis. Em 1946, ocorreu o primeiro teste. Em 1948 ele tomou a forma definitiva usando o propulsor Nike como primeiro estágio.Em 1951, ocorreu a primeira interceptação em teste de um bombardeiro bem sucedida. Ele foi lançado 133 vezes para testes operacionais entre 1952 e 1958. Ele tinha uma massa no lançamento de 1.110 kg,uma carga útil composta de três cargas explosivas, uma de 5,44 kg, outra de 81,2 kg e outra de 55.3 kg, um empuxo no lançamento de 246 kN e uma altitudemáxima de 21 km. Ele tinha o diâmetro de 30 cm e a altura de 10,61 m. O tempo de queima do primeiro estágio Nike era de 3 segundos, e o segundoestágio Ajax à combustível líquido tinha um empuxo de 11.6 kN. (pt) |
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| dbp:caption | A Nike Ajax in firing position. (en) |
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| dbp:name | Nike Ajax (en) Big Picture: Pictorial Report Number 20 (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Die MIM-3 Nike Ajax ist eine Flugabwehrrakete, die im Rahmen des US-amerikanischen „Nike“-Programms entwickelt wurde. Sie war die weltweit erste gelenkte Überschall-Flugabwehrrakete, die zum operativen Einsatz kam, wurde aber ab 1958 kontinuierlich durch ihre Nachfolgerin MIM-14 Nike Hercules ersetzt. (de) Le MIM-3 Nike Ajax est le premier missile sol-air opérationnel de l’histoire, entré en service en 1954. (fr) Nike Ajax Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat adalah sebuah rudal udara permukaan (SAM) operasional pertama di dunia untuk, memasuki layanan pada tahun 1954. Nike Ajax dirancang untuk menyerang pesawat pembom terbang konvensional pada kecepatan subsonik tinggi dan ketinggian di atas 50.000 kaki (15 km). (in) MIM-3 ナイキ・エイジャックス（英: Nike Ajax）は、アメリカ陸軍が運用していた地対空ミサイルである。2段式ロケットであり、ナイキミサイルの最初の型として実用化され、アメリカ合衆国本土防空を担った。当初の制式名はSAM-A-7、後にM1と呼ばれる。 (ja) MIM-3 Nike-Ajax var USA:s och världens första operativa luftvärnsrobot. (sv) MIM-3 «На́йк-Ая́кс» (англ. MIM-3 Nike Ajax, /ˈnaɪki ˈeɪdʒɑːks/ ; первоначально SAM-A-7) — американский зенитный ракетный комплекс, один из первых зенитных ракетных комплексов в мире. Принят на вооружение в 1953 году (в производстве с 1951 года). (ru) The United States Army's Nike Ajax was the world's first operational guided surface-to-air missile (SAM), entering service in 1954. Nike Ajax was designed to attack conventional bomber aircraft flying at high subsonic speeds and altitudes above 50,000 feet (15 km). Nike was initially deployed in the US to provide defense against Soviet bomber attacks, and was later deployed overseas to protect US bases, as well as being sold to various allied forces. Some examples remained in use until the 1970s. (en) Il Nike Ajax (MIN-3A) fu il primo sistema missilistico superficie-aria teleguidato del mondo ad entrare in servizio. Il progetto prese le mosse nell'immediato dopoguerra quando l'esercito degli Stati Uniti si rese conto che i missili guidati erano la sola risposta praticabile per la futura difesa antiaerea contro i nuovi e veloci bombardieri in grado di volare anche ad alte quote.Per i pochi eventuali Tu-4 e Tu-95 arrivati sul territorio americano, i missili Nike Ajax erano disponibili con testata HE ed una gittata di circa 40 km. Essi pesavano 1110 kg al lancio ed avevano una forma slanciata, con un sistema di radioguida, simile a quello dei successivi SA-2 Guideline di produzione sovietica. (it) O projeto Nike Ajax foi um míssil terra-ar de dois estágios, construído combinando o foguete auxiliarNike como primeiro estágio e o foguete Ajax como segundo. O Exército Norte Americano, iniciou o seu desenvolvimento logo após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. A Western Electric ficousendo a empresa líder do projeto, responsável pelo sistema de radares, computadores, sistemas de orientação e lançadores, ficando a Douglas com aresponsabilidade dos mísseis. Em 1946, ocorreu o primeiro teste. Em 1948 ele tomou a forma definitiva usando o propulsor Nike como primeiro estágio.Em 1951, ocorreu a primeira interceptação em teste de um bombardeiro bem sucedida. (pt) |
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