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Der Pendleton Civil Service Act ist ein Bundesgesetz in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, welches im Januar 1883 unter dem Präsidenten Chester A. Arthur vom Kongress als Verwaltungsreform verabschiedet wurde. Das Gesetz sollte den Einstellungsprozess von Bundesbeamten dahingehend verbessern, dass Ämter nicht mehr nach (partei-)politischen Kriterien oder im Rahmen persönlicher Loyalitätsnetzwerke vergeben werden, wie dies unter dem sogenannten Spoils-System oftmals der Fall war. Stattdessen soll die fachliche Qualifikation ausschlaggebend sein. Damit richtete sich das Gesetz gegen die Interessen der innerhalb der Republikanischen Partei damals mächtigen Fraktion der Stalwarts, welche stark auf politische Patronagenetze setzten und denen Präsident Arthur lange selbst angehört hatte. (de) The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act is a United States federal law passed by the 47th United States Congress and signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur on January 16, 1883. The act mandates that most positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political patronage. By the late 1820s, American politics operated on the spoils system, a political patronage practice in which officeholders awarded their allies with government jobs in return for financial and political support. Proponents of the spoils system were successful at blocking meaningful civil service reform until the assassination of President James A. Garfield in 1881. The 47th Congress passed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act during its lame duck session and President Chester A. Arthur, himself a former spoilsman, signed the bill into law. The Pendleton Civil Service Act provided for the selection of some government employees by competitive exams, rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote these government officials for political reasons and created the United States Civil Service Commission to enforce the merit system. The act initially only applied to about ten percent of federal employees, but it now covers most federal employees. As a result of the court case Luévano v. Campbell, most federal government employees are no longer hired by means of competitive examinations. The namesake of the Pendleton Act is George H. Pendleton, an Ohio Democratic U.S. senator who defended slavery in the 1850s and led the anti-war "Copperheads" in the American Civil War opposing President Abraham Lincoln. The passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act with the aid of "Half-Breed" Republicans furthered the aims of white supremacist Democrats to curtail patronage, which had been used by "Stalwart" Republicans to socially and economically benefit blacks. (en) 펜들턴법 혹은 공식 명칭인 펜들턴 공무원제도 개혁 법안(Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act)은 미국 공무원을 뽑는 관료제의 형태를 새롭게 바꾼 법이다. 이전까지는 당선된 정치인들이 자신의 후원자에게 관직을 제공하는 엽관제 형태로 미국의 공무원을 충원했다. 따라서 공무원들의 부정부패가 만연했다. 그러나 1881년 가필드를 지지하면 외교직을 보장받는 약속을 했다며 이 약속이 지켜지지 않자 살해한, 찰스키트리는 청년이 일으킨 사건으로 인해 미국 사회는 공무원제도 변화의 필요성을 느꼈다. 이로 인해 1883년 펜들턴법이 제정되었다. 펜들턴법은 엽관제에서 실적제로 바뀌는 형태를 의미한다. 또, 연방공무원들을 '시험제도'로 충원한다. 정치적인 이유로 공무원을 해고할 수 없다. 또한 공무위원회가 창설되었다. (ko) 彭德爾頓法（Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act），亦称“潘德爾頓法”，是1883年美國國會通過的一項管理與改善美國公務人員的法案。它首次確認了美國聯邦政府的人事管理原則，即競爭考試、職務常任和政治中立，並將此原則法制化、制度化，成為美國文官制度的基本原則。 (zh) |
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Der Pendleton Civil Service Act ist ein Bundesgesetz in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, welches im Januar 1883 unter dem Präsidenten Chester A. Arthur vom Kongress als Verwaltungsreform verabschiedet wurde. Das Gesetz sollte den Einstellungsprozess von Bundesbeamten dahingehend verbessern, dass Ämter nicht mehr nach (partei-)politischen Kriterien oder im Rahmen persönlicher Loyalitätsnetzwerke vergeben werden, wie dies unter dem sogenannten Spoils-System oftmals der Fall war. Stattdessen soll die fachliche Qualifikation ausschlaggebend sein. Damit richtete sich das Gesetz gegen die Interessen der innerhalb der Republikanischen Partei damals mächtigen Fraktion der Stalwarts, welche stark auf politische Patronagenetze setzten und denen Präsident Arthur lange selbst angehört hatte. (de) 펜들턴법 혹은 공식 명칭인 펜들턴 공무원제도 개혁 법안(Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act)은 미국 공무원을 뽑는 관료제의 형태를 새롭게 바꾼 법이다. 이전까지는 당선된 정치인들이 자신의 후원자에게 관직을 제공하는 엽관제 형태로 미국의 공무원을 충원했다. 따라서 공무원들의 부정부패가 만연했다. 그러나 1881년 가필드를 지지하면 외교직을 보장받는 약속을 했다며 이 약속이 지켜지지 않자 살해한, 찰스키트리는 청년이 일으킨 사건으로 인해 미국 사회는 공무원제도 변화의 필요성을 느꼈다. 이로 인해 1883년 펜들턴법이 제정되었다. 펜들턴법은 엽관제에서 실적제로 바뀌는 형태를 의미한다. 또, 연방공무원들을 '시험제도'로 충원한다. 정치적인 이유로 공무원을 해고할 수 없다. 또한 공무위원회가 창설되었다. (ko) 彭德爾頓法（Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act），亦称“潘德爾頓法”，是1883年美國國會通過的一項管理與改善美國公務人員的法案。它首次確認了美國聯邦政府的人事管理原則，即競爭考試、職務常任和政治中立，並將此原則法制化、制度化，成為美國文官制度的基本原則。 (zh) The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act is a United States federal law passed by the 47th United States Congress and signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur on January 16, 1883. The act mandates that most positions within the federal government should be awarded on the basis of merit instead of political patronage. (en) |
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