Operation Kalbajar (original) (raw)
- Operation Kalbajar (Azerbaijani: Kəlbəcər əməliyyatı) was a military offensive launched by the Azerbaijani Armed Forces in late 1993 against the forces of the Armenian Army and the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic to recapture the district of Kalbajar in the final stage of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. Armenian forces had captured the entire district in an offensive in March–April 1993. These developments caused political turmoil within Azerbaijan. Azerbaijani military commander Surat Huseynov marched from Ganja to Baku in the summer of 1993, to depose the then president of Azerbaijan, Abulfaz Elchibey. Ex-Soviet leader Heydar Aliyev assumed power and made Huseynov the country's prime minister. The Armenians were easily able to push further and capture several districts of Azerbaijan adjacent to Nagorno-Karabakh during this period. Aliyev vowed to take back the lost territories. The Azerbaijani forces, made up of over three thousand soldiers of the 701st Kalbajar Motorised Infantry Division, launched the offensive on 15 December, in high altitudes and harsh winter conditions, which led to some commanders opposing the operation. After back-and-forth action, the Azerbaijanis had passed over the Murov range by mid-January 1994. They were able to cut off the Vardenis–Martakert road and advanced towards to the Kalbajar–Martakert–Lachin road. The Armenians were caught off guard and the offensive initially met little resistance, with the Armenian forces retreating deeper into the region. By February, the Azerbaijani forces had approached Kalbajar. The offensive took a turn, and the Armenian forces were able to regroup and launch a counter-offensive with a large number of troops. They were able to cut off the road passing thorough the Omar Pass and besiege the Azerbaijani forces. The Azerbaijanis panicked and had to retreat thorough harsh mountainous terrain and deadly weather. By 20 February, the Azerbaijani forces were able to retreat to their original positions, except for two battalions, which were encircled by Armenian forces and fell under heavy bombardment. The offensive is the single deadliest military engagement of the war, in which both Armenian and Azerbaijani forces suffered heavy casualties. According to British journalist Thomas de Waal, overall, more than six thousand servicemen were killed during the offensive. Many Azerbaijani soldiers, ill-prepared for winter conditions, either froze to death or died from avalanches. The high number of casualties paved the way to the signing of the Bishkek Protocol, ending the war. The Azerbaijani authorities kept their casualty numbers a secret, and it is still unknown who gave the order to launch an offensive in winter. (en)
- L'operazione Kalbajar (in azero Kəlbəcər əməliyyatı?), è stata un'offensiva militare lanciata dalle forze armate azere alla fine del 1993 sulle forze alleate armene, sull'esercito armeno e sull'autoproclamata Repubblica secessionista del Nagorno Karabakh, per il controllo di Kalbajar, durante il culmine del prima guerra del Nagorno-Karabakh.Nel marzo 1992, le forze armene presero per la prima volta il controllo del corridoio di Lachin, un passaggio stretto e montuoso che collega l'Armenia al Nagorno Karabakh, con l'unica altra strada principale che passa attraverso la catena montuosa del Murov. Poi si spinsero verso Agdaban. Le forze armene lanciarono un'offensiva su Kalbajar un anno dopo e occuparono completamente la regione nell'aprile 1993. Catturarono un picco strategico, il monte Murovdagh, il più alto del Karabakh. Questi sviluppi causarono disordini politici all'interno dell'Azerbaigian. Il comandante militare azero Surət Hüseynov marciò da Ganja a Baku nell'estate del 1993, per deporre l'allora presidente dell'Azerbaigian, Abulfaz Elchibey. L'ex leader sovietico Heydar Aliyev assunse il potere e nominò Hüseynov primo ministro del paese. Gli armeni furono facilmente in grado di spingersi oltre e catturare diverse città durante questo periodo, e Aliyev giurò di riprendersi i territori perduti. Le forze azere, oltre tremila soldati del 701ª Divisione di fanteria motorizzata Kalbajar, lanciò l'offensiva il 15 dicembre, in alta quota e in condizioni invernali rigide, che portarono alcuni comandanti a opporsi all'operazione. Dopo l'azione portata avanti e indietro, gli azeri superarono la catena del Murov a metà gennaio 1994. Riuscirono a tagliare la strada Vardenis-Martakert e avanzarono verso la strada Kalbajar-Martakert-Lachin. Gli armeni furono colti alla sprovvista e l'offensiva inizialmente incontrò poca resistenza, con le forze armene che si ritirarono più in profondità nella regione. A febbraio, le forze azere si avvicinarono a Kalbajar. L'offensiva prese una svolta e le forze armene furono in grado di riorganizzarsi e lanciare una controffensiva con un gran numero di truppe. Furono inoltre in grado di tagliare la strada che passava attraverso il passo Omar e assediare le forze azere. Gli azeri furono presi dal panico e dovettero ritirarsi attraverso un aspro terreno montuoso e un clima letale. Entro il 20 febbraio, le forze azere furono in grado di ritirarsi nelle loro posizioni originali, ad eccezione di due battaglioni, che furono circondati dalle forze armene e sottoposti a pesanti bombardamenti. L'offensiva è il singolo scontro militare più mortale della guerra, in cui sia le forze armene che quelle azere subirono pesanti perdite. Secondo il giornalista britannico Thomas de Waal durante l'offensiva furono uccisi, nel complesso, più di seimila militari. Molti soldati azeri, mal preparati per le condizioni invernali, morirono di congelamento o a causa delle valanghe. L'alto numero di vittime aprì la strada alla firma dell'accordo di Biškek ponendo fine alla guerra. Le autorità azere tennero segreto il numero delle vittime e non è ancora noto chi abbia dato l'ordine di lanciare un'offensiva in inverno. (it)
- Битва за Омарский перевал (операция «Муровдаг» (азерб. «Murovdağ» əməliyyatı), зима 1993 — 1994) — один из эпизодов завершающей фазы армяно-азербайджанской Карабахской войны. (ru)
- 1,592–4,000 servicemen killed
- 111 servicemen missing
- Several dozen equipment captured
- ----
- Alleged:
- Russian volunteers
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- Armenian victory
- +2,000 servicemen ()
- 3,500 servicemen ()
- https://www.thestar.com/
- https://libs.ru/book/863864/read/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20161006234524/https:/www.thestar.com/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20200418180753/http:/anl.az/el/Kitab/Azf-269125.pdf
- https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/no_peace_no_war_csia_occasional_paper_1998.pdf
- https://archive.today/20210207231031/https:/libs.ru/book/863864/read/
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- Map showing the height of the Azerbaijani offensive ---- (en)
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- ~2,000–4,000 servicemen killed Several dozen equipment, including tanks, IFVs, and artillery captured (en)
- ---- Alleged: Russian volunteers (en)
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- (en)
- Levon Ter-Petrosyan (en)
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- alt=Two photographs of the Murov mountain range (en)
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- Nagorno-Karabakh Defence Army * Central Self-Defence Group Armed Forces of Armenia * 555th Vardenis Motorised Rifle Regiment * 7th Gyumri Engineer Battalion * 9th Etchmiadzin Engineer Battalion (en)
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- Битва за Омарский перевал (операция «Муровдаг» (азерб. «Murovdağ» əməliyyatı), зима 1993 — 1994) — один из эпизодов завершающей фазы армяно-азербайджанской Карабахской войны. (ru)
- Operation Kalbajar (Azerbaijani: Kəlbəcər əməliyyatı) was a military offensive launched by the Azerbaijani Armed Forces in late 1993 against the forces of the Armenian Army and the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic to recapture the district of Kalbajar in the final stage of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. (en)
- L'operazione Kalbajar (in azero Kəlbəcər əməliyyatı?), è stata un'offensiva militare lanciata dalle forze armate azere alla fine del 1993 sulle forze alleate armene, sull'esercito armeno e sull'autoproclamata Repubblica secessionista del Nagorno Karabakh, per il controllo di Kalbajar, durante il culmine del prima guerra del Nagorno-Karabakh.Nel marzo 1992, le forze armene presero per la prima volta il controllo del corridoio di Lachin, un passaggio stretto e montuoso che collega l'Armenia al Nagorno Karabakh, con l'unica altra strada principale che passa attraverso la catena montuosa del Murov. Poi si spinsero verso Agdaban. Le forze armene lanciarono un'offensiva su Kalbajar un anno dopo e occuparono completamente la regione nell'aprile 1993. Catturarono un picco strategico, il monte Muro (it)
- Operazione Kalbajar (it)
- Operation Kalbajar (en)
- Битва за Омарский перевал (ru)
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- Operation Kalbajar (en)
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