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بول فولكر (بالإنجليزية: Paul Volcker) ولد في 5 سبتمبر 1927. هو الرئيس السابق لمجلس الاحتياط الفيدرالي (البنك المركزي) الأمريكي ورئيس لجنة التحقيق الدولية في فضيحة برنامج النفط مقابل الغذاء في الأمم المتحدة. تلقى تعليمه الجامعي وما بعد الجامعي في عدد من الأكاديميات المرموقة مثل جامعة برنستون الأمريكية وجامعة هافارد الأمريكية ومدرسة لندن للاقتصاد البريطانية. تولّى رئاسة مجلس الاحتياط الفيدرالي في أغسطس عام 1979 بعد وصول الرئيس الديموقراطي جيمي كارتر إلى الحكم في الولايات المتحدة. وظل في منصبه حتى أغسطس عام 1987 ليخلفه آلان جرينسبان. وفي إبريل عام 2004 وقع عليه الاختيار لرئاسة اللجنة التي شكلها الأمين العام للأمم المتحدة بهدف التحقيق في أي مخالفات مالية في برنامج النفط مقابل الغذاء الخاص بالعراق خلال التسعينيات. واشتهر فولكر البالغ طول قامته (203 سنتيمترات) الذي كان رئيسا لمجلس الاحتياطي الاتحادي (المصرف المركزي الأميركي) في معظم فترة الثمانينات بترويض التضخم الذي كانت نسبته عشرة في المائة أو أكثر عن طريق رفع أسعار الفائدة، وهو ما أدى أيضا إلى الكساد وسبب عاصفة من الانتقادات. وأوضحت وكالة «رويترز» أن فولكر عضو الحزب الديمقراطي لم يتوقف منذ ذلك الحين عن ممارسة السياسة بما في ذلك إجراء تحقيق لحساب الأمم المتحدة والخدمة في مجموعة الثلاثين، وهي مجموعة استشارية مالية تكونت من خبراء من البنوك المركزية وخبراء القطاع الخاص. (ar) Paul Adolph Volcker (Cape May, 5 de setembre de 1927 - Ciutat de Nova York, 8 de desembre de 2019) fou un economista estatunidenc, director de la Reserva federal dels Estats Units (Federal Reserve Board) entre 1979 i 1987. Destacà notòriament per la seva victòria sobre l'estagflació dels anys 1970 als Estats Units, que va obtenir per la limitació del creixement de la i l'alça dels tipus d'interès, conforme a les prescripcions . La inflació, que va arribar a un 13,5% el 1981, fou rebaixada a un 3,2% el 1983 i mantinguda llavors a un nivell baix, amb el preu d'una pesada recessió el 1982-1983. Com a president de la comissió d'investigació creada per l'ONU sobre el programa Petroli per aliments, presentà a Nova York un informe de 1.000 pàgines on demostrava que hi havia hagut nombrosos casos de corrupció i greus errors de control i administració per part de Nacions Unides que requerien una reforma. Aquest informe és conegut com l'«informe Volcker». El 26 de novembre de 2008, el president Barack Obama anuncià el seu nomenament com a director del Consell Assessor per a la Recuperació Econòmica, un nou organisme que s'encarregà de posar en marxa, controlar i avaluar les propostes del president electe per afrontar la crisi econòmica i estabilitzar els mercats. (ca) Paul Adolph Volcker (* 5. September 1927 in Cape May, New Jersey; † 8. Dezember 2019 in New York City, New York) war von August 1979 bis August 1987 Vorsitzender (Chairman) des Federal Reserve System der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, nachdem er von 1975 an bereits der Federal Reserve Bank of New York vorgestanden hatte. Er war Vorsitzender des Anfang 2009 gegründeten Economic Recovery Advisory Board des US-Präsidenten Barack Obama. Am 6. Februar 2011 legte Volcker sein Amt nieder. Volcker war Direktor des American Council on Germany, langjähriges Mitglied und ehemaliger Direktor des Council on Foreign Relations und der Trilateralen Kommission. (de) Paul Adolph Volcker (Cape May, Nueva Jersey, 5 de septiembre de 1927-Nueva York, 8 de diciembre de 2019), fue un economista estadounidense. Fue el 12º presidente de la Reserva Federal entre 1979 y 1987. Fue propuesto para el cargo por el presidente Jimmy Carter y renombrado por el presidente Ronald Reagan. Se le atribuye el mérito de haber puesto fin a los altos niveles de inflación registrados en Estados Unidos durante la década de 1970 y principios de 1980. Volcker fue presidente del Banco de la Reserva Federal de Nueva York de 1975 a 1979, antes de que el presidente Carter lo nombrara sucesor de G. William Miller como presidente de la Reserva Federal. Ejerció dos mandatos antes de ser sucedido por Alan Greenspan. El 26 de noviembre fue nombrado director del President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board (Consejo para la Reconstrucción Económica) por el presidente Barack Obama. Bajo la presidencia de este último se creó la regla Volcker con la que se evitó que los bancos pudiesen realizar inversiones o actividades de riesgo especulativas con el fin de beneficiarse haciendo uso del dinero de sus clientes. La misma ley limitaba el número de participaciones que el banco podía poseer en capitales de riesgo, medidas que recibieron fuertes críticas por parte de Wall Street. (es) Paul Adolph Volcker Jr. (September 5, 1927 – December 8, 2019) was an American economist who served as the 12th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1979 to 1987. During his tenure as chairman, Volcker was widely credited with having ended the high levels of inflation seen in the United States throughout the 1970s and early 1980s. He previously served as the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1975 to 1979. President Jimmy Carter nominated him to succeed G. William Miller as Fed chairman and President Ronald Reagan renominated him once. Volcker did not seek a third term at the Fed and was succeeded by Alan Greenspan. After his retirement from the Board, he chaired the Economic Recovery Advisory Board under President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2011 during the subprime mortgage crisis. (en) Paul Adolph Volcker Jr. (/ˈvoʊlkər/; 5 September 1927 – 8 Desember 2019) adalah seorang ekonom asal Amerika Serikat. Dia adalah di bawah presiden AS, Jimmy Carter dan Ronald Reagan dari bulan Agustus 1979 hingga Agustus 1987. Dia secara luas dipuji karena telah mengakhiri tingkat inflasi yang tinggi di Amerika Serikat selama tahun 1970-an dan awal 1980-an. Dia juga adalah Ketua di bawah Presiden Barack Obama dari Februari 2009 hingga Januari 2011. (in) Paul Adolph Volcker (né le 5 septembre 1927 à Cape May (New Jersey) et mort le 8 décembre 2019 à New York) est un économiste américain, directeur de la Réserve fédérale des États-Unis (Federal Reserve Board) de 1979 à 1987. Il a été conseiller du président Barack Obama en tant que directeur du Conseil pour la relance économique (Economic Recovery Advisory Board). Il a également présidé le Group of Thirty. Il est connu pour être celui qui à la tête de la Réserve fédérale a vaincu la stagflation des années 1970 aux États-Unis grâce à une limitation de la croissance de la masse monétaire et la hausse des taux d'intérêt, conformément aux prescriptions monétaristes. En 2004, il a été chargé par l'ONU d'enquêter sur les manipulations du programme « Pétrole contre nourriture » de l'ONU (Affaire Pétrole contre nourriture). À l'issue de ses travaux, la commission d'enquête qu'il préside rédige en 2005 un rapport de 623 pages appelé « rapport Volcker ». (fr) Paul Adolph Volcker (Cape May, 5 september 1927 - New York, 8 december 2019) was een Amerikaans econoom en centraal bankier. Van 1969 tot 1974 was hij onderminister van het Amerikaanse ministerie van financiën en van 1975 tot 1987 was hij president van de Federal Reserve Bank van New York. Volcker werd vooral bekend als voorzitter van het Federal Reserve System (The Fed) - (vanaf augustus 1979 tot augustus 1987) - onder de Amerikaanse presidenten Jimmy Carter en Ronald Reagan. (nl) 폴 아돌프 볼커 주니어(Paul Adolph Volcker, Jr. 1927년 9월 5일 ~ 2019년 12월 8일)는 미국의 경제학자이다. 1979년에서 1987년까지 지미 카터 및 로널드 레이건 행정부에서 연방준비제도 이사회 의장을 지냈으며, 1970년대와 1980년대 내내 미국을 괴롭혔던 고물가 인플레이션을 잡은 것으로 높이 평가받고 있다. 2009년 2월에서 2011년 1월까지는 버락 오바마 행정부 산하 고용 및 경쟁력에 관한 대통령 자문위원회 의장을 지냈다. (ko) ポール・アドルフ・ボルカー・ジュニア（英語: Paul Adolph Volcker、Jr.、1927年9月5日 - 2019年12月8日）は、アメリカ合衆国の経済学者。カーター、レーガン政権下（1979年 - 1987年）で第12代連邦準備制度理事会（FRB）議長を務めた。ロンドン大学スクール・オブ・エコノミクスフェロー。FRB議長として、アメリカを襲っていた高インフレに対処するため、政策金利を大幅に引き上げインフレを封じ込めた功績で知られる。 (ja) Paul Adolph Volcker (Cape May, 5 settembre 1927 – New York, 8 dicembre 2019) è stato un economista statunitense. Presidente della Federal Reserve sotto i presidenti Jimmy Carter e Ronald Reagan (dall'agosto 1979 all'agosto 1987), é noto soprattutto per aver posto fine con la sua politica monetaria aggressiva agli alti livelli di inflazione registrati negli Stati Uniti negli anni settanta e nei primi anni ottanta. È stato anche presidente del gruppo nordamericano della Commissione Trilaterale dal 1991 al 2001 e presidente del comitato consultivo per la ripresa economica sotto la presidenza di Barack Obama dal febbraio 2009 sino al gennaio 2011. (it) Paul Adolph Volcker (ur. 5 września 1927 w Cape May, zm. 8 grudnia 2019 w Nowym Jorku) – amerykański ekonomista, przewodniczący Rady Gubernatorów Systemu Rezerwy Federalnej (Fed) za czasów prezydentury Jimmy’ego Cartera i Ronalda Reagana (w latach 1979–1987). (pl) Paul Adolph Volcker Jr., född 5 september 1927 i Cape May i New Jersey, död 8 december 2019 i New York i New York, var en amerikansk nationalekonom och statstjänsteman. Han var ordförande (centralbankschef) för USA:s centralbankssystem Federal Reserve System mellan den 6 augusti 1979 och den 11 augusti 1987. (sv) Paul Adolph Volcker (Cape May, 5 de setembro de 1927 – Nova Iorque, 8 de dezembro de 2019) foi um economista estadunidense, presidente da Reserva Federal dos Estados Unidos da América durante os governos de Jimmy Carter e Ronald Reagan. Formado em Harvard e Princeton, Volcker foi um importante conselheiro do Presidente Obama. Morreu no dia 8 de dezembro de 2019 aos 92 anos. (pt) Пол Адольф Волкер (англ. Paul Adolph Volcker, Jr.; 5 сентября 1927, , Нью-Джерси, США — 8 декабря 2019) — американский экономист и государственный деятель. Ранее занимал должности заместителя министра финансов США (1969—1974), президента Федерального резервного банка Нью-Йорка (1975—1979) и председателя правления Федеральной резервной системы США (1979—1987). Член Бильдербергского клуба, Совета по международным отношениям, председатель Северо-американского отделения Трёхсторонней комиссии, член Группы 30 (G 30), председатель фирмы Rothschild Wolfensohn Company (Ротшильд Уолфенсон компани). (ru) 小保罗·阿道夫·沃尔克（英語：Paul Adolph Volcker, Jr.；1927年9月5日－2019年12月8日）是一位美国经济学家。 (zh) Пол Волкер (англ. Paul Adolph Volcker; 5 вересня 1927, Кейп-Мей, Нью-Джерсі, США — 8 грудня 2019, Нью-Йорк) — американський економіст, голова (з 6 лютого 2009) в адміністрації Барака Обами. Раніше обіймав посади заступника міністра фінансів США (1969—1974), президента Федерального резервного банку Нью-Йорка (1975—1979) і голови правління Федеральної резервної системи США (1979—1987). (uk) |
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https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781608193929 https://web.archive.org/web/20180418134857/http:/www.iic-offp.org/ https://www.youtube.com/watch%3Fv=_8m1DPDXnxU https://www.barrons.com/articles/a-q-a-with-paul-volcker-former-federal-reserve-chairman-51544634862 http://www.volckeralliance.org https://archive.org/details/sageswarrenbuffe00morr_0 https://archive.today/20130105060854/http:/www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120091942/abstract%3FCRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 https://archive.today/20191210023626/https:/www.nytimes.com/1979/10/22/archives/carter-cites-views-shared-by-kennedy-asserts-he-and-senator.html https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=ZRf9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&dq=Paul+Volcker,+%E2%80%9CThe+American+standard+of+living+must+decline,%E2%80%9D https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/451 https://web.archive.org/web/20060914144925/http:/www.heritage.org/Research/InternationalOrganizations/wm729.cfm https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/opinion/31volcker.html https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_paulvolcker.html http://www.depauw.edu/news/index.asp%3Fid=12977 http://findingaids.princeton.edu/collections/MC279 https://nplusonemag.com/issue-34/reviews/other-peoples-blood-2/ http://www.newyorkfed.org/aboutthefed/PVolckerbio.html |
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Paul Adolph Volcker (* 5. September 1927 in Cape May, New Jersey; † 8. Dezember 2019 in New York City, New York) war von August 1979 bis August 1987 Vorsitzender (Chairman) des Federal Reserve System der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, nachdem er von 1975 an bereits der Federal Reserve Bank of New York vorgestanden hatte. Er war Vorsitzender des Anfang 2009 gegründeten Economic Recovery Advisory Board des US-Präsidenten Barack Obama. Am 6. Februar 2011 legte Volcker sein Amt nieder. Volcker war Direktor des American Council on Germany, langjähriges Mitglied und ehemaliger Direktor des Council on Foreign Relations und der Trilateralen Kommission. (de) Paul Adolph Volcker Jr. (/ˈvoʊlkər/; 5 September 1927 – 8 Desember 2019) adalah seorang ekonom asal Amerika Serikat. Dia adalah di bawah presiden AS, Jimmy Carter dan Ronald Reagan dari bulan Agustus 1979 hingga Agustus 1987. Dia secara luas dipuji karena telah mengakhiri tingkat inflasi yang tinggi di Amerika Serikat selama tahun 1970-an dan awal 1980-an. Dia juga adalah Ketua di bawah Presiden Barack Obama dari Februari 2009 hingga Januari 2011. (in) Paul Adolph Volcker (Cape May, 5 september 1927 - New York, 8 december 2019) was een Amerikaans econoom en centraal bankier. Van 1969 tot 1974 was hij onderminister van het Amerikaanse ministerie van financiën en van 1975 tot 1987 was hij president van de Federal Reserve Bank van New York. Volcker werd vooral bekend als voorzitter van het Federal Reserve System (The Fed) - (vanaf augustus 1979 tot augustus 1987) - onder de Amerikaanse presidenten Jimmy Carter en Ronald Reagan. (nl) 폴 아돌프 볼커 주니어(Paul Adolph Volcker, Jr. 1927년 9월 5일 ~ 2019년 12월 8일)는 미국의 경제학자이다. 1979년에서 1987년까지 지미 카터 및 로널드 레이건 행정부에서 연방준비제도 이사회 의장을 지냈으며, 1970년대와 1980년대 내내 미국을 괴롭혔던 고물가 인플레이션을 잡은 것으로 높이 평가받고 있다. 2009년 2월에서 2011년 1월까지는 버락 오바마 행정부 산하 고용 및 경쟁력에 관한 대통령 자문위원회 의장을 지냈다. (ko) ポール・アドルフ・ボルカー・ジュニア（英語: Paul Adolph Volcker、Jr.、1927年9月5日 - 2019年12月8日）は、アメリカ合衆国の経済学者。カーター、レーガン政権下（1979年 - 1987年）で第12代連邦準備制度理事会（FRB）議長を務めた。ロンドン大学スクール・オブ・エコノミクスフェロー。FRB議長として、アメリカを襲っていた高インフレに対処するため、政策金利を大幅に引き上げインフレを封じ込めた功績で知られる。 (ja) Paul Adolph Volcker (Cape May, 5 settembre 1927 – New York, 8 dicembre 2019) è stato un economista statunitense. Presidente della Federal Reserve sotto i presidenti Jimmy Carter e Ronald Reagan (dall'agosto 1979 all'agosto 1987), é noto soprattutto per aver posto fine con la sua politica monetaria aggressiva agli alti livelli di inflazione registrati negli Stati Uniti negli anni settanta e nei primi anni ottanta. È stato anche presidente del gruppo nordamericano della Commissione Trilaterale dal 1991 al 2001 e presidente del comitato consultivo per la ripresa economica sotto la presidenza di Barack Obama dal febbraio 2009 sino al gennaio 2011. (it) Paul Adolph Volcker (ur. 5 września 1927 w Cape May, zm. 8 grudnia 2019 w Nowym Jorku) – amerykański ekonomista, przewodniczący Rady Gubernatorów Systemu Rezerwy Federalnej (Fed) za czasów prezydentury Jimmy’ego Cartera i Ronalda Reagana (w latach 1979–1987). (pl) Paul Adolph Volcker Jr., född 5 september 1927 i Cape May i New Jersey, död 8 december 2019 i New York i New York, var en amerikansk nationalekonom och statstjänsteman. Han var ordförande (centralbankschef) för USA:s centralbankssystem Federal Reserve System mellan den 6 augusti 1979 och den 11 augusti 1987. (sv) Paul Adolph Volcker (Cape May, 5 de setembro de 1927 – Nova Iorque, 8 de dezembro de 2019) foi um economista estadunidense, presidente da Reserva Federal dos Estados Unidos da América durante os governos de Jimmy Carter e Ronald Reagan. Formado em Harvard e Princeton, Volcker foi um importante conselheiro do Presidente Obama. Morreu no dia 8 de dezembro de 2019 aos 92 anos. (pt) Пол Адольф Волкер (англ. Paul Adolph Volcker, Jr.; 5 сентября 1927, , Нью-Джерси, США — 8 декабря 2019) — американский экономист и государственный деятель. Ранее занимал должности заместителя министра финансов США (1969—1974), президента Федерального резервного банка Нью-Йорка (1975—1979) и председателя правления Федеральной резервной системы США (1979—1987). Член Бильдербергского клуба, Совета по международным отношениям, председатель Северо-американского отделения Трёхсторонней комиссии, член Группы 30 (G 30), председатель фирмы Rothschild Wolfensohn Company (Ротшильд Уолфенсон компани). (ru) 小保罗·阿道夫·沃尔克（英語：Paul Adolph Volcker, Jr.；1927年9月5日－2019年12月8日）是一位美国经济学家。 (zh) Пол Волкер (англ. Paul Adolph Volcker; 5 вересня 1927, Кейп-Мей, Нью-Джерсі, США — 8 грудня 2019, Нью-Йорк) — американський економіст, голова (з 6 лютого 2009) в адміністрації Барака Обами. Раніше обіймав посади заступника міністра фінансів США (1969—1974), президента Федерального резервного банку Нью-Йорка (1975—1979) і голови правління Федеральної резервної системи США (1979—1987). (uk) بول فولكر (بالإنجليزية: Paul Volcker) ولد في 5 سبتمبر 1927. هو الرئيس السابق لمجلس الاحتياط الفيدرالي (البنك المركزي) الأمريكي ورئيس لجنة التحقيق الدولية في فضيحة برنامج النفط مقابل الغذاء في الأمم المتحدة. تلقى تعليمه الجامعي وما بعد الجامعي في عدد من الأكاديميات المرموقة مثل جامعة برنستون الأمريكية وجامعة هافارد الأمريكية ومدرسة لندن للاقتصاد البريطانية. تولّى رئاسة مجلس الاحتياط الفيدرالي في أغسطس عام 1979 بعد وصول الرئيس الديموقراطي جيمي كارتر إلى الحكم في الولايات المتحدة. وظل في منصبه حتى أغسطس عام 1987 ليخلفه آلان جرينسبان. وفي إبريل عام 2004 وقع عليه الاختيار لرئاسة اللجنة التي شكلها الأمين العام للأمم المتحدة بهدف التحقيق في أي مخالفات مالية في برنامج النفط مقابل الغذاء الخاص بالعراق خلال التسعينيات. (ar) Paul Adolph Volcker (Cape May, 5 de setembre de 1927 - Ciutat de Nova York, 8 de desembre de 2019) fou un economista estatunidenc, director de la Reserva federal dels Estats Units (Federal Reserve Board) entre 1979 i 1987. Destacà notòriament per la seva victòria sobre l'estagflació dels anys 1970 als Estats Units, que va obtenir per la limitació del creixement de la i l'alça dels tipus d'interès, conforme a les prescripcions . La inflació, que va arribar a un 13,5% el 1981, fou rebaixada a un 3,2% el 1983 i mantinguda llavors a un nivell baix, amb el preu d'una pesada recessió el 1982-1983. (ca) Paul Adolph Volcker (Cape May, Nueva Jersey, 5 de septiembre de 1927-Nueva York, 8 de diciembre de 2019), fue un economista estadounidense. Fue el 12º presidente de la Reserva Federal entre 1979 y 1987. Fue propuesto para el cargo por el presidente Jimmy Carter y renombrado por el presidente Ronald Reagan. Se le atribuye el mérito de haber puesto fin a los altos niveles de inflación registrados en Estados Unidos durante la década de 1970 y principios de 1980. (es) Paul Adolph Volcker Jr. (September 5, 1927 – December 8, 2019) was an American economist who served as the 12th chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1979 to 1987. During his tenure as chairman, Volcker was widely credited with having ended the high levels of inflation seen in the United States throughout the 1970s and early 1980s. He previously served as the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1975 to 1979. (en) Paul Adolph Volcker (né le 5 septembre 1927 à Cape May (New Jersey) et mort le 8 décembre 2019 à New York) est un économiste américain, directeur de la Réserve fédérale des États-Unis (Federal Reserve Board) de 1979 à 1987. (fr) |
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wikipedia-en:Paul_Volcker |
